The Big Bang as the Creative Force of the Creation of the Universe

The paper considers the mechanism of the Big Bang energy influence on the creation of space-time fields of four structures of the Universe from the 1st type Ether (the Main Field and three spheres of the Relic). It explains how the Big Bang energy leads to the processes of “melting” in these structures, generating emergent properties that are different from their properties before the Big Bang. The key role of the Big Bang in completing the process of formation of 70% of DE is emphasized. It is shown that the Big Bang preceded the emergence of the furcation point, which chose several directions for the creation of cosmic matter—it was the combined efforts of these directions that created the visible worlds. The principle of dynamic equilibrium is considered the main criterion of the space-time field, in contrast to other physical fields, which is a necessary prerequisite for the quantization of the gravitational field. A spin particle is introduced, capable of emitting special particles—spitons, the characteristics of which are associated with the topology of the Mobius strip and determine the spinor properties of gravitational fields. The mechanism of interaction of particles of the 2nd type of Ether with the fields of space-time is described, allowing the creation of matter first and then the materiality of visible worlds. At the same time, the role of the “matter-negotiator” in the creation process of visible worlds of the Universe is especially highlighted. Since the new properties of gravitational fields go beyond Einstein’s standard theory of gravity, it is proposed to build a new theory of space-time that generalizes it and has a clear geometric interpretation. The proposed theory is based on the action built on a full set of invariants of the Ricci tensor. Within the framework of the Poincaré theory, the classification of furcation points is considered. The processes at the furcation point are described by the Gauss-Laplace curve, for which the principle of conservation of probability density is introduced when considering the transition at the furcation point to four different directions of development.

Comparison of time optimal control for two level quantum systems

The time optimal problem for a two level quantum sys-tem is studied. We compare two different control strategies of bang-bang control and the geometric control, respectively, es-pecial y in the case of minimizing the time of steering the state from North Pole to South Pole on the Bloch sphere with bounded control. The time performances are compared for different param-eters by the individual numerical simulation experiments, and the experimental results are analyzed. The results show that the ge-ometric control spends less time than the bang-bang control does.

General Relativity without Curved Space-Time (₲R)

The theory of general relativity is related to the concept of curvature of space- time induced by the presence of the massive objects. We will see through this paper that the general relativity can be linked with linear Algebra and Vector Analysis without the need for concept of space-time. This is important for the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics, gravity with electromagnetic, and a better understanding of the universe, gravity, black holes. The most important is the separation between the space-time and the big bang theory, which prove the existence of space-time before that, which leads to the existence of the creator of the universe.

The Relativity of Cosmic Time: The Universe Is a Black Hole

Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a(t) through the ΛCDM model. We have proposed a new theory to explain Hubble law. The theory has been validated against observation data. It proposes a new approach of time which introduces the cosmic time tc. Cosmic time is an absolute reference to universe. It is zero at the edge with tc = 0, tc = T at the observer position and tc = s for any source between the edge and the observer, with T > s > 0. This theory acts like the relativity of space-time. The redshift is interpreted as a perspective parameter p(tc) = tc/T. Using gravitation, it is the Einstein effect applied to the uni-verse. This paper comments and interprets further consequences of this new theory. We emphasize the difference between duration (as usually used in classical cosmologic metrics) and the cosmic time tc as a notion of date. It induces two related effects: relativity of speed of light and time stretching. We explain why the cosmological standard model is not well suited to describe the Hubble law, to describe the universe. We also explain why gravitation and temperature increase when going from the center to the edge of the universe, when going from present to birth. The model has no use of black energy. As a consequence, the universe is seen as a black hole created by the cosmic time shock wave when tc = 0.

Time-Optimal Control Problem for <i>n</i>×<i>n</i>Co-Operative Parabolic Systems with Control in Initial Conditions

In this paper, time-optimal control problem for a liner n× n co-operative parabolic system involving Laplace operator is considered. This problem is, steering an initial state y(0)=u?, with control u?so that an observation y(t) hitting a given target set in minimum time. First, the existence and uniqueness of solutions of such system under conditions on the coefficients are proved. Afterwards necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality are obtained. Finally a scaler case is given.

Accelerated Expansion of Space, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Big Bang Processes

The accelerated expansion of our universe results from properties of dark matter particles deduced from Space-Time Quantization. This theory accounts for all possible elementary particles by considering a quantum of length a in addition to c and h. It appears that dark matter particles allow for fusion and fission processes. The resulting equilibrium enables the cosmic dark matter gas to produce dark energy in an adaptive way. It keeps the combined matter-energy density at a constant level, even when space is expanding. This accounts for the cosmological constant &Lambda;and the accelerated expansion of space without requiring any negative pressure. The Big Bang is related to G, c, h and a. It started with a “primeval photon” and led to the cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry as well as inflation.

