Tectono-magmatic evolution of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere in supra subduction zone fore arc regime:Geochemical fingerprints from crust-mantle sections of Naga Hills Ophiolite

The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO)belt in the Indo-Myanmar range(IMR)represents a segment of Tethyan oceanic crust and upper mantle that was involved in an eastward convergence and collision of the Indian Plate with the Burmese Plate during the Late Cretaceous-Eocene.Here,we present a detailed petrological and geochemical account for the mantle and crustal sections of NHO,northeastern India to address(i)the mantle processes and tectonic regimes involved in their genesis and(ii)their coherence in terms of the thermo-tectonic evolution of Tethyan oceanic crust and upper mantle.The NHO suite comprises well preserved crustal and mantle sections discretely exposed at Moki,Ziphu,Molen,Washelo and Lacham areas.The ultramafic-mafic lithologies of NHO are mineralogically composed of variable proportions of olivine,orthopyroxene,clinopyroxene and plagioclase.The primary igneous textures for the mantle peridotites have been overprinted by extensive serpentinisation whereas the crustal section rocks reflect crystal cumulation in a magma chamber.Chondrite normalised REE profiles for the cumulate peridotite-olivine gabbro-gabbro assemblage constituting the crustal section of NHO show flat to depleted LREE patterns consistent with their generation from depleted MORB-type precursor melt in an extensional tectonic setting,while the mantle peridotites depict U-shaped REE patterns marked by relative enrichment of LREE and HREE over MREE.These features collectively imply a dual role of depleted MORB-type and enriched arc-type mantle components for their genesis with imprints of melt-rock and fluid-rock interactions.Tectonically,studied lithologies from NHO correspond to a boninitic to slab-proximal Island Arc Tholeiite affinity thereby conforming to an intraoceanic supra subduction zone(SSZ)fore-arc regime coherent with the subduction initiation process.The geochemical attributes for the crustal and mantle sections of NHO as mirrored by Zr/Hf,Zr/Sm,Nb/Ta,Zr/Nb,Nb/U,Ba/Nb,Ba/Th,Ba/La and Nd/Hf ratios propound a two-stage petrogenetic process:(i)a depleted fore arc basalt(FAB)type tholeiitic melt parental to the crustal lithologies was extracted from the upwelling asthenospheric mantle at SSZ fore-arc extensional regime thereby rendering a refractory residual upper mantle;(ii)the crust and upper mantle of the SSZ fore arc were progressively refertilised by boninitic melts generated in response to subduction initiation and slab-dehydration.The vestiges of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere preserved in NHO represent an accreted intra-oceanic fore arc crust and upper mantle section which records a transitional geodynamic evolution in a SSZ regime marked by subduction initiation,fore arc extension and arc-continent accretion.

Permo–Triassic and Liassic Tethyan Oceanic Tracts within the Pontide Belt Along the Southern Margin of Eurasia, Northern Anatolia

