Conflicts and Countermeasures between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and Development of Peripheral Communities

Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".

Estimation of Recreational Value of Lotus Mountain National Nature Reserve,China

Recreational sightseeing has already become an important content of modern people' life.With intensive and diversified natural and cultural landscapes,such as forest,rare animal species,folk customs of many minorities,Lotus Mountain National Nature Reserve is of high tourist value.Proper evaluation of its recreational value is essential for the reasonable development and protection of its resources,the sustainable utilization and development of its environment and resources.Questionnaires and Expenditure Method were applied in this study for the monetization assessment of the recreational value of Lotus Mountain National Nature Reserve,which was obtained as 703 050 Yuan(RMB)in 2009.By not considering the factors not mentioned in the calculation and possible errors,such a result implied a relatively high recreational value.Given the fact that its recreational value has been influenced by diversified factors such as time,domestic and global tourism development,tourism policies,tourism planning,construction and management of the nature reserve,the authors suggested that the recreational value of Lotus Mountain National Nature Reserve could be promoted by improving its tourist facilities and enhancing the propagation.

Assessment of habitat suitability of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve based on MaxEnt modeling

Habitat evaluation constitutes an important and fundamental step in the management of wildlife populations and conservation policy planning. Geographic information system （GIS） and species presence data provide the means by which such evaluation can be done. Maximum Entropy （MaxEnt） is widely used in habitat suitability modeling due to its power of accuracy and additional descriptive properties To survey snow leopard populations in Qomolangma （Mt. Everest） National Nature Reserve （QNNR）, Xizang （Tibet）, China, we pooled 127 pugmarks, 415 scrape marks, and 127 non-invasive identifications of the animal along line transects and recorded 87 occurrences through camera traps from 2014-2017. We adopted the MaxEnt model to generate a map highlighting the extent of suitable snow leopard habitat in QNNR. Results showed that the accuracy of the MaxEnt model was excellent （mean AUC=0.921）. Precipitation in the driest quarter, ruggedness, elevation, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and annual mean temperature were the main environmental factors influencing habitat suitability for snow leopards, with contribution rates of 20.0%, 14.4%, 13.3%, 8.7%, and 8.2% respectively The suitable habitat area extended for 7 001.93 km^2, representing 22.72% of the whole reserve. The regions bordering Nepal were the main suitable snow leopard habitats and consisted of three separate habitat patches Our findings revealed that precipitation, temperature conditions, ruggedness, and elevations of around 4 000 m a.s.I, influenced snow leopard preferences at the landscape level in QNNR. We advocate further research and cooperation with Nepal to evaluate habitat connectivity and to explore possible proxies of population isolation among these patches. Furthermore, evaluation of subdivisions within the protection zones of QNNR is necessary to improve conservation strategies and enhance protection.

Carbon storage of a subtropical forest ecosystem: a case study of the Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve in south-eastern China

The carbon cycle of forest ecosystems plays a key role in regulating CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Research on carbon storage estimation of forest ecosystems has become a major research topic. However, carbon budgets of subtropical forest ecosystems have received little attention. Reports of soil carbon storage and topographic heterogeneity of carbon storage are limited. This study focused on the Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve as an example of a mid-subtropical forest and evaluated soil and vegetation carbon storage by field sampling combined with GIS, RS and GPS technology. We classified the forest into nine forest types using ALOS high-resolution remote sensing images. The evergreen broad-leaved forest has the largest area, occupying 26.5% of the total area, followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests and warm temperate coniferous forest, occupying 24.2 and 22.9%, respectively. The vegetation and soil carbon storage of the whole forest ecosystem were 1,692,344 and 5,514,707 t, with a carbon density of 7.4 and 24.2 kg/m^2, respectively, which suggests that the ecosystem has great carbon storage capacity. The topographic heterogeneity of the carbon storage was also analysed. The largest vegetation storage and soil storage is at 700–800 and 1000–1100 m, respectively. The vegetation carbon storage is highest in the southeast, south and southwest.

