Geological Features of the Eastern Sector of the Bangong Co-Nujiang River Suture Zone:Tethyan Evolution

According to an analysis of the geological features in the eastern sector of the Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture zone, the Tethyan evolution can be divided into three stages. (1) The Embryo-Tethyan stage (Pz1): An immature volcanic arc developed in Taniantaweng (Tanen Taunggyi) Range, indicating the existence of an Embryo-Tethyan ocean. (2) The Palaeo-Tethyan stage (C-T2: During the Carboniferous the northern side of the Taniantaweng Range was the main domain of the Palaeo-Tethyan ocean, in which developed flysch sediments intercalated with bimodal volcanic rocks and oceanic tholeiite, and Pemian-Early Triassic are granites were superimposed on the Taniantaweng magmatic are; on the southern side the Dêngqên-Nujiang zone started secondary extension during the Carboniferous, in which the Nujiang ophiolite developed, and the Palaeo-Tethyan ocean closed before the Middle Triassic. (3) The Neo-Tethyan stage (T3-E): During the Late Triassic the Dêngqên zone developed into a relatively matural ocean basin, in which the Dêngqên ophiolite was formed. By the end of the Triassic intraocean subduction occurred, and the ocean domain was reduced gradually, and collided and closed by the end of the Early Jurassic, forming the Yazong mélange; then the Tethyan ocean was completely closed.

Hydrothermal Zircon Geochronology in the Shangxu Gold Deposit and its Implication for the Early Cretaceous Orogenic Gold Mineralization in the Middle Bangonghu–Nujiang Suture Zone

As a typical orogenic gold deposit in Tibet,Shangxu gold deposit is located at the Bangong Lake–Nujiang River Metallogenic Belt in the south of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.In this paper,zircon U-Pb dating,trace elements and Hf isotopic analysis were performed on Au-bearing quartz veins in the Shangxu gold deposit.Zircons from Au-bearing quartz veins can be divided into three types:detrital,magmatic,and hydrothermal zircons.There are two age peaks in detrital zircons:ca.1700 Ma and ca.2400 Ma.There are two groups of concordant ages including 157±4 Ma(MSWD=0.69)and 120±1 Ma(MSWD=0.19)in magmatic zircons,in whichεH f(t)value of ca.120 Ma from the magmatic zircons range from+8.24 to+12.9.An age of 119±2 Ma(MSWD=0.42)was yielded from hydrothermal zircons,and theirεH f(t)values vary between+15.7 and+16.4.According to sericite Ar-Ar age,this paper suggests that an age of 119±2 Ma from hydrothermal zircons represent the formation age of the Shangxu gold Deposit,and its mineralization should be related to the collision between Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block.The metallogenic age is basically the same as the diagenetic age of Mugagangri granite,andεH f(t)value of hydrothermal zircon is significantly higher than that of the contemporaneous magmatic zircon,which indicates that there is a genetic relationship between the gold mineralization and the deep crust-mantle magmatism.

Variation of Moho Depth across Bangong-Nujiang Suture in Central Tibet—Results from Deep Seismic Reflection Data

There is a long-term dispute at Moho depth across the Bangong-Nujiang suture (BNS). Due to the complicated and changeable seismic geological condition, it is not easy to acquire images of the reflective Moho in central Tibet. In the support of the SinoProbe project, a series of deep seismic reflection profiles were conducted to image Moho structure across the BNS and the Qiangtang terrane. These profiles extend from the northern Lhasa terrane to the Qiangtang terrane crossing the BNS. Both shot gathers and migration data show clear Moho images beneath the BNS. The Moho depth varies from 75.1 km (~24 s TWT) beneath the northmost Lhasa terrane to 68.9 km (~22 s TWT) beneath southmost Qiangtang terrane, and rises smoothly to 62.6 km (~20 s TWT ) at ~28 km north of the BNS beneath the Qiangtang terrane. We speculate that the Moho appears a 6.2 km sharp offset across the BNS and becomes ~12.5 km shallower from the northmost Lhasa terrane to the south Qiangtang terrane at ~28 km north of the BNS. The viewpoint of Moho depth across the BNS based on deep seismic reflection data is inconsistent with the previous 20 km offset.

