Offgas Analysis and Pyrolysis Mechanism of Activated Carbon from Bamboo Sawdust by Chemical Activation With KOH

Bamboo sawdust was used as the precursor for the multipurpose use of waste. Offgases released during the activation process of bamboo by KOH were investigated quantitatively and qualitatively by a gas analyzer. TG/DTG curves during the pyrolysis process with different impregnation weight ratios （KOH to bamboo） were obtained by a thermogravimetric analyzer. Pyrolysis mechanism of bamboo was proposed. The results showed that the offgases were composed of CO, NO, SO2 and hydrocarbon with the concentration of 1 372, 37, 86, 215 mg/L, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the pyrolytic process mainly experienced two steps. The first was the low temperature activation step （lower than 300 ℃）, which was the pre-activation and induction period. The second was the high temperature activation step（higher than 550 ℃）, which was a radial activation followed by pore production. The second process was the key to control the pore distribution of the final product.

Diurnal and seasonal variations in carbon fluxes in bamboo forests during the growing season in Zhejiang province, China

Bamboo forest is an important forest type in subtropical China and is characterized by fast growth and high carbon sequestration capacity. However, the dynamics of carbon fluxes during the fast growing period of bamboo shoots and their correlation with environment factors are poorly understood. We measured carbon dioxide exchange and climate variables using open-path eddy covariance methods during the 2011 growing season in a Moso bamboo forest(MB, Phyllostchys edulis) and a Lei bamboo forest(LB, Phyllostachys violascens) in Zhejiang province,China. The bamboo forests were carbon sinks during the growing season. The minimum diurnal net ecosystem exchange(NEE) at MB and LB sites were-0.64 and-0.66 mg C m^(-2) s^(-1), respectively. The minimum monthly NEE, ecosystem respiration(RE), and gross ecosystem exchange(GEE) were-99.3 ± 4.03, 76.2 ±2.46, and^(-1)91.5 ± 4.98 g C m^(-2) month^(-1), respectively,at MB site, compared with-31.8 ± 3.44, 70.4 ± 1.41,and^(-1)57.9 ± 4.86 g C m^(-2) month^(-1), respectively, at LB site. Maximum RE was 92.1 ± 1.32 g C m^(-2) month^(-1) at MB site and 151.0 ± 2.38 g C m^(-2) month^(-1) at LB site.Key control factors varied by month during the growing season, but across the whole growing season, NEE and GEE at both sites showed similar trends in sensitivities to photosynthetic active radiation and vapor pressure deficit,and air temperature had the strongest correlation with RE at both sites. Carbon fluxes at LB site were more sensitive to soil water content compared to those at MB site. Both onyear(years when many new shoots are produced) and offyear(years when none or few new shoots are produced)should be studied in bamboo forests to better understand their role in global carbon cycling.

Sorption Characteristics for Multiple Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions Using Activated Carbon from Nigerian Bamboo

Sorption characteristics of multiple adsorption of six heavy metal ions often found in refinery waste waters using activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was investigated. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 350℃ - 500℃, and activated at 800℃ using nitric acid. Simultaneous batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) in same aqueous solution using activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was carried out. The adsorption process had a better fit for the Freundlich, Temkin isotherm and Dubinin-Radushke-vich (DRK) isotherm models but could not fit well into Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption isotherms showed that there is competition among various metals for adsorption sites on Nigerian bamboo. The DRK model was used to determine the nature of the sorption process and was found to be physical and chemical, with sorption energy of metal ions ranging from (7 - 10 kJ/mol). The adsorption of Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions was chemisorptions and that of Cu2+ and Cr3+ ions was cooperative adsorption. Therefore, this study revealed that Nigerian bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple and simultaneous metalions—removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their use.

Simulation of Tensile Behaviors of Bamboo-like Carbon Nanotubes Based on Molecular Structural Mechanics Approach Combining with Finite Element Analysis

A molecular structural mechanics approach combining with finite element analysis(MSM/FEA) was applied to study the microstructure and tensile behaviors of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes(BCNTs). The mathematical model of tensile behaviors of BCNTs was established based on molecular structural mechanics theory. The deformations of BCNTs, with different diameters and compartments set based on the experimental investigation on BCNT structures synthesized by chemical vapor depositon, under tensile load, were analyzed with ANSYS programmed. Results show that the BCNTs have good tensile properties, and those Young's modulus can reach 0.84 Tpa. Through the analysis, it can be found that the Young's modulus of BCNTs depends on the diameters and the length of compartment, which is in good agreement with our experimental tests for the tensile performances of individual BCNT.