Winter habitat use of snow leopards in Tomur National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang,Northwest China

Snow leopards are one of the least known large cats, the population of which has dramatically de- creased. Their habitat loss was considered the main reason for the decline during the last decade, but their habitat preferences are still not well known. In this paper, we studied the winter habitat preferences of snow leopards in the Tomur National Nature Reserve （TNNR） in Northwest China during 2004-2005. We used sign surveys and tran- sects to study the winter habitat selection of snow leopards. The results indicated that snow leopards showed a preference for habitat variabilities in slope aspect, vegetation cover, dominant topographical features, landform ruggedness and grazing status. We found that prey availability and dominant topographical features were the most important factors that determined the winter habitat selection of snow leopards. Our results supported the idea that the habitat preferences of snow leopards are a tradeoff between suitable habitat features and avoidance of potential human interactions.

Spatial variations of Pb in the vertical zone of the soil-plant system in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve

The characteristics of vertical and horizontal variations of lead element(Pb) in soil plant system of vertical zone in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve(CNNR) were studied. The results showed that Pb concentrations in soils of vertical zone are all above 25 mg/kg, and the average Pb concentration of each soil zone negatively correlates its degree of variation, i.e. brown coniferous forest soil zone has the lowest average Pb concentration of four soil zones, and the highest horizontal variation; however, mountain soddy forest soil has the highest average Pb concentration, and the lowest horizontal variation; the average concentration of plant Pb of each plant zone is lower than the worldwide average level of Pb in plant(Clarke), respectively, and plant Pb content order is consistent with soil Pb content order, but their horizontal variations are different from those in soil zones, the variation of mountain tundra forest zone is highest, but Betula ermanii forest zone the lowest. Vertical variation of plant Pb is obviously higher than that in soils with variation coefficient of 89.76%; the enrichment capability of plant for Pb is depended on the plant types and the different organs of plant; parent material and parent rock, pH values, soil organic matter and soil particle fraction etc. are the main factors influencing variations of Pb content in soil plant system of vertical zone in CNNR.

Investigation and Analysis on Diversity of Lucanidae spp. in Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve

Lucanidae spp. in Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve were collected and investigated. A total of 65 specimens were examined. They belong to 26 species( including subspecies) in 13 genera. The richness reached 41. 53%,with obvious diversity characteristic.According to the survey results,the vertical distribution of Lucanidae spp. in Fanjing Mountain was divided into foothill belt,low mountain belt,low-middle mountain belt,middle mountain belt and sub-alpine belt.

Measurement System of Landscape Fragmentation in National Nature Reserves:A Case Study of Dinghu Mountain National Nature Reserve,Guangdong Province

With the advancement of industrialization and urbanization,the natural landscape has been destroyed to varying degrees,presenting the trend of landscape fragmentation and ecosystem degradation.Taking Dinghu Mountain National Nature Reserve as an example,a three-dimension measurement system of separation degree,fractal dimension and interference intensity for landscape fragmentation is established and verified by collecting survey data through questionnaires.The research results will provide a theoretical reference for landscape conservation and sustainable development of national nature reserves.

Non-use value assessment for wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve in northeast China

By the contingent value method, we studied the non-use value of wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve （HNNR） in Heilongjiang Pro- vince, northeast China. The proportion of respondents willing to pay （WTP） for protection of HNNR was 63 %. The WTP ratio was affected by geographical area, contact nature, personal preferences, and familiar degree of the respondents. The WTP value was affected by age, education level and career of the respondents. The mainly reasons for people rejecting to pay for protecting HNNR were ＂I am not familiar to HNNR＂ and ＂I had no capacity for additional spending because of low income＂. Weighted average individual WTP value was CNY 59.26 Yuan ind.^-1 year^-1 for all the respondents with WTP. The total non-use ecosystem service value of HNNR was CNY 1430 million Yuan in 2013. The heritage value was highest followed by existence value and option value. From the high ecosystem service value in HNNR, it is very important to construct nature reserve for protecting natural ecosystems and human sustainable use of natural resources.