Calaulation of Time-Optimal Control Law for Double Integrator System with Complex Constraints: Endpoint Backward Method

An endpoint backward method is proposed to calculate the time-optimal control law of double integrator system. First, the time intervals between the switch points and the endpoints are calculated. Then, the positions of switch points are decided according to the motion equation, and the switch line is formed. Theoretical analysis shows that this method can be used to solve the double integrator system with functional constraint target set and deal with the second order oscillation system.

Gravitation in Flat Space-Time and General Relativity

A covariant theory of gravitation in flat space-time is stated and compared with general relativity. The results of the theory of gravitation in flat space-time and of general relativity agree for weak gravitational fields to low approximations. For strong fields the results of the two theories deviate from one another. Flat space-time theory of gravitation gives under some natural assumptions non-singular cosmological models with a flat space. The universe contracts to a positive minimum and then it expands for all times. Shortly, after the minimum is reached, the cosmological models of two theories approximately agree with one another if models in general relativity with zero curvature are considered. A flat space is proved by experiments.

Gravitational Energy and No Big Bang Starts the Universe

Gravitation in flat space-time is described as field and studied in several articles. In addition to the flat space-time metric a quadratic form formally similar to that of general relativity defines the proper-time. The field equations for the gravitational field are non-linear differential equations of second order in divergence form and have as source the total energy-momentum tensor (inclusive that of gravitation). The total energy-momentum is conserved. It implies the equations of motion for matter in this field. The application of the theory gives for weak fields to measurable accuracy the same results as general relativity. The results of cosmological models are quite different from those of general relativity. The beginning of the universe starts from uniformly distributed gravitational energy without matter and radiation which is generated in the course of time. The solution is given in the pseudo-Euclidean metric, i.e. space is flat and non-expanding. There are non-singular solutions, i.e. no big bang. The redshift is a gravitational effect and not a Doppler effect. Gravitation is explained as field with attractive property and the condensed gravitational field converts to matter, radiation, etc. in the universe whereas the total energy is conserved. There is no contraction and no expansion of the universe.

Space-Time Universe versus Energy Driven Time Arrow Universe: Time-Neutrality Confronted with Fundamental Irreversibility

A dynamic interpretation of quantum phenomena based on an energy driven time arrow requires a combined description of matter and information on matter. This information around matter turned out to be gravitation and the fact that a photon is continuously recycled via this information generates an always constant light velocity. These two phenomena, simple consequences of fundamental irreversibility, have mathematically been imposed on empty space for time-neutral spacetime in General Relativity theory. In an irreversible universe such a four-dimensional spacetime would not anymore be required. Another striking difference is the role of time. Clock-time, used in Relativity Theory and found to be relative, is not associated with a generation of changes, being only a scale for measuring changes, based on selected periodic phenomena. The real time in an irreversible world, action time, is the flow of action, as generated by the principle of least action, or, alternatively, the loss of information on the past. In contrast to clock-time, action time is invariant with respect to relativistic transformation and also facilitates self-organization of matter and information. Gravitation as information on matter with the aim of imposing the principle of least action also provides the link between quantum world and cosmology, which Relativity Theory cannot provide. Relevant aspects of both theoretical approaches, with special emphasis on already experimentally verified spacetime phenomena, are critically analysed. While Relativity Theory, which is relying on time-neutral laws, is applied to support a chaotically exploding Big Bang scenario, the fundamentally irreversible universe subject to an energy driven time arrow is characterized by self-organization of energy, matter and information yielding an intelligent and creative “Self-Image” universe, which is able to periodically regenerate itself. Arguments for a fundamentally irreversible energy driven nature include, apart from explaining experimental support for Relativity Theory differently, the simple, straightforward derivation from a dynamically interpreted principle of least action, the elimination of quantum and cosmological paradoxes and the more sensitive and flexible information-technology based (digital) nature of gravitation as compared with the analogue “bent space” gravitation.

新体制光学遥感卫星变转速环扫控制方法

针对基于圆锥扫描的新体制超宽覆盖光学遥感卫星在变转速环扫成像过程中,多条带在固定时间内有效拼接的问题,为了确保其在一个环扫周期内,卫星在相机开机期间绕对地轴慢速稳定自旋、相机关机期间变转速快速自旋,并且在下一次相机开机时刻自旋到指定的相位,提出一种bang-bang控制与固定时间控制相结合的复合控制方法。首先给出变转速姿态控制问题的数学模型,并采用两次坐标旋转,分别描述垂直于自旋轴和绕自旋轴的运动,建立光学环扫成像卫星的姿态模型。针对变转速环扫控制问题,将bang-bang控制与固定时间控制相结合,设计控制策略,并推导固定时间控制律。仿真校验结果表明,所提出的控制方法对于解决光学环扫成像卫星变转速环扫控制问题具备有效性,并具有良好的控制精度。

Special Relativity in Three-Dimensional Space-Time Frames

In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute quantities. Space and time are treated as independent quantities and can be discussed sepa-rately. With his theory of relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are de-pendent and must be treated inseparably. Minkowski adopted a four-dimensional space-time frame and indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time by adding a constraint for an event interval. Since space and time are inseparable, a three-dimensional space-time frame can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. The formula for time dilation, length contraction, and the Lorenz transformation can be derived from graphs utilizing this new frame. The proposed three-dimensional space-time frame is an alternate frame that can be used to describe motions of objects, and it may improve teaching and learning Special Relativity and provide additional insights into space and time.