The Pontide belt in northern Turkey includes three major tectonic terranes,the Strandja Massif（Sj M）,and the Istanbul（ISZ）and Sakarya Zones（SZ）(Fig.1).We present new age and geochemical data from ophiolites and ophiolitic mélanges within the Sakarya Zone and show that these mafic–ultramafic rocks are the remnants of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere formed in different tectonic settings.The main ophiolite occurrences investigated in this study along the Karakaya Suture（KS）are associated with the latest Triassic Cimmeride orogeny,and in the Küre–Yusufeli ophiolite belt are part of the Alpide orogeny.The Karakaya Suture Zone ophiolites in northern west Turkey are comprised mainly of the Denizgoren（?anakkale）ophiolite,Bo?azk?y（Bursa）,Geyve（Sakarya）,Almac?k（Düzce）and?ele（Bolu）metaophiolites.The Denizg?ren ophiolite largely contains upper mantle peridotites,which are equivalents of the Permo–Triassic Lesvos peridotites and mélange units farther SW in the northern Aegean Sea.The Bo?azk?y ophiolite includes serpentinite and metagabbro,and the Almac?k and Geyve ophiolites display an almost complete Penrose–type sequence consisting of serpentinizeduppermantleperidotites,cumulate ultramafic–mafic rocks,isotropic gabbros,dolerite and plagiogranite dikes,and extrusive rocks.U–Pb zircon dating of plagiogranite dikes from?ele has revealed an igneous age of 260 Ma,and 255,235,227 Ma from Almac?k（Bozkurt et al.,2012a,b）.Consistent with the previouslypublished Permo–Triassic age,we obtained a 268.4±6.3 Ma U–Pb zircon age from a plagiogranite dike within the Almacik ophiolite to the west.This KS ophiolite belt containing the?ele,Almac?k,Geyve ophiolites within the SZ extends westward into the Armutlu Peninsula and then into the Biga Peninsula（i.e.Denizg?ren ophiolite）and most likely connects with the remnants of the Triassic Meliata–Meliac ocean basin（Stampfli and Borel,2002）in the Balkan Peninsula.The KS ophiolites also continue eastward within the Pontide Belt into the Elekda?ophiolite（eastern Kastamonu）and then to the Refahiye ophiolite in NE Anatolia.Triassic granites in the SZ represent a magmatic arc that formed as a result of the northward subduction of the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan oceanic lithosphere existing during the late Paleozoic through Cretaceous（Sarifakioglu et al.,2014）beneath the Pontides.We obtained a U–Pb zircon age of 231±2 Ma from a metagranitic intrusion into the Variscan basement of the SZ in the Kastamonu region of the central Pontides.This metagranite is enriched in LILE（Rb:63 ppm;Ba:65 ppm;Sr:200 ppm）and depleted in HFSE（Y:12.58 ppm;Yb:1.26 ppm;Ti O2:0.2 wt.%;Nb:7.6 ppm;Hf:3.9 ppm）,characterizing it as subduction–related calc-alkaline pluton.Lead（3.9 ppm）,U（1.6 ppm）and Ce（59 ppm）contents are interpreted as evidence for contamination by continental crust.The Küre basin to the north opened during the late Triassic to Liassic,following a backarc rifting episode in the central Pontides.Metabasic dike intrusions in the Devrekani metamorphic massif represent the first magmatic stage of this backarc rifting event.Whole-rock 40Ar-39Ar dating ofthe metabasic dikes has yielded cooling ages of 160.5±1.2 Ma. We infer that this age was reset due to thermal heating during the emplacement of the Middle Jurassic granitoids as the Küre oceanic basin was closing. The Küre ophiolite contains upper mantle peridotites and oceanic crustal rocks composed mainly of pillow–massive–breccia basalts, dacitic and rhyolitic lavas–tuffs, diabase dyke swarms, massive gabbros and a limited extent mafic cumulates. We obtained 182.6±1.9 Ma as a whole-rock 40Ar-39 Ar age from a pillow basalt and a U–Pb zircon age of 171±1 Ma from the granitic intrusion cross-cutting the peridotites. The easternmost representatives of the Küre ophiolite occur in the Yusufeli（Artvin） area in the eastern part of the Pontide belt. Here, oceanic crustal rocks are tectonically related to metamorphic rocks of the Variscan basement of the SZ. The ophiolitic crustal rocks contain isotropic gabbro and mafic and felsic dikes. Serpentinized upper mantle peridotites are scarce. Pillow lava basalts are overlain by a thick metasandstone–metashale association with locally foliated meta–lava and some manganiferous chert and mudstone interlayers. We obtained a U–Pb zircon age of 172.5±1.4 Ma from the granitic intrusion cross-cutting the Yusufeli ophiolite and of 181.9±0.9 Ma from a felsic dike（plagiogranite） in the Yusufeli ophiolite. The Middle Jurassic granites are related to the closure of the Küre-Yusufeli marginal ocean basin. The Küre and Yusufeli ophiolites have been previously interpreted as the remnants of the Paleotethys or the Intra-Pontide Ocean. However, we posit that these ophiolites represent amarginal, short-lived（;0 Ma） ocean basin, which opened during the late Triassic through Liassic, and then closed in Dogger. This oceanic lithosphere is similar to the Evros ophiolite in the northeastern Greece in terms of its ages and geochemical characteristics.