特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源综合评价

目的:为探究特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源,筛选出适合当地城市绿化的野生球根花卉种类。方法:采用野外实地调查和文献检索的方法,调查特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源,并运用层次分析法从观赏价值、适应性、开发价值3个方面对其进行综合评价。结果:特金罕山国家自然保护区共有野生球根花卉37种,隶属12科,28属,其中,百合科种类最多,14种。根据综合评价结果,37种野生球根花卉分为4个等级:综合价值高的Ⅰ级(R>4.0)5种;综合价值较高的Ⅱ级(3.7<R≤4.0)10种;综合价值一般的Ⅲ级(3.5<R≤3.7)12种;综合价值较低的Ⅳ级(R≤3.5)10种。结论:特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源丰富,建议加强资源保护并优化开发利用方式,丰富城市园林绿化球根花卉种类。

基于红外相机技术的阿尔金山保护区祁曼塔格山兽类和鸟类多样性监测的初步研究

为了解新疆阿尔金山国家级自然保护区野生动物基本情况,于2021年1月至2022年1月和2022年12月至2024年1月,在保护区东北部的祁曼塔格山采用红外相机技术开展野生动物资源调查。调查期间,红外相机累计工作17529个有效相机日,拍摄到7237张野生动物有效独立照片。结果表明:(1)拍摄到6045张野生兽类有效独立照片,鉴定出5目8科19种野生兽类,ShannonWiener多样性指数为3.05,Pielou均匀度指数为0.71;相对多度指数(R_(AI))排名前5的野生兽类物种依次为藏野驴(Equus kiang,R_(AI)=85.85)、灰尾兔(Lepus oiostolus,R_(AI)=82.26)、岩羊(Pseudois nayaur,R_(AI)=44.04)、野牦牛(Bos mutus,R_(AI)=35.26)和狼(Canis lupus,R_(AI)=26.41)。(2)拍摄到1182张野生鸟类有效独立照片,鉴定出10目21科50种野生鸟类,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为4.31,Pielou均匀度指数为0.76;排名前5的野生鸟类物种依次是暗腹雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis,R_(AI)=9.81)、漠䳭(Oenanthe deserti,R_(AI)=8.04)、红嘴山鸦(Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax,R_(AI)=7.25)、黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis,R_(AI)=6.33)和角百灵(Eremophila alpestris,R_(AI)=5.42)。(3)国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物分别为11种和18种;《中国生物多样性红色名录》列为濒危物种6种,易危7种,近危13种;石貂(Meles fonia)、豺(Cuon alpinus)、白翅百灵(Alauda leucoptera)和乌鸫(Turdus mandarinus)为阿尔金山保护区新增记录。(4)日活动节律表明,岩羊、野牦牛和狼为昼行性动物,灰尾兔为偏夜行性动物,藏野驴则为昼夜兼性动物。研究结果为创建昆仑山国家公园和野生动物资源监测提供基础数据,也为加强阿尔金山保护区的保护与管理提供科学依据。

1970−2021年阿尔金山国家级自然保护区湖泊面积变化研究

以阿尔金山国家级自然保护区内湖泊为研究对象,通过对大比例尺地形图和中高分辨率遥感影像的配准和目视解译,并结合保护区周边4个气象站1970−2021年气温、降水、蒸散量数据,系统分析了区内面积>1 km2湖泊的面积变化及其对气候因子的响应.结果表明:1)近51 a保护区的湖泊呈现扩张、稳定和萎缩3种变化趋势,但大部分湖泊处于扩张状态.其中:大型湖泊均呈扩张之势,并以20世纪90年代中期为节点,前期扩展缓慢,后期出现明显扩展增速;中型湖泊面积变化呈现扩张、稳定和萎缩3种趋势;小型湖泊面积变化呈现扩张和萎缩2种趋势;湖泊面积的变化趋势与湖泊自身的规模无关,只与其补给和支出平衡有关.2)沙子湖、小沙子湖是部分河段被沙埋的流经湖,多年湖面积变化较小,湖泊周围沙丘未出现大范围朝湖向移动.3)保护区湖泊的面积与气温和降水呈正相关,与蒸发量呈显著负相关,气温和降水对湖泊面积的影响大于蒸发.保护区内湖泊属降雨和冰川融水补给型湖泊,且冰川融水的补给量大于降水.研究结果有助于了解该地区气候变化控制下水资源演变过程,可作为进一步评估区域气候变化和湖泊变化的依据.

