Analysis of mesoscopic mechanical dynamic characteristics of ballast bed with under sleeper pads

The meso-dynamical behaviour of a high-speed rail ballast bed with under sleeper pads(USPs)was studied.The geometrically irregular refined discrete element model of the ballast particles was constructed using 3D scanning techniques,and the 3D dynamic model of the rail-sleeper-ballast bed was constructed using the coupled discrete element method-multiflexible-body dynamics(DEM-MFBD)approach.We analyse the meso-mechanical dynamics of the ballast bed with USPs under dynamic load on a train and verify the correctness of the model in laboratory tests.It is shown that the deformation of the USPs increases the contact area between the sleeper and the ballast particles,and subsequently the number of contacts between them.As the depth of the granular ballast bed increases,the contact area becomes larger,and the contact force between the ballast particles gradually decreases.Under the action of the elastic USPs,the contact forces between ballast particles are reduced and the overall vibration level of the ballast bed can be reduced.The settlement of the granular ballast bed occurs mainly at the shallow position of the sleeper bottom,and the installation of the elastic USPs can be effective in reducing the stress on the ballast particles and the settlement of the ballast bed.

Influence of the Randomness of Longitudinal Resistance of Ballast Bed on Track-Bridge Interaction

To get the influence of the randomness of longitudinal resistance of ballast bed (LRBB) on track-bridge interaction, the statistical law of LRBB was studied with existing test data and the Shapiro-Wilk test. Based on the principle of track-bridge interaction, a rail-sleeper-bridge-pier integrated simulation model that could consider the randomness of LRBB was established. Taking a continuous beam bridge for the heavy-haul railway as an example, the effect of the randomness of LRBB on the mechanical behavior of continuous welded rail (CWR) on bridges under typical conditions was carefully examined with a random sampling method and the simulation model. The results show that the LRBB corresponding sleeper displacement of 2 mm obeys a normal distribution. When the randomness of LRBB is considered, the amplitudes of rail expansion force, rail bending force, rail braking force and rail broken gap all follow normal distribution. As the standard deviations of the four indexes are small, which indicates the randomness of LRBB has little effect on track-bridge interaction. The distributions of the four indexes make it possible to design CWR on bridges with the limit state method.

A study on characteristic indexesof railway ballast bed underhigh-frequency radar

Purpose–In this paper,a high-frequency radar test system was used to collect the data of clean ballast bed and fouled ballast bed of ballasted tracks,respectively,for a quantitative evaluation of the condition of railway ballast bed.Design/methodology/approach–Based on original radar signals,the time–frequency characteristics of radar signals were analyzed,five ballast bed condition characteristic indexes were proposed,including the frequency domain integral area,scanning area,number of intersections with the time axis,number of timedomain inflection points and amplitude envelope obtained by Hilbert transform,and the effectiveness and sensitivity of the indexes were analyzed.Findings–The thickness of ballast bed tested at the sleep bottom by high-frequency radar is up to 55 cm,which meets the requirements of ballast bed detection.Compared with clean ballast bed,the values of the five indexes of fouled ballast bed are larger,and the five indexes could effectively show the condition of the ballast bed.The computational efficiency of amplitude envelope obtained by Hilbert transform is 140 s$km
1,and the computational efficiency of other indexes is 5 s$km
1.The amplitude envelopes obtained by Hilbert transform in the subgrade sections and tunnel sections are the most sensitive,followed by scanning area.The number of intersections with the time axis in the bridge sections was the most sensitive,followed by the scanning area.The scanning area can adapt to different substructures such as subgrade,bridges and tunnels,with high comprehensive sensitivity.Originality/value–The research can provide appropriate characteristic indexes from the high-frequency radar original signal to quantitatively evaluate ballast bed condition under different substructures.