The Characteristics and Significance of Peng Co Peridotites in the Middle Segment of Bangong Co-Nujiang Suture in Tibet

The Peng Co ophiolite is located to the west of Peng lake in the area of lakes in north Tibet, which belongs to the Baila-Yilashan sub-belt of the the middle Bangong Co-Nujiang ophiolitic belt. The Peng Co ophiolite is mainly composed of mantle peridotites, cumulates, diabase dikes. About 70 percent peridotites are harzburgites and 30 percent are lherzolites. Mineral chemistry of the Peng Co lherzolitesare characterized by low Fo contents(88.85–90.33) of olivine and high Al2O3 content(4.26%–7.25%) in pyroxenes. Compared to the primitive mantle, the Peng Co peridotites have relatively higher MgO contents, lower CaO, Al2O3 and TiO2 contents. The total rare-earth element(REE) contents of the lherzolites are 1.11–1.53 ppm, which are lower than those of the primitive mantle. The chondritenormalized REE patterns of the Peng Co peridotites display slight loss in LREE. In the primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram, the Peng Co peridotites exhibit negative Rb and Zr anomalies and intensively positive U, Ta, Sr anomalies. The PGE contents of Peng Co lherzolites are between 22.9–27 ppb. The chondrite-normalized PGE patterns of the Peng Co lherzolites are consistent with that of the primitive mantle. Mineral and whole-rock geochemistry characteristics of the Peng Co lherzolites show an affinity to abyssal peridotites, indicating that it may have formed in the mid-ocean ridge setting. Through quantitative modeling, we conclude that the Peng Co lherzolites formed after 5%–10% degree of partial melting of the spinelphase lherzolite mantle source. The sharp increase of Cr#(56.74–60.84)in Spinel of harzburgites and relatively high Pd/Ir and Rh/Ir ratios suggest that they have experienced melt-rock reaction. The crystallization sequence of Peng Co cumulate is olivine-clinopyroxene-plagioclase. The Mg# value of clinopyroxene in cumulate peridotite ranges from 86.92 to 89.93, and the mean value of Fo is 84.45, which is obviously higher than that of MOR-type ophiolite cumulates. The mineral composition, sequence of magmatic crystallization and mineral components of Peng Co cumulate are similar to those of the cumulate formed by the SSZ-type ophiolite in the subduction zone. Therefore, we can draw a preliminary conclusion that Peng Co lherzolites were formed in an environment of mid oceanic ridge and were remnants of the spinel lherzolite zone which experienced a partial melting of no more than 10%. In the later period, due to the intra-oceanic subduction, it experienced the rock-meltinteraction, and thus formed the SSZ-type cumulate and harzburgite of high Cr value.

The Cretaceous of the Eastern Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone (Tibet):Tectono-Sedimentation

The ophiolite-bearing Bangong-Nujiang zone (BNZ) traversing central Tibet from east to west separates the Qiangtang block in the north from the Lhasa block in the south. The Cretaceous of the area includes Chuanba Formation (K 1c ), Duoba Formation (K 1d ), Langshan Formation (K 1l ) and Jiangba Formation (K 2j ). The K 1c is composed of black shale, sandy pelite, siltstone, sandstone, coal beds and volcanic rocks, of shallow marine facies. The K 1 d consists of terrestrial siliciclastics intercalated with some calcareous sandstone beds bearing Orbitolina sp. indicating marine influence. The K 1j is carbonate platform deposits of shallow marine and lagoon. The K 2j is characterized by terrestrial thick massive red conglomerate. An active margin related to B-subduction zone is considered to be the geological setting of the Cretaceous sedimentation.

Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Zhongcang ophiolite, northern Tibet: implications for the evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean

Ophiolites are widespread along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, northern Tibet. However, it is still debated on the formation ages and tectonic evolution process of these ophiolites. The Zhongcang ophiolite is a typical ophiolite in the western part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. It is composed of serpentinized peridotite, cumulate and isotropic gabbros, massive and pillow basalts, basaltic volcanic breccia, and minor red chert. Zircon SHRIMP Ue Pb dating for the isotropic gabbro yielded weighted mean age of 163.4 ± 1.8 Ma. Positive zircon ε Hf(t) values(+15.0 to +20.2) and mantle-like σ^(18)O values(5.29 ±0.21)% indicate that the isotropic gabbros were derived from a long-term depleted mantle source. The isotropic gabbros have normal mid-ocean ridge basalt(N-MORB) like immobile element patterns with high Mg O, low TiO_2 and moderate rare earth element(REE) abundances, and negative Nb,Ti, Zr and Hf anomalies. Basalts show typical oceanic island basalt(OIB) geochemical features, and they are similar to those of OIB-type rocks of the Early Cretaceous Zhongcang oceanic plateau within the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean. Together with these data, we suggest that the Zhongcang ophiolite was probably formed by the subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean during the Middle Jurassic. The subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean could begin in the Earlye Middle Jurassic and continue to the Early Cretaceous, and finally continental collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes at the west Bangong-Nujiang suture zone probably has taken place later than the Early Cretaceous(ca. 110 Ma).

^40Ar/^39Ar and Rb-Sr Ages of the Tiegelongnan Porphyry Cu-(Au)Deposit in the Bangong Co-Nujiang Metallogenic Belt of Tibet,China:Implication for Generation of Super-Large Deposit

The Tiegelongnan deposit is a newly discovered super-large porphyry-epithermal Cu-（Au） deposit in the western part of the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt, Tibet（China）. Field geology and geochronology indicate that the porphyry mineralization was closely related to the Early Cretaceous intermediate-felsic intrusions（ca. 123–120 Ma）. Various epithermal ore and gangue mineral types were discovered in the middle-shallow part of the orebody, indicating the presence of epithermal mineralization at Tiegelongnan. Potassic, propylitic, phyllic and advanced argillic alteration zones were identified. 40Ar/39Ar dating of hydrothermal biotite（potassic zone）, sericite（phyllic zone）, and alunite（advanced argillic zone） in/around the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry yielded 121.1±0.6 Ma（1σ）, 120.8±0.7 Ma（1σ） and 117.9±1.6 Ma（1σ）, respectively. Five hydrothermal mineralization stages were identified, of which the Stage IV pyrite was Rb-Sr dated to be 117.5±1.8 Ma（2σ）, representing the end of epithermal mineralization. Field geology and geochronology suggest that both the epithermal and porphyry mineralization belong to the same magmatic-hydrothermal system. The Tiegelongnan super-large Cu-（Au） deposit may have undergone a prolonged magmatichydrothermal evolution, with the major mineralization event occurring at ca.120–117Ma.

深反射地震成像揭示的班公湖-怒江缝合带中段Moho断阶及其大地构造意义

揭示班公湖-怒江(班怒)缝合带Moho(莫霍面)结构对于认识中特提斯洋壳俯冲和南羌塘坳陷成因具有重要地球动力学意义。基于横跨班怒缝合带的深反射地震数据(88°30′E),本文采用了中长波长静校正、噪声压制、优化叠加和叠前深度偏移(PSDM)等地震处理技术,获得了深度域地震反射偏移剖面、层速度场和高分辨率Moho结构。由深度域剖面显示,班怒缝合带Moho位于地表以下65~80 km,呈不连续北向抬升趋势,指示在拉萨地块与南羌塘地块之间存在岩石圈上地幔断阶,最大阶步可达15 km。综合分析缝合带两侧的Moho形态认为,这些断阶受南侧拉萨地体的岩石圈上地幔以19.5°北倾俯冲与北侧南羌塘地块的上地壳抬升驱动,可能与深部存在局部熔融相关。班怒缝合带下的Moho结构表明,随着晚侏罗世—早白垩世中特提斯洋闭合,南羌塘地体由边缘海沉积向前陆盆地转换,形成南羌塘坳陷。