神光Ⅲ主机双束组激光间接驱动内爆实验研究

在神光Ⅲ主机装置上,利用已经建成的两个激光束组,开展了激光间接驱动内爆物理磨合实验,是神光Ⅲ主机装置首次出中子实验。实验采用1400μm×2100μm黑腔,500μm的塑料靶丸充1 MPa的DD燃料,激光从黑腔两端55°注入。实验获得的最高中子产额为9.7×108。实验结果表明,实验黑腔的耦合效率约为50%;使用的黑腔偏长,靶丸被压缩为"薄饼形";中子产额和激光能量正相关;中子发射峰值时刻主要依赖于烧蚀层厚度。

高时间分辨的聚变反应峰值时刻测量

聚变反应峰值时刻是表征惯性约束聚变热核反应的重要参数。在神光Ⅲ原型装置上利用新研制的具有高时间分辨的聚变反应历程测量系统对聚变反应时间过程进行了测量,通过引入时标光获得了对应不同碳氢(CH)烧蚀层厚度的聚变反应峰值时刻数据,测量结果表明:在当前的实验条件下,聚变反应峰值时刻落后入射激光0.7～1.0ns,增加烧蚀层厚度或氘氚(DT)燃料气压均会导致聚变反应峰值时刻与入射激光间的相对延时增加。

基于时间最优的注塑机料筒温度控制方法

注塑机在程序的控制下按照注塑流程自动顺序循环动作,其控制系统的性能直接影响注塑产品的质量。控制系统的关键与难点在于多段料筒温度控制的精度和速度,它直接反映了注塑机控制系统的性能。本文研究了注塑机多段料筒的温度特性,在分析了PID控制与Bang-Bang控制特点的基础上,提出积分分离式不完全微分PID控制与Bang-Bang控制相结合的方法,以时间最优控制策略对注塑机料筒的温度进行控制。经仿真和实用验证,根据此控制策略设计的注塑机控制系统具有控制精度高、速度快、成本低的特点。

全向移动机器人最短时间控制

针对全向移动机器人的最短时间控制问题,依据机器人的轮系结构,根据驱动电机的特性简化全向移动机器人动力学模型,采用松弛措施简化机器人的输入量约束空间,实现状态方程的解耦,降低了计算的复杂度;并根据约束空间和边界条件的特点进行变量代换,提出运用开关线平移的Bang-Bang控制实现次优的最短时间控制。自主研发的足球机器人的运动控制仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方案能够驱动全向机器人实现由任意位置到目标位置的最短时间移动,验证了方案的可行性与合理性。

近代广西城镇的商帮比较——粤港商经济对广西辐射研究之一

晚清民国时期,组成广西城镇工商经济系统商帮群体的,有粤港商帮、广西本地商帮、湖南省商帮、江西省商帮、福建省商帮等,云南省商帮也是其中重要的组成部分,一些次要的还有湖北省商帮、浙江省商帮等。各商帮的商业线路回环,商务、行业系统各有自身相对不同的种类和地理伸缩范围。但是,从总体上看,以商路范围之广、经营商品的种量之多和数量之巨、所营造行业发育之齐全, 各帮系统都无一可与粤港商帮相比。粤港商帮系统在广西主要集中于城镇的工商经济系统中,显然具有无可争议的主干地位。

基于最优融合估计的雷达组网数据处理

多传感器数据融合是雷达组网不可或缺的关键技术之一,从雷达组网的工程实现角度首先讨论了单传感器对目标点迹的鲁棒估计方法,并在此基础上讨论了多传感器数据融合的时空校准问题,推导了最优融合估计的计算方法。

敏捷卫星时间最优姿态机动研究综述

敏捷卫星是新一代的对地观测卫星,凭借其出色的机动性能带来了巨大的军事利益与商业利益.它最大的优势是具有快速姿态机动的能力,其研究的重点之一也正是快速姿态机动问题,需要通过优化来获得最短时间的姿态机动策略.本文围绕敏捷卫星的时间最优姿态机动问题,分别从时间最优姿态机动的优化求解和时间最优解的特性两个方面对该问题的研究现状进行了综述.)

货物运输时间成本研究

货物在运输时所消耗的时间,不仅会对货物本身的价值产生影响,也会增加一定的额外费用。额外费用的总和,在理论上就是货物在运输过程中,消耗的时间价值。本文构建了运输时间成本模型,并结合实际的案例进行分析,得出综合考虑运输时间成本与只考虑运价的时候运输方式选择上有所差别,也印证了某些货物在实际运作时不是选择运价最低的运输方式的现象。