Discrete element method of improved performance of railway ballast bed using elastic sleeper

With the development of high-speed and heavy-haul railway in China, problems like insufficient thickness of ballast bed and overlarge track stiffness are obvious. Ballast may break into small particles and their contact status will deteriorate under cyclic loading, resulting in ballast degradation. Discrete element method(DEM) was used to research improved performance of ballast bed using elastic sleeper. Clusters were generated by bonding spheres to model real ballasts, while broken bonds were utilized to distinguish breakage. Two kinds of ballast beds with elastic sleeper and conventional sleeper were established, respectively. After applying cyclic loading to the models, differences of mechanical properties between two models were analyzed by contrasting their dynamic behavior indexes, such as particle contact force, sleeper settlement, vibration velocity and acceleration, breakage characteristic. The results illustrate that compared with conventional sleeper, elastic sleeper increases sleeper settlement, while reduces ballast vibration and contact force between particles, which could depress ballast breakage.

Influence of unsupported sleepers on the dynamic stability of ballasted bed based on wheelset impact tests

The unsupported sleeper can change the load characteristics of ballast particles and thus affect the dynamic stability of a ballasted bed.In this work,a laboratory test was constructed on a ballasted track containing unsupported sleepers.The ballasted track was excited by a wheelset,and the influence of unsupported sleepers on the dynamic stability of a ballasted bed was studied.The results show that the main frequency of the sleeper vibration appeared at 670 Hz,and the first-order rigid vibration mode at the frequency of 101 Hz had a significant effect on the condition without the unsupported sleeper.When the sleepers were continuously unsupported,the vibration damping effect of ballasted bed within the frequency range of 0–450 Hz was better than that at higher frequencies.Within the frequency range of 70–250 Hz,the vibration damping effect of the ballasted bed with unsupported sleepers was better than that without the unsupported sleeper.Owing to the excitation from the wheelset impact,the lateral resistance of the ballasted bed with unsupported sleepers whose hanging heights were 30,60,and 90 mm increased by 37.43%,12.25%,and 18.23%,respectively,while the lateral resistance of the ballasted bed without the unsupported sleeper remained basically unchanged.The unsupported sleeper could increase the difference in the quality of the ballasted bed between two adjacent sleepers.In addition,test results show that the hanging height of the unsupported sleeper had little effect on the lateral resistance of a ballasted bed without external excitation,but had an obvious effect on the rate of change of the lateral resistance of a ballasted bed and the acceleration amplitude of the sleeper vibration under the wheelset impact.

Stress on Ballast-Bed and Deterioration of Geometry in a Railway Track

In Greece extended cracking of twin-block concrete sleepers （ties） and fouling of the ballast-bed were observed with implied problems of gauge widening and deterioration of track＇s geometry. This led to a ten-year investigation program, during which a new method was developed for the estimation of actions on track panel as well as of the pressures / stresses that develop under the seating surface of the sleeper on the ballast-bed. Results from the tests performed on the ballast used in the Greek network are also presented, conducted in laboratories in France, Austria, and Greece. The influence of the actions -static and mainly dynamic- on the track response and the stress and strain of the ballast-bed are also discussed as derived from the tests and theoretical analysis.

基于准动态评估的桥上有砟轨道最优级配研究

道砟级配是有砟轨道的重要参数,对桥上有砟道床准动态稳定性和容重有较大影响。通过离散元法建立桥上有砟道床模型,研究各国级配下道床准动态稳定性差异;采用极限思维法,揭示各粒径含量对桥上有砟道床准动态稳定性的影响程度,并对道床容重特性进行初探。结果表明:当桥上道床密度为1.7 g/cm~3时,道床横向阻力值为:俄罗斯B类>中国特级>中国一级>美国4A;大粒径道砟含量越高,道床横向阻力值越大;小粒径道砟含量增加,道床横向阻力值先减小后略有增大;为保证道床具有较高稳定性,建议小粒径道砟含量应大于0但不超过30%,中粒径道砟含量应不为0,大粒径道砟含量应不低于15.5%;采用最优级配区间所建立的桥上有砟道床具有工程上所青睐的道床容重特性。