羌塘地块中西部布木错走滑断裂系的第四纪晚期地表变形特征与构造意义

班公-怒江缝合带(班怒带)是青藏高原内部羌塘地块与拉萨地块之间的重要边界,研究该边界带上共轭走滑断裂第四纪晚期的几何结构与变形特性对于理解高原内部在印度-欧亚板块碰撞作用下形成的空间差异响应和构造模型具有重要意义。位于班怒带西段的布木错断裂系包括北东向布木错断裂和北西向纳屋错断裂,通过遥感解译和野外地质调查,明确了这两条断裂在第四纪晚期的构造特征和最新的地表变形特征。结果显示,两条断裂自第四纪晚期以来的活动特征明显,并且近期都经历过一次大地震,产生了地表破裂。据此推测班怒带西段北西、北东两组断裂的最新活动强度接近,羌塘地块南部边界现今变形可能受控于两组断裂的共同影响,并已延伸至块体内部。以上发现进一步证明,青藏高原内部物质受中—下地壳流的驱动作用,通过走滑断层和正断层持续向北扩展。

西藏东巧—北拉地区班公湖—怒江洋俯冲闭合及对南羌塘盆地演化的制约

应用地层对比、砂岩岩相学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的方法,重建东巧—北拉地区物源转换和班公湖—怒江洋多期次俯冲及微陆块的拼合过程。研究表明:东卡错微陆块南侧的中下侏罗统希湖群下段表现为上三叠统确哈拉群的再旋回沉积,而北侧上段则开始出现来自羌塘地区的物质。这标志着北侧早侏罗世俯冲的东巧分支洋盆消亡,东卡错微陆块在中侏罗世与羌塘地块拼合开始形成初始周缘前陆盆地。接奴群的物源完全来自南羌塘地区,表明周缘前陆盆地在微陆块南侧北拉洋俯冲挤压下持续发育。晚侏罗世—早白垩世(147~141 Ma)拉萨地块和羌塘地块东西向全面碰撞,至早白垩世晚期(约120 Ma)南侧的分支洋盆北拉洋消亡代表碰撞结束。南羌塘地区受班公湖—怒江洋俯冲作用控制在早侏罗世发育由弧前—岩浆弧—弧后盆地组成的“一隆两坳”古地貌,并沉积了曲色组页岩和布曲组石灰岩。微陆块碰撞导致南羌塘盆地的隆起和海平面的下降,形成夏里组含膏质泥岩的潮坪相沉积。随着拉萨地块和羌塘地块的全面碰撞,南羌塘盆地从弧相关盆地卷入前陆盆地褶皱冲断带中,发生差异埋藏和隆升剥蚀。晚侏罗世—早白垩世,南羌塘盆地曲色组烃源岩和布曲组石灰岩在构造挤压作用下发生快速埋藏,进入生油和白云石化阶段,成为南羌塘盆地最重要的成藏期。

藏北盐湖地区晚白垩世辉长岩:对班公湖‒怒江缝合带碰撞后拆沉作用的指示

青藏高原中部班公湖-怒江缝合带的两侧在晚白垩世经历了大规模的岩浆活动,但其深部动力学机制至今仍存有较大争议。本文对藏北盐湖地区新识别出的辉长岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb定年、原位Hf同位素以及全岩主微量元素分析,旨在为该缝合带的构造演化过程提供新的约束。分析结果显示,辉长岩形成于~100 Ma,其地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似,具有明显的Nb-Ta元素亏损,εHf(t)值介于6.60~8.33之间。这些特征表明,辉长岩具有板内基性岩的地球化学属性,是软流圈地幔部分熔融熔体混染地壳物质的产物。结合区域上近同期基性岩脉和大规模高Mg埃达克质岩浆活动,本文认为盐湖辉长岩的形成于碰撞后伸展环境,是拉萨-羌塘地块碰撞后增厚榴辉岩相下地壳拆沉过程中,深部软流圈地幔上涌减压熔融的产物。盐湖辉长岩的发现为青藏高原中部晚白垩世碰撞后增厚下地壳拆沉模型提供了岩石学上的证据。