Synthesis of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes by ethanol catalytic combustion technique

Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes were synthesized by ethanol catalytic combustion (ECC) technique with combustion method. Copper plate was employed as substrate, ethanol as carbon source, and iron chloride as catalyst precursor. The as-grown black powder was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the thinner bamboo-like carbon nanotubes have a relatively good structure that the compartment layers are more regular, while the thicker carbon nanotubes have a relatively irregular bamboo-like structure; the proposed method is simple to synthesize bamboo-like carbon nanotubes and has some advantages, such as flexible synthesis conditions, simple setup, and environment-friendly.

Effect of Management Practices on Seasonal Dynamics of Organic Carbon in Soils Under Bamboo Plantations

Soil samples for conventional management (CM) and intensive management (IM) practices were taken over a year at 2-month intervals to determine the effect of management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) and to quantify seasonal dynamics in SOC for bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie) stands. The results with IM compared to CM showed large decreases in total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and the MBC/TOC ratio in the soils. With all IM plots in the 0-20 cm depth across sampling periods, average decreases compared with CM were: TOC, 12.1%; MBC, 26.1%; WSOC, 29.3%; the MBC/TOC ratio, 16.1%; and the WSOC/TOC ratio, 20.0%. Due to seasonal changes of climate, seasonal variations were observed in MBC and WSOC. Soil MBC in the 0-20 cm depth in September compared to May were 122.9% greater for CM and 57.6% greater for IM. However, due primarily to soil temperature, soil MBC was higher during the July to November period, whereas because of soil moisture, WSOC was lower in July and January. This study revealed that intensive management in bamboo plantations depleted the soil C pool; therefore, soil quality with IM should be improved through application of organic manures.

基于CO_(2)活化的竹基多孔炭催化还原Cr(VI)的性能研究

以竹粉为原料、CO_(2)为活化剂制备竹基多孔炭(ZH-100),并用于催化还原Cr(VI)。分析了反应温度、催化剂用量、还原剂甲酸用量、Cr(VI)初始质量浓度对竹基多孔炭催化活性的影响,采用XPS、XRD和交流阻抗测试技术对反应前后的多孔炭进行表征,以揭示其催化还原Cr(VI)的作用机制。结果表明:竹基多孔炭催化还原Cr(VI)的最佳实验条件为Cr(VI)初始质量浓度120 mg/L、温度60℃、ZH-100炭催化剂添加量0.1 g,还原剂甲酸添加量1.5 mL,在该条件下反应10 min,Cr(VI)还原率高达99.44%;重复使用3次后,ZH-100的催化还原能力略有下降,但仍能在30 min内达到99.22%的Cr(VI)还原率。分析发现,Cr(VI)的去除过程包括物理吸附和化学还原,其中以化学还原占主导;催化剂重复使用性能下降原因包括表面官能团消耗、碳微晶排列无序化及阻抗增大,ZH-100对Cr(VI)的催化还原机制为官能团介导和类石墨微晶介导。

KOH共热法和水热活化法制备多孔竹活性炭的比较

我国竹材资源丰富,以竹废料为原料,制备可用于超级电容器电极材料的竹活性炭,有助于推动竹产业发展,助力国家“双碳”目标实现。在本研究中,分别采用KOH共热和水热处理对竹粉进行活化,并对制备的竹活性炭进行电化学性能、比表面积、表面微观形貌等测试。实验结果表明,KOH共热活化法的最佳条件为炭化温度350℃,活化温度900℃,升温速率2℃/min,碱炭质量比4∶1;制备的活性炭比表面积为3 299 m2/g, 0.5 A/g电流密度下的比电容为287.8 F/g, 5 000次充放电测试后,电容保持率为95%~105%。水热活化法的最佳条件为KOH质量分数20%,反应温度150℃,反应时间12 h,制备的活性炭比表面积为192.91 m2/g, 0.5 A/g电流密度下的比电容为170.4 F/g,电容保持率为88.89%。2种方法制备的活性炭孔径结构都是以微孔为主,中孔混合分布,含有少量大孔;2种活性炭均含有双层或多层石墨烯结构,但水热活化法制备的活性炭石墨化程度更高,制备条件更温和。研究结果既可为超级电容器用活性炭的研究提供了理论思路,也有效地扩展了竹材的应用领域。