基于细观解析模型的铁路有砟道床力学特性研究

有砟道床是由碎石道砟组成的一种散粒体结构,道砟颗粒之间的相互作用影响道床结构整体的力学特性。为研究道砟层内部的荷载传递和沉降规律,探明列车行驶过程中道床服役状态演变的机制,基于有限元ABAQUS平台软件,通过编制内部子程序对Chang-Hicher模型进行二次开发,开展道砟集料的常规三轴试验以及碎石道床动力特性试验的数值模拟,从静、动力学角度阐明利用细观解析本构模型模拟道砟力学特性的可行性。进一步利用该模型研究高速列车荷载下道床的动态力学行为,从宏观层面探讨道床不同区域的沉降特征,从细观层面运用玫瑰图来分析道砟间接触力的分布情况和变化规律,分析行车速度和轴重等控制因素对接触力和位移的影响。研究结果表明,列车行驶过程中,荷载作用下方道砟的接触力整体水平最高、枕盒中心处次之,轨枕中心处最小,而这些区域内道砟的竖向位移变化基本相同;行车速度和轴重对道砟间接触力和道床下沉量均呈现正相关关系。

力稳定车稳定装置-有砟轨道耦合系统动力学特性研究

提出了一种针对动力稳定车作业过程动力学响应分析的稳定装置-轨排-道床耦合动力学模型。参照铁路行业标准设定了5种道床状态,基于ADAMS建立了虚拟样机仿真模型。系统地讨论了道床状态和作业参数对耦合系统横向振动响应的影响效果,以及各研究对象间的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:在5种道床范围内,系统共振频率随道床状态参数提升而增大;垂向下压力与系统振动响应幅值呈线性负相关,且其对振幅的影响效果显著低于激振频率;稳定装置与轨枕的横向加速度、速度和位移振幅相近,显著大于道床振幅,激振器振动能量主要为道床吸收;2级道床状态下,稳定作业过程中,自第3号响应输出点起,轨枕和道床块的各响应参数振幅急剧减小。

道砟非均匀分布对道床力学特性的影响

铁路道床机械清筛作业中,分次回填道砟颗粒会导致道砟分层,出现非均匀分布现象。为了解道砟非均匀分布对道床力学特性的影响,基于离散单元法基本原理,生成有砟道床仿真模型,模拟道砟均匀分布、“上大下小”分层分布、“上小下大”分层分布等3种道床工况,分析3种道床工况在捣固作业和稳定作业中的力学特性变化。结果表明:道砟非均匀分布对道床力学特性产生影响,其中道床密实度特性受道砟分布状态影响较小,而道床垂向刚度和横向阻力特性则受道砟分布状态影响较大。在捣固作业中,道砟“上小下大”分层分布最有利于道床垂向刚度提升。在稳定作业中,道砟“上大下小”分层分布最有利于道床横向阻力提升。道砟颗粒流动则是使得道床垂向刚度和横向阻力提升的重要因素。

铁路道砟材质选型分析与建议

我国铁路覆盖范围广,沿线所处地质环境复杂、气候多变,铁路运维面临巨大挑战。有砟道床作为铁路重要组成部分,其养护维修一直以来倍受关注,然而,岩石材料具有多样性和分布不均衡性,且我国道砟材质标准及选型较为单一,并未考虑地质及气候环境等因素,给铁路建设及运维带来一系列问题。针对此,总结世界各国道砟选型方式及方法,对比复杂环境道砟材质选型标准,归纳新型道砟材料,并且解释了标准中用于道砟性能量化的指标及其试验方法。对比各国所道砟材质及其配套的选型标准,得到以下主要结论:(1)针对我国现有道砟规范问题,可以考虑根据铁路沿线地质和气候等因素选择道砟材质;(2)目前仍没有方法可以快速、准确并且不破坏道床的方式来得到道床堆积密度;(3)为实现双碳目标,在有条件的新建或改建线路上可考虑选用建筑固废、工业固废等新型道砟材料。