Chronology and Crust-Mantle Mixing of Ore-forming Porphyry of the Bangongco: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopes of the Naruo Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit

The Naruo porphyry copper-gold deposit （hereinafter referred to as the Naruo deposit） in Tibet is a potentially ultra-large, typical gold-rich porphyry copper deposit, which was recently discovered in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt. This study analyzed U-Ph chronology and Hf isotopes of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry in the Naruo deposit using the LA-ICPMS dating technique. The results show that the weighted average age is 124.03±0.94Ma （MSWD=1.7, n=20）, and 2±6pb/23SU isocbron age is 126.2±2.7 Ma （MSWD=1.02, n=20）, both of which are within the error. The weighted average age represents the crystallization age of the granodiorite porphyry, which indicates that the ore-bearing porphyry in the Naruo deposit area was formed in the Early Cretaceous and further implies that the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before 124 Ma under a typical island-arc subduction environment. The εGr（t） of zircons from the granodiorite porphyry varies from 2.14 to 9.07, with an average of 5.18, and all zircons have εRf（t） values greater than 0; 176Hf/177Hf ratio is relatively high （0.282725-0.282986）. Combined with the zircon age--Hf isotope correlation diagram, the aforementioned data indicate that the source reservoir might be a region that is mixed with depleted mantle and ancient crust, which possibly contains more materials sourced from depleted mantle. Rock-forming ages and ore-forming ages of the Duolong ore concentrate area are 120-124 Ma and 118-119 Ma, respectively, which indicate 124-118 Ma represents the main rockforming and ore-forming stage within the area. The Naruo deposit is located in the north of the Bangongco-Nujiang suture, and it yielded a zircon LA-ICPMS age of 124.03 Ma. This indicates the Bangongco-Nujiang oceanic basin subducted towards the north at about 124 Ma, and the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before the middle Early Cretaceous. It is possible that the crust-mantle mixing formed the series of large and giant porphyry copper-gold deposits in the Bangongco.

Moho offset beneath the central Bangong-Nujiang suture of Tibetan Plateau

By analyzing teleseismic waveforms recorded by 53 stations of Hi-Climb profile passing through the central Bangong-Nujiang suture(BNS) ,a total of 4764 high-quality receiver functions are obtained.The average crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio beneath each station are estimated using the travel time of Ps and PpPs of the Moho.The discontinuities such as the Moho,the 410and 660-km interfaces are also studied using the common converted points(CCP) time to depth migration of receiver functions. The main results are as follows:(1) The Moho of Lhasa terrane and that of Qiangtang terrane nearby BNS are overridden and offset by～10 km.The structural geometry shows a northward uplifting and the southward deepening for the Moho of Lhasa terrane and Qiangtang terrane,respectively,which is related to the reactivated structure beneath BNS since Cenozoic era.(2) The variation range of Poisson's ratios along the profile is between 0.237 and 0.280,indicating that the crust is mainly composed of felsic and intermediate rocks.The anti-correlation between the crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio suggests that thicker crust beneath the southern Qiangtang terrane may be related to the successive thrust of felsic and intermediate rock of Lhasa terrane.(3) The thickness of the mantle transition zone along the profile remains about 255 km,implying that the tectonic activities caused by the India-Asia collision are confined to the depths above 410 km.

Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotopic Constraints on Petrogenesis of Plagiogranite from the Cuomuqu Ophiolite,Bangong Lake Area,North Tibet

Field observation, geochemical signatures and zircon Hf isotope data indicate that Cuomuqu ophiolite in the Bangonghu area was formed in a back-arc basin （BAB） above a supra- subduction zone （SSZ）. Zircon U-Pb dating of the diabase from the Cuomuqu massif yielded an age of 164.3±1.9 Ma, thus indicating that the ophiolite complex was formed in the Middle Jurassic during back-arc extension of the mature Bangonghu-Nujiang Ocean. The zircon εHf（t） and TDMC values of the plagiogranite are similar to the εHf（t） and TDM of the diabase, respectively. The mode of occurrence of plagiogranites and their bulk-rock and Hf isotope characteristics indicate that they were derived from the mantle, associated with the surrounding gabbro and diabase, and were formed by partial melting of altered and hydrated mafic rocks under shear conditions during lateral drifting of the oceanic crust. The zircon U-Pb age of the plagiogranite is 156.4±1.4 Ma, and it is 7.9 Ma younger than the hosting diabase. In this study, zircon chronological and Hf isotopic data were tentatively analyzed to determine the genesis of plagiogranites in the Cuomuqu ophiolite complex.