Planktic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds in Kangmar,Southern Tibet,China

The planktic foraminifera of the Chuangde Formation （Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, CORBs） as exposed at Tianbadong section, Kangmar, southern Tibet has been firstly studied for a detailed for a detailed biostratigraphy elaboration. A rich and well-preserved planktic foraminifera were recovered from the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section and the Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa, Radotruncana calcarata, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri and Abathomphalus mayaroensis zones have been recognized. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage points to an early Campanian to Maastrichitian age for the CORBs of the eastern North Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt, which also provides a better understanding of the shifting progress of the Indian Plate to the north and the evolution of the Neotethyan ocean. The lithostratigraphy of the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section comprises two lithological sequences observed in ascending succession： a lower unit （the Shale Member） mainly composed of purple （cherry-red, violet-red） shales with interbedded siltstones and siliceous rocks; and an upper unit （the Limestone Member） of variegated limestones. The strata of the Chuangde Formation in the Tianbadong section are similar to CORBs in other parts of the northern Tethyan Himalaya area of Asia （Gyangze, Sa＇gya, Sangdanlin, northern Zanskar, etc.）. The fossil contents of the Chuangde Formation in the sections （CORBs） studied provide a means of correlation with the zonation schemes for those of the northern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt and the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the Late Cretaceous indicates that the Upper Cretaceous Chuangde Formation （CORBs） and correlatable strata in northern Zanskar were representative of slope to basinal deposits, which were situated in the northern Tethyan Belt. Correlatable Cretaceous strata in Spiti and Gamba situated in the southern Tethyan Belt in contrast were deposited in shelf environments along the Tethyan Himalayan passive margin. CORBs are most likely formed by the oxidation of Fe（II）-enriched, anoxic deep ocean water near the chemocline that separated the oxic oceanic surface from the anoxic.

Fingerprints of the Kerguelen Mantle Plume in Southern Tibet: Evidence from Early Cretaceous Magmatism in the Tethyan Himalaya

Early Cretaceous magmatism suggested to be related with the Kerguelen mantle plume has been reported in both the eastern and western Tethyan Himalayan terrane.Coeval magmatism(133-138 Ma)recorded by hypabyssal intrusive rocks have been recently discovered in the central Tethyan Himalaya(TH).The hypabyssal intrusions are dominated by OIB-like basaltic rocks intruded by later porphyritic/ophitic intermediate rocks and are characterized by strongly light rare earth element enrichment and prominent Na-Ta depletion and Pb enrichment.The basaltic rocks have low 143Nd/144Nd ratios ranging from 0.512365 to 0.512476 but relatively high 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.708185 to 0.708966.TheεNd(t)ratios of the basaltic rocks are between-4.33 and-2.20 and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are 0.707807 to 0.708557.Geochemical data demonstrate that these rocks have experienced combined crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization processes.Magmatic zircons from the hypabyssal rocks exclusively have negativeεHf(t)values ranging from-0.7 to-12.7,suggestive of assimilation of crustal material.Zircons from these hypabyssal rocks have UPb ages ranging from 130 to 147 Ma.Inherited zircons have UPb ages from 397 to 2495 Ma.All the zircons are characterized by negativeεHf(t)values.The Jiding ocean island basalt(OIB)-like magmatism is geochemically and geochronologically comparable with that in the western and eastern Tethyan Himalaya,indicating widespread OIB-like magmatism in the northern margin of Greater India during the Cretaceous.Collectively,these rocks can be correlated with other early Cretaceous magmatism in western Australia and northern Antarctica.Considering the similarities,we suggest that the Jiding hypabyssal rocks are also genetically related to Kerguelen plume.Within the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone(YZSZ),there are also numerous occurrences of OIB-like rocks derived from mantle sources different from those of N-MORB-like magmas.The OIB-like magmatism in the YZSZ is nearly coeval with that in the TH,and the two are geochemically similar.We suggest that the OIB-like magmatism in the Neo-Tethyan ocean and the northern margin of Greater India may represent the dispersed fingerprints of the Kerguelen plume preserved in southern Tibet,China.