重载铁路钢轨焊接不平顺对道床动力特性的影响

在车轮反复碾压作用下,钢轨接头区域易出现马鞍形不平顺、低塌等缺陷。为分析重载铁路钢轨焊接不平顺对有砟道床动力特性的影响,首先建立车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,计算钢轨焊接不平顺影响下的轨枕上动压力;然后采用离散元分析方法,建立有砟轨道结构二维模型,将焊接不平顺影响下的轨枕上动压力作为荷载输入,模拟分析钢轨焊接不平顺对有砟轨道结构道床动力特性的影响。结果表明:钢轨焊接不平顺显著增加了接头两侧轨枕上动压力,且不平顺短波波长越长,影响范围越大,当波长为0.2 m、波深为0.7 mm时,接头两侧轨枕上动压力增加显著,最大值相较于随机不平顺时增加了50.52%;随着焊接不平顺短波波长的减小及波深的增加,道床垂向加速度、摩擦耗能以及累积变形均随之增加;道砟颗粒间最大接触力受焊接不平顺影响较为显著,尤其当短波波深大于0.5 mm时,最大接触力随波深增加而显著增大;当短波波长为0.1 m、波深为0.7 mm时,相较于随机不平顺,道床应力增加55.89%,距道床顶面0.15 m深度处的道砟颗粒加速度增加了449.42%。

冲击式人工捣固装置对有砟道床作用效应及质量状态影响研究

人工捣固作业是实现小区段线路日常养护维修的重要方式之一,可有效改善轨道几何形位、缓和线路不平顺、保证列车运行安全性。然而目前人工捣固装置进行养护维修作业主要依赖现场工人的工程实践经验,缺乏相关理论研究。为研究有砟道床人工捣固装置作业工作机理,借助离散元素法(DEM)-多体动力学(MBD)耦合方法,建立人工捣固装置-轨枕-有砟道床耦合仿真模型,并在现场开展人工捣固作业前后横向阻力试验,验证了模型的可靠性,分析人工捣固作业对道砟颗粒接触力及道床密实度的影响。结果表明:人工捣固作业会使道床横向阻力降低19.51%,道床横向稳定性减弱;捣入阶段会使道砟间接触力分布发生明显变化,其中,水平平面接触力分布由近似圆形向椭圆形变化分布,纵向平面接触力则由半圆形向花束形变化分布,颗粒间接触关系不断变化,逐步建立新的稳定传递关系;捣固作业会使道砟颗粒受迫运动,使枕盒及砟肩处密实度降低。因此,在人工进行捣固作业后应及时补填枕盒处道砟颗粒,并对砟肩处道砟进行拍实。

三枕捣固作业过程中道砟细观运动及能量演变分析

使用大型捣固车对有砟轨道进行作业,是改善道床质量状态最有效方法和通用手段,是保障列车安全运营的必然选择。但我国大型养路机械源于引进国外技术,对捣固车捣固作业机理认识不足,无法进行科学养护维修。为加深对目前铁路养修作业中常用DWL-48捣固稳定车的三枕捣固装置作业过程的认识,该文借助离散元与多体动力学协同仿真分析方法,建立了三枕捣固装置-轨排-有砟道床三维空间精细化耦合仿真模型,并结合现场实测结果验证了模型的正确性,分析了捣固作业动态过程中道砟颗粒平动、转动特性及能量演变规律。研究结果表明:捣镐对道砟颗粒平动、转动和能量的影响主要位于枕下0 mm~175 mm区域;道砟颗粒速度与角速度变化规律具有很好的同步性,有助于快速填充枕下空隙。捣固作业过程中捣镐采用“道砟平动为主,转动为辅”的方式填充枕下空隙,并且在该过程中伴随着道砟颗粒平动动能、旋转动能逐渐向道砟颗粒势能的不断演变。

有砟道床人工捣固作业模型建立及力学性能分析

为研究人工捣固作业对道床质量状态的作用机理,基于离散元与多体动力学耦合的建模方法,建立人工捣固装置-散体道床仿真模型,有效模拟工人的捣固作业过程,并通过现场试验结果验证模型的正确性,分析人工捣固作业对道床刚度及接触状态的影响。研究结果表明:人工捣固作业会使道床刚度降低,作业后支承刚度为101.85 kN/mm,降低了28.48%,回弹刚度为206.77 kN/mm,降低了9.02%;在捣入及振捣阶段,道砟间接触状态发生改变,同时轨枕下方与道砟颗粒的接触数目增多,有利于枕下空隙的填充;在撤镐阶段,道砟配位数逐渐增大,法向接触力分布趋向均匀,有利于道床的稳定;人工捣固作业有效减小了轨枕周边区域道砟间接触状态的差异。