浙江安吉竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目经济效益评价

随着乡村青壮年人口流出和人口老龄化加剧,林区基础设施建设落后,竹林经营效益不断下降,大量竹林逐渐被荒弃,竹产业产值下降。为此,近年来浙江省安吉县实施了"竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目",旨在通过对竹林资源集约化经营,全面提升安吉县竹产业经济效益以及竹林增汇能力,在保护好绿水青山的同时,实现村民共同富裕。文章从投资估算、经营收入、还款能力3个方面分析评价了"竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目"的经济效益,结果认为该项目是可行的。项目的实施可为其他类似地区升级竹产业、带动乡村振兴提供借鉴和参考。

竹废弃物热解碳足迹分析

文章针对竹废弃物热解及热解产物资源化利用的场景,基于生命周期评价和敏感性分析方法,建立了详细的生命周期碳排放清单和核算方法,确定了热解系统中碳排放和碳减排的主要贡献源,分析了热解系统碳减排能力对多个参数的敏感性程度。结果表明:1 t竹废弃物热解的碳排放为-838.684 kg,我国竹废弃物热解的年减排量为3830万t,年发电量为2.1×10^(10)kW·h;整个系统中碳排放的主要贡献源为生物油和合成气的燃烧发电(34.8%),碳减排最主要的贡献源为竹炭还田(34.0%);热解系统的碳减排能力对竹废弃物占比、年采伐量和热解产物产量的敏感性程度较高,敏感性系数分别为1.297,1.000和0.702;竹炭还田带来的土壤碳汇效应具有巨大的减排潜力,综合产率为8.9%的竹炭可带来1300万t/a的碳减排量。文章认为竹废弃物热解具有较强的碳减排能力,可以为合理利用竹废弃物生产可再生能源、积极应对气候变化,实现“双碳”目标提供一条新途径。

生物炭对毛竹林土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响

为探究不同生物炭施用量对毛竹林土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响,本研究以广西桂林漓江上游毛竹林土壤为研究对象,以毛竹废弃物高温热解制备的生物炭为供试材料,通过一年野外施用试验,探究不同生物炭施用量下(0(CK)、10 t·hm^(-2)(BC1)、20 t·hm^(-2)(BC2)、40 t·hm^(-2)(BC4))毛竹林土壤有机碳活性组分和土壤碳库管理指数变化特征,分析环境因素对其影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,高添加量生物炭(BC4)后土壤pH值、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物量氮等含量显著提高,但土壤全磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。生物炭对总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、颗粒有机碳及碳库管理指数等有显著的促进作用,均在生物炭施用量为40 t·hm^(-2)时达到最大值。相关分析表明,土壤碳库管理指数与pH、NH_(4)^(+)-N、EOC、POC均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。路径分析模型表明在生物炭添加下,土壤性质和可利用性养分直接影响活性碳组分,进而影响土壤碳库管理指数。综上所述,毛竹林中施用生物炭是提高土壤质量、促进土壤碳固存及合理利用竹林废弃物的有效手段,其中生物炭添加量为40 t·hm^(-2)的处理效果最优。

木竹产品碳足迹评价研究进展

气候变化是全球治理的一个重要方面,评估人类活动引起的温室气体排放量是应对气候变化的基础性工作,受到世界各国政府、科研机构和企业广泛关注。随着我国“碳达峰”“碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的提出以及相关政策的落地实施,碳足迹作为温室气体排放测度指标,其重要性日益凸显。开展木竹产品碳足迹评价是我国木竹加工企业落实国家“双碳”目标的核心工作,对木竹产业低碳高质量发展亦具有重要意义。本文全面分析锯材、改性材、人造板及其制品、结构用集成材和胶合木等主要木竹产品碳足迹评价的研究现状,以及碳足迹评价方法的研究进展。目前,生命周期评价法是国际主流的碳足迹评价方法,依据的标准主要为ISO/TS 14067、GHG Protocol和PAS 2050;在木竹产品中储存的生物碳及其延迟碳排放效应的评估方法,以及计入产品碳足迹评价结果的形式等方面尚未形成国际共识;因不同国家木竹加工技术水平和能源结构有所不同,同一类别产品碳足迹差异显著。此外,不同科研人员采用的评价标准和研究假设等各异,导致同一产品碳足迹评价结果可比性不强。未来应:1)研制木竹产品延迟碳排放效应的评估方法,科学量化木竹产品对应对气候变化的积极贡献;2)制定适于木竹产品碳足迹评价国际统一的产品种类规则,进一步增强碳足迹核算结果的可比性,推动木竹产品碳足迹评价结果国际互认;3)建立木竹产品全生命周期回溯跟踪体系,助力木竹产品全生命周期碳足迹评价工作的顺利开展;4)构建契合我国木竹产业特点全国统一的碳排放因子数据库,为准确计量木竹产品碳足迹提供数据支撑。