Study on thermal infrared remote sensing of Yarlung Zangbo River and Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture belt in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The area change of heat abnormity is not in accordance with conclusions of former thermal infrared remote sensing studies of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which were that the temperature of Yarlung Zangbo River suture belt of the southern Plateau is high and the northern temperature is low. The study result in this paper shows that the highest temperature is found in the Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture belt, the Yarlung Zangbo River suture belt temperature is the second highest, and the northern Tibet temperature is the lowest. The study demonstration area was the suture belt areas of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Bangong Co-Nujiang River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the land temperature of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the bore temperature of field land surface were measured and the emissivity of land surface was calculated. In addition, the authors explore the mechanism of the relationship between thermal infrared remote sensing and constructing thermodynamics and reach four new conclusions about the thermodynamics of the Tibet Plateau.

西藏格玛铅多金属矿床的发现、地质特征、年代学与成矿地质背景

格玛铅多金属矿床是2010年由笔者团队发现的矿床,也是目前在班公湖—怒江成矿带东段发现的唯一一处中型富铅锌银多金属矿床。该矿床大地构造位置处于昂龙岗日—班戈—腾冲岩浆弧带的东段,矿体均呈脉状产于早白垩世花岗闪长岩体外接触带围岩中,矿体产出的形态、位置严格受近东西向和北西向两组断裂构造控制,赋矿围岩为中侏罗统马里组(角岩化)砂岩、粉砂岩。本文通过对格玛铅多金属矿床地质特征的阐述和对矿床岩矿石地球化学、花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学的研究,分析了矿床的成矿物质来源、成矿时代与成矿地质背景,探讨了矿床的成矿作用,并初步建立了班公湖—怒江成矿带东段铅锌银多金属矿床的成矿地质模型。结果表明:区内花岗闪长岩具有低硅、高铝、相对富钾主量元素特征,为板块碰撞前俯冲阶段岩浆作用的产物;花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为(119.86±0.45)Ma,表示其成岩时代为早白垩世;花岗闪长岩与矿石、围岩的稀土元素特征均表现为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损、Eu负异常,暗示三者在成因上具有一定联系;与中国陆壳丰度值相比,花岗闪长岩中Pb、Ag分别属较富集和强富集元素,Zn属亏损元素,马里组变质粉砂岩中Pb、Ag属极强富集元素,Zn属强富集元素。该矿床成矿物质不仅来源于花岗闪长岩,同时也有围岩马里组中成矿物质大量的加入,成矿物质来源具有明显的“双源性”特征,矿床形成于班公湖—怒江洋盆闭合前的岛弧环境,成矿时代为早白垩世,矿床成因类型为岩浆期后热液型矿床。

西藏那曲地区早白垩世A型花岗岩成因及其构造意义

班公湖-怒江缝合带及其两侧广泛分布早白垩世岩浆岩,它们是班公湖-怒江洋俯冲消减及拉萨地块与南羌塘地块碰撞过程的直接响应,为研究特提斯大洋演化、青藏高原早期陆块聚合提供了重要素材。本文报道了班公湖-怒江缝合带中段那曲地区黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析结果。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,黑云母二长花岗岩形成于114~113 Ma(早白垩世晚期)。地球化学分析表明,岩石显示出高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列特征,同时具有高的Ga/Al×10000比值(介于2.02~3.15之间,平均为2.61)和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量(平均为524.87×10^(-6))。此外,锆饱和温度和锆石Ti温度计共同指示岩浆形成于高温的环境(>800℃),这些特征与典型的A型花岗岩相一致。黑云母二长花岗岩中锆石具有低的ε_(Hf)(t)值(10.1~6.4),对应的Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1852~1547 Ma,指示其岩浆可能源自安多微陆块中下地壳古老结晶基底的部分熔融。结合区域研究成果,认为那曲地区黑云母二长花岗岩可能形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景,早白垩世晚期伴随着拉萨和南羌塘地块的拼合,班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋中段地区已经闭合。