基于离散元-有限差分耦合的轨枕垫对有砟道床横向阻力的影响机制

轨枕垫(USP)因其良好的减震性能已广泛应用于铁路轨道结构,现有研究大多集中于USP对轨道结构刚度和振动响应的影响,但对有砟道床横向阻力影响的研究很少。为深入分析USP对道床横向阻力的影响并揭示其作用机理,建立轨枕-USP-有砟道床-路基三维系统的精细化离散元-有限差分(DEM-FDM)耦合数值模型,采用典型重载铁路有砟道床横向阻力现场实测结果对模型进行标定和验证,进而模拟分析不同工况组合下USP对轨枕不同位置处(枕底、枕侧和枕端)的横向阻力、道砟颗粒运动和粒间接触力等宏微观指标的影响机制。研究结果表明:在相同的轨枕横向位移下,相较于无USP的轨枕,带USP的轨枕其枕底道砟颗粒运动范围更大,横向阻力也更大,且横向阻力增加部分主要来源于枕底USP的不平整性;USP刚度越大,道床横向阻力也越大;采用USP可增加枕底的横向剪应力和最大法向接触力,且两者数值均随USP刚度的增大而增大。

铁路基床翻浆冒泥路段道砟颗粒运动及力学特性研究

为研究有砟轨道基床翻浆冒泥路段的道床动力学响应规律,自制了一套模型试验装置来模拟铁路基床翻浆冒泥过程,路基模型采用粉质黏土与道砟碎石填筑,在道床层不同位置处埋入三颗智能颗粒传感器实时监测道砟的振动加速度及运动姿态变化,分析洁净状态与不同翻浆冒泥程度对道砟颗粒加速度与运动姿态的影响。试验结果表明:泥浆侵入道床后,道床内道砟颗粒的振动变得更加剧烈,并且泥浆侵入道床程度的加深会提高道砟颗粒的振动水平;在洁净的道床中,道砟颗粒之间会产生较强的约束作用,道砟颗粒不易发生转动;无论在何种道床状态下,道砟颗粒绕横向、纵向转动的程度均大于绕竖向转动;当泥浆侵入道床之后,道砟颗粒会产生绕横向、纵向的较大转动,绕竖向旋转角度没有明显变化。

考虑水盆效应隧道道床上浮力学特征及计算分析

围绕富水隧道道床上浮底鼓工程问题,本文探索将水盆效应引入隧道无砟道床上浮底鼓病害的研究中。首先,基于应变能和能量理论,结合结构层间接触力学条件,开展隧道道床应力和变形量推导,以验证水盆效应与道床上浮关联的合理性。其次,构建道床变形挠曲线方程和应力和最大变形量公式,得到基底0.5 m水头高度可以引起粘结失效道床上浮底鼓,并通过设定上浮临界水头值划分上浮三阶段:1)初期入渗汇水阶段;2)局部积水阶段;3)水盆上浮阶段。最后,建立不同排水状态下道床横向及纵向上浮量计算公式,形成基底水流量差、压力速率分别与上浮速率及上浮量的关系曲线,形成隧道道床上浮的最小水头高度的计算方法,以助力道床上浮控制的研究和治理措施的改进。

基于离散元-有限差分耦合方法的格栅加筋道砟力学性能分析

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轨向连续多波不平顺相比于普通轨道不平顺更容易影响高速铁路的行车安全,由于对多波不平顺形成机理的研究基本空白,造成了相应整治措施缺乏,局部新建线路必须换轨的情况。通过车辆-多波不平顺轨道耦合动力学模型,轮轨及温度力耦合作用下有砟道床变形演变离散元模型,系统揭示了多波不平顺形成机理及对行车动力特性的影响,认为轮轨附加力及无缝线路温度耦合力的水平分量是造成多波不平顺的主要原因,成果可为我国高速铁路轨道结构的安全服役提供理论支撑。