浙江省竹林碳汇测算研究

采用生物量法测算浙江省竹林固碳量,运用能源活动二氧化碳排放测算法估算浙江省碳排放量,将二者进行对比分析竹林碳汇贡献。结果表明:1973—2021年浙江竹林固碳量从1820.64万t增长到3570.88万t,净增长量为1750.24万t,增长率高达96.13%,总体呈现增加的趋势,其中毛竹林为主要固碳林种;浙江省碳排放量呈现出稳定增长的趋势,增长率在2004—2021年有所下降;竹林固碳量与碳排放量呈现趋同的增长趋势,但竹林固碳量对于整体的碳排放量而言占比较小,固碳贡献小。为有效助力浙江省碳达峰、碳中和目标进程,提出应注重稳定竹林碳汇增量、切实巩固竹林碳汇发展,规范引导碳汇经营方案、合理提高竹林碳汇潜力,有效结合企业碳汇主体、科学管控企业排放数量,以此有效发挥竹林碳汇价值。

竹结构住宅全生命周期碳排放分析

为了深入了解竹结构住宅的碳排放特性,基于全生命周期方法评价南京林业大学校园内一栋2层示范性竹结构住宅的碳排放量,提出相应的降碳策略,对比分析相同体量木结构(轻型木结构、胶合木结构)和钢结构住宅的碳排放差异。结果表明,竹结构住宅在运行阶段的碳排放量最多,约占其全生命周期碳排放总量的89.8%,竹材自身碳储量占建筑碳排放总量的8.8%。不同结构体系的竹木结构住宅全生命周期净碳排放量相差不大,而相同体量的钢结构住宅则因建材生产能耗高、保温隔热性能差的劣势,其碳排放量比3种竹木结构住宅碳排放量平均值高约89.9%。

“双碳”目标下竹制航模技术探索

“双碳”目标是我国基于推动构建人类命运共同体的责任担当和实现可持续发展的内在要求而作出的重大战略决策,为了实现“双碳”目标,需要国家、社会、个人各个层面从小到大做出具体性措施,作为高校学子,西北工业大学民航学院“航育”团队在田薇老师的带领下,结合学校三航特色及学生专业性技能,自主研发制作了一种新型环保型航模,团队取材于西北工业大学定点帮扶地区——广西壮族自治区“毛竹之乡”融水,利用当地丰富的毛竹资源,探讨了竹材料在各向的力学性能,并针对传统型航模的短板,制作出一种更环保更实惠的航模,与当地特色苗族文化进行交融,在乡村振兴战略下为“双碳”目标作出自己的贡献。

竹纤维粒径与比例对石竹塑复合材料的性能影响

【目的】阐明不同竹纤维粒径和原料配比对竹纤维/聚丙烯/碳酸钙复合材料物理力学性能的影响机理,为石竹塑复合材料的工业化生产与应用提供依据。【方法】以碳酸钙、竹纤维和聚丙烯为原料,在控制竹纤维粒径(40目、80目和120目)与原料配比的基础上,制备竹纤维/聚丙烯/碳酸钙复合材料,考察其物理力学性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪和熔融指数仪对复合材料的微观结构、热稳定性和流动性进行表征。最后,综合考虑生产成本与相关性能要求,为竹纤维/聚丙烯/碳酸钙复合材料的生产与应用提出建议。【结果】随着碳酸钙添加量的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弹性模量均逐渐下降,而密度则呈上升趋势。竹纤维粒径对复合材料物理力学性能的影响较为显著。当竹纤维粒径为80目,碳酸钙和竹纤维添加量分别为5%和45%时,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弹性模量最优,分别为36.09 MPa、62.6 MPa和4.30 GPa。碳酸钙添加量对复合材料冲击强度的影响不大。此外,随着碳酸钙添加量的增加,复合材料的热稳定性与熔体流动性均有所改善。当碳酸钙添加质量占比为20%时,复合材料的熔体流动速率为16.50 g/10 min,比未添加组提高了8.98%,加工性能得到改善。【结论】选用80目竹纤维的复合材料具有较优的物理力学性能,在添加碳酸钙后,复合材料的原料成本可降低1.63%~6.54%,且其相关指标仍远高于行业标准要求。