乌蒙山国家级自然保护区3种竹笋主要营养成分分析

测定分析了乌蒙山方竹春季笋和秋季笋的主要营养成分含量,并与春季发笋的筇竹笋和秋季发笋的永善方竹笋进行比较。结果表明,乌蒙山方竹笋可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸、纤维素含量均高于筇竹笋和永善方竹笋,可溶性糖含量低于筇竹笋、略高于永善方竹笋,可食率高于筇竹笋但低于永善方竹笋;乌蒙山方竹笋的主要营养成分含量与筇竹笋和永善方竹笋有明显的差异,且与永善方竹笋的差异小于与筇竹笋的差异。总体而言,乌蒙山方竹笋的营养品质相对较好,且春季笋品质优于秋季笋。研究结果可为探明乌蒙山方竹的亲缘关系及其笋营养价值提供数据支撑。

祁连山国家自然保护区生境质量时空特征及驱动因素分析

借助InVEST模型分析了祁连山国家自然保护区生境质量和生境退化度的时空特征,同时利用空间关联的localMoran’sI方法和地理探测器,明确了其热点分布状况,深入探讨了生境质量时空分异的影响因素和驱动机制.结果表明:从东南到西北,生境质量逐渐减低,2000~2020年,高生境质量区域逐年减少,低和较低生境质量区域明显增加,生境退化区域主要集中在威胁源(耕地、建设用地、未利用地、道路)附近的草地和林地;生境质量热点区域集中于研究区中部,且呈连片分布,东部和西部热点区域多被冷点分割,生境退化热点区域面积较少,占研究区总面积的6.72%~8.22%,但多在生态条件较好的区域;影响祁连山国家自然保护区生境质量时空分异的主要驱动因子是海拔、年均NDVI和人口数量,且各因子间呈非线性增强关系;生境质量与年均NDVI和降水呈显著正相关,与人口数量呈显著负相关,在不同海拔梯度上生境质量和生境退化程度具有明显差异,1751~2400m海拔梯度上生境质量和生境退化度均较低,海拔在2400~2950m区间内生境质量较高,但由于强烈的人类活动,其生境退化度也较大.在未来区域环境保护和土地资源利用中,更应防止低海拔区域(1751~2400m)生境质量的进一步恶化,在减少人类活动的同时,更应增强应对气候变化的保护措施,同时特别关注中海拔区域(2400~2950m)生境质量和生境退化度,从整体上提高区域生境质量,研究成果可为祁连山国家自然保护区精准制定环境保护策略和未来土地利用空间规划提供参考和借鉴.

贡嘎山国家级自然保护区九龙片区大中型兽类多样性的红外相机初步调查

2019—2021年通过红外相机陷阱法对四川贡嘎山国家级自然保护区九龙片区进行了大中型兽类监测。共布设相机90台(正常工作71台),累计完成14495个相机工作日,获得大中型兽类独立有效照片1926张。共记录到大中型兽类4目12科20种;包括国家一级重点保护野生动物林麝Moschus berezovskii,以及13种国家二级重点保护野生动物。此外,在该地区首次记录到赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis。相对多度指数(RAI)居前3的为毛冠鹿Elapho‑dus cephalophus(RAI=8.058)、中华鬣羚Capricornis milneedwardsii(RAI=1.352)和岩羊Pseudois nayaur(RAI=1.338)。共有33台相机记录到以放牧和采集为主的人为活动,表明该地区人为干扰较为严重。本研究结果可为该区域大中型兽类物种多样性编目及保护区的管理提供基础数据。

甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区野生观赏植物调查与分析

2021年11月至2022年5月,按照踏查路线和典型样地法相结合,对甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区内的野生观赏植物资源进行调查和筛选,共筛选出具有观赏性的野生植物398种,隶属于89科,241属,其中包含变种、亚种以及变型的野生植物。蕨类植物13种,隶属于10科,11属,裸子植物2科2属4种,被子植物77科228属372种。在398种野生观赏植物中,我国特有植物有128种,占32.16%。根据野生植物观赏的特性以及在城市园林绿化中的应用,将崆峒山自然保护区内的野生观赏植物资源分为观花类野生植物、观果类野生植物、观树形类野生植物、垂直绿化类野生植物和地被类野生植物五大类,筛选出观花类野生植物资源39种,包括乔木、灌木和草本,观果类野生植物资源18种,包括乔木和灌木,观形类野生植物资源15种,垂直绿化类野生植物资源10种,地被类野生植物资源24种。将野生观赏植物的最佳观赏特性进行描述(包括观花时期、观果时期以及生活型),对城市绿化造景有所启发,针对崆峒山保护区野生观赏植物资源的现状提出保护及开发利用对策。