班公湖-怒江缝合带东段八宿地区花岗岩体差异性隆升:来自锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹证据

班公湖-怒江缝合带为青藏高原内部分隔羌塘和拉萨两地块的构造边界,是研究青藏高原构造演化的重要窗口之一。该缝合带自西向东分为西段(班公湖至改则)、中段(安多至东巧)和东段(丁青至怒江),其中东段的研究程度较低。本次以东段八宿县郭庆乡一条花岗岩高程剖面为研究对象,采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICPMS)法对锆石和磷灰石开展裂变径迹测试。花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为~180 Ma,指示其结晶时代为早侏罗世。锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别为180~130 Ma、86~61 Ma,对应的年龄-海拔曲线分别为负斜率和正斜率。QTQt模拟显示花岗岩高程剖面顶部在130~60 Ma时剥蚀冷却速率快,中部在130~40 Ma时剥蚀冷却速率居中,而底部在~130 Ma之后一直保持最低的剥蚀冷却速率。这种差异性隆升源自班公湖-怒江缝合带东段的南向俯冲板片断离早于北向俯冲板片断离。

西藏谢穷地区晚白垩世淡色花岗岩体和岩脉年龄及地球化学特征:对班公湖-怒江带后碰撞背景的制约

藏东左贡地块的晚白垩世侵入岩鲜有报道。对谢穷地区侵入于新元古界酉西岩群中的花岗岩体和岩脉进行了岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb测年研究,揭示其岩石成因及形成环境。岩体岩石类型为含电气石白云母二长花岗岩,岩脉岩石类型为细粒花岗质岩脉,二者的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为88.5±0.7 Ma和85.8±2.3 Ma,均侵位于晚白垩世。岩体与岩脉含白云母,无角闪石,均具有高硅(SiO_(2)=74.17%~78.88%)、富碱(K_(2)O+Na_(2) O=5.92%~9.00%)和富铝(Al_(2)O_(3)=12.61%~15.13%)的特点,铝饱和指数(A/CNK=1.11~1.40)和里特曼指数(δ<3.3),指示二者均属于过铝质钙碱性系列;均富集Rb、U、K、P和Pb,亏损Nb、Ti和Ba,具强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.18~0.56),表明为一套强过铝质亚碱性S型花岗岩,具有电气石型淡色花岗岩的特征。其可能为地壳缩短增厚挤压环境向地壳伸展环境转换过程中,构造减压导致的上地壳变质泥岩中含水矿物(白云母)脱水部分熔融的产物,为班公湖-怒江缝合带在东部的后碰撞演化过程提供了新的制约。

班怒带西段达如错斜长角闪岩变质温压条件及地质意义

班公湖—怒江缝合带是中特提斯构造演化的重要构造带之一,目前班公湖—怒江洋盆的俯冲演化过程存在诸多争议,尤其是俯冲过程中的变质作用鲜有报道。本文通过对班公湖—怒江缝合带西段的达如错斜长角闪岩开展角闪石和斜长石矿物的显微岩相学分析和原位EPMA测试工作,查明岩石的矿物组合为辉石+角闪石+斜长石。利用相平衡模拟得出的斜长角闪岩变质温度660℃~750℃,压力2~6 kbar,对应角闪岩相的温压条件,与角闪石全铝压力计(3.7~5.4 kbar)及斜长角闪石温度计(615℃~881℃)计算结果一致。综合前人研究成果,本文认为达如错地区的斜长角闪岩原岩形成于侏罗纪晚期洋内俯冲引起的弧后盆地扩张环境,角闪岩相变质作用的发生与早白垩世班怒洋壳俯冲过程中的板片底板变质有关,班公湖—怒江洋盆西段达如错地区的闭合时间为103.7~100.1 Ma。