水污染治理K_(2)CO_(3)-尿素活化毛竹制备分级多孔炭及其对RhB的吸附作用

以毛竹粉为原料,低腐蚀性K_(2)CO_(3)和尿素作为活化剂,制备毛竹基活性炭(PAC),分别利用SEM和N_(2)物理吸附仪(Autosorb-iQ)表征活性炭的表面形态和微观孔结构特点,研究不同p H值、时间和PAC用量等因素对PAC吸附RhB性能的影响,并分析其吸附规律。结果表明,当毛竹粉、K_(2)CO_(3)和尿素的质量比为4∶2∶1,热解温度为600℃,活化时间为60 min时,PAC具有微-介孔共存、高比表面积(2 554.85 m^(2)/g)和总孔容大(0.98cm^(3)/g)的特点。PAC对Rh B表现出良好的吸附效果,45℃时最大静态平衡吸附量达到707.29mg/g,且准二级动力学模型对PAC吸附RhB具有更好的拟合性,即吸附过程以化学吸附为速度控制步骤;吸附等温线试验则表明,Langmuir和Freundlic这2种模型与吸附过程均有较高的拟合度,但Langmuir模型的R^(2)更接近1,属于以单层吸附为主同时存在非均匀多层吸附的行为;热力学结果分析表明,PAC对RhB吸附过程的△G°<0,△H°>0,△S°>0,说明吸附行为是自发进行,且以化学吸附为主。

基于IPCC一阶衰减法和Prophet模型的中国竹制品碳储量评估及潜力预测

【目的】竹子生长速度快,收获周期短,所以竹制品具有一定的固碳优势,但鲜有相关其固碳能力的研究,因此亟须评估竹制品碳储量以探究其未来的固碳潜力。【方法】根据历年(1961—2018年)竹材产量,应用IPCC一阶衰减法和生命周期分析(LCA)法,计算相应的碳储量,进一步将竹制品碳储量分为在用与废弃2个环节,并结合应用Prophet时间序列模型预测今后至2060年的竹材产量,以评估竹材制品在双碳目标进程中的贡献。同时,计算比较我国竹材产量前5省份在1992—2018年间的累计竹制品碳储量。【结果】我国竹制品是一个碳储量不断增加的重要碳库。1)我国在用竹制品当年碳储量自1961年的1.45 Tg CO_(2)-eq增长到2018年的53.91 Tg CO_(2)-eq,1961—2018年间在用竹制品碳储量累计为479.23 Tg CO_(2)-eq;2018年我国废弃竹制品当年碳储量为14.41 Tg CO_(2)-eq,1961—2018年间累计为188.47 Tg CO_(2)-eq。二者相加得到我国竹制品碳储量在2018年为68.32 Tg CO_(2)-eq,1961—2018年碳储量累计为667.70 Tg CO_(2)-eq。2)根据Prophet模型预测,2030年我国竹制品当年碳储量为82.75 Tg CO_(2)-eq,2060年为133.27 Tg CO_(2)-eq,我国竹制品碳储量累计值在1961—2030年为1546.48 Tg CO_(2)-eq,至2060年累计为5434.98 Tg CO_(2)-eq。3)1992—2018年竹材累计产量前5的省份是福建、广西、浙江、云南、广东,将其竹材累计产量转化为竹制品累计碳储量分别为162.28、108.20、70.51、66.18、52.31 Tg CO_(2)-eq。【结论】竹材制品具有较强的固碳能力与巨大的固碳潜力,我国竹制品在木质林产品固碳中占有重要地位。本研究结果为推动竹林相关碳汇纳入国际认可的林业碳汇核算体系奠定了重要基础,利于发挥我国竹资源优势,加强竹林生态系统保护与利用。