中国盾衣属地衣两个新记录种

为探究盾衣属(Peltula Nyl.)地衣在宁夏贺兰山地区的物种多样性,该文通过形态学、解剖学和化学分析,并结合rDNA-ITS序列构建系统发育树,对采自宁夏贺兰山地区的盾衣属地衣标本进行了系统分类学研究。在宁夏贺兰山地区发现了盾衣属2个中国新记录种,即非洲盾衣[Peltula africana(Jatta) Swinscow&Krog]和印盾衣[P.impressa(Vain.) Swinscow&Krog]。非洲盾衣的主要识别特征为波状鳞叶,横径为0.3~3.0 mm,下皮层细胞栅栏状;印盾衣的主要识别特征为地衣体顶部具有黑色新型粉芽堆,子实层I+,酒红色,子囊孢子64个左右。此外,该文还对2个中国新记录种的形态和解剖特征进行了详细描述,与相似种进行了对比讨论,并提供了2个中国新记录种的形态解剖结构照片。该研究结果丰富了中国盾衣属地衣的基础资料。

云南玉龙雪山自然保护区科研监测发展布局

科研与监测工作是保护区建设的重要内容之一,开展集科研与管理为一体的监测项目,是实施保护区科学管理和有效保护的依据,是保护区可持续发展的重要基础。在总结云南玉龙雪山自然保护区前期科研监测工作的基础上,经过深入调研和系统总结,对保护区开展科研监测的发展进行科学规划,布局以生物多样性大样方、野生动植物样方样线等常规监测为基础,利用高科技设备等开展全面监测;通过补齐科研短板和完善科研基础设施建设,依托科研单位及管理局科研人才,深入开展保护区科学研究项目,以期在提升保护区科研与监测水平的同时,全面提高保护区能力建设。

基于视觉吸引的森林景观色彩要素识别及影响因素研究——以云南轿子山自然保护区为例

为探究影响森林景观视觉吸引力的色彩要素以及提升森林景观视觉质量的色彩营造途径,采用视觉行为实验对云南轿子山四季森林色彩景观视觉吸引力进行评估,从色彩组成与空间构成两方面进行森林色彩特征分析,基于色彩特征要素与公众视觉行为构建视觉吸引力评价模型,并分析影响景观视觉吸引力的色彩要素最佳阈值。结果表明:(1)轿子山森林四季色彩呈多样化特点,色相在红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色和蓝紫色中均有涉及。景观色谱集中在选择性色谱与点缀性色谱。(2)公众视觉注意力和焦点随着森林景观的色彩变化而改变。春、夏、秋三季森林景观更能引起公众视觉关注。(3)春季的红色、蓝紫色等彩色相是影响色彩景观视觉吸引力的主要因素;秋季的色彩要素组成与斑块空间构成共同影响色彩景观视觉吸引力;冬季的森林色彩景观,视觉吸引力与绿色相密切相关。研究结论可为森林景观高品质视景营造提供理论依据。

乌蒙山自然保护区十齿花林生态化学计量特征

以云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区十齿花林为研究对象,利用单因素方差分析及多重比较等方法对其叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行分析,阐明十齿花林生态系统养分限制情况及养分循环特征。结果表明:十齿花林叶片、凋落物、土壤C平均含量分别为592.48、540.61、51.51 g·kg^(-1),N平均含量分别为19.41、15.45、1.66 g·kg^(-1),P平均含量分别为1.67、1.67、0.35 g·kg^(-1),各组分营养元素含量表现为叶片>凋落物>土壤;同一样地内植物叶片、凋落物和土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比差异显著,不同样地土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比、凋落物C含量差异显著,其余组分各指标差异不显著;叶片-凋落物N、C∶N显著相关,凋落物-土壤C显著相关;十齿花林生态系统主要受N素限制,凋落物的营养元素源于叶片,分解后归于土壤,为十齿花林生长发育提供养分支持,促进养分循环。