西藏驱龙铜钼矿床辉绿岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

冈底斯岩浆带位于西藏中部,是新特提斯洋形成、俯冲、消减以及印度大陆和欧亚大陆碰撞的产物,记录了中-新生代“构造-岩浆-成矿”过程和地质演变。驱龙铜钼矿床位于冈底斯岩浆带的东段,以超大规模斑岩型铜钼矿产而闻名。矿床内出露中侏罗统叶巴组火山岩,古近纪和中新世花岗岩类侵入岩,以及辉绿岩脉等脉岩。基性-中基性岩脉是探索地球深部动力学演变和幔源物质属性的重要窗口,是反演地幔物质化学组成和物理化学条件的直接研究对象。文章以冈底斯岩浆带东段驱龙铜钼矿床内辉绿岩为研究对象,在锆石U-Pb同位素年龄和全岩主量、微量及稀土元素特征分析的基础上,探讨辉绿岩的形成时代、源区属性和产出环境,浅析研究区古近纪构造背景,以期为冈底斯岩浆带古近纪基性岩浆活动和区域构造演化提供约束性数据支撑。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,辉绿岩成岩年龄为(58.9±1.1)Ma,属古新世晚期,与驱龙铜钼成矿作用(16.9~15.8 Ma)无成因联系。辉绿岩属钙碱性系列,高铝(Al_(2)O_(3)=15.43%~18.42%)、贫钾(K_(2)O=0.02%~1.39%)、低钛(TiO_(2)=0.74%~1.05%),相对富集Rb、Th、U、La、Sr和亏损Nb、P和Ti,稀土元素配分曲线呈弱右倾平环状,无负Eu异常,显示弧岩浆的特征。分析认为,研究区辉绿岩形成于冈底斯岩浆活动的第三阶段(65~41 Ma),是在印度大陆和欧亚大陆初始碰撞的背景下,俯冲的新特提斯洋板片发生断离折返,幔源岩浆底侵下地壳,使得岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的基性岩浆快速上侵的产物。

伊朗南部Lurestan-Khuzestan地区中新统沉积物源特征

【目的】阿拉伯和欧亚大陆碰撞导致了扎格罗斯造山带和前陆盆地的形成。扎格罗斯前陆盆地的持续充填致使海水最终从这一地区退出,实现了由海到陆的转变过程,从而为探讨新特提斯洋的消亡提供约束。【方法】对伊朗扎格罗斯Lurestan地区和Khuzestan地区的中新统Agha Jari组进行了系统的地层学、沉积学、砂岩岩石学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以揭示碎屑物质充填和海退过程。【结果】Lurestan地区Agha Jari组由中到厚层砂—泥岩互层组成,沉积环境分析其形成于河流环境。碎屑组分显示大量变质岩岩屑,结合170 Ma锆石年龄峰,指示盆地北侧Sanandaj-Sirjan岩浆变质带为其可能物源;Khuzestan地区Agha Jari组主要为底部钙质砂岩,向上逐渐变为厚层砂岩、泥岩组合,沉积于三角洲环境。砂岩碎屑组分以沉积岩屑为主,中生代锆石年龄与扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带一致,表明碎屑物源主要为再旋回的扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带中的沉积岩。基于下伏Gachsaran-Mishan组浅海蒸发岩和碳酸盐岩沉积,Agha Jari组记录了扎格罗斯前陆盆地由海向陆的转变过程。生物地层学资料约束残留海消亡的时间为不早于中新世早期,并且存在从西北向东南海退的趋势。【结论】阿拉伯—欧亚大陆初始碰撞作用导致扎格罗斯山脉隆起,随着持续隆升的扎格罗斯山脉向前陆盆地提供碎屑物质是导致扎格罗斯残留海关闭的直接原因,并且扎格罗斯残留海从西北向东南退出的古地理格局至少在中新世已经形成。

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带西段特提斯洋晚二叠世（Ca．252Ma）洋内俯冲的地球化学和年代学证据

多龙蛇绿混杂岩是班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分，位于西藏阿里地区改则县北西约120km的多龙矿集区内，大地构造位置处于班公湖-怒江缝合带中西段，南羌塘板块南缘。多龙蛇绿混杂岩主要分布在多龙矿区中部及东北部。

雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩——事实与臆想

位于西藏南部的雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩在我国研究程度最高,在国际上也有较高的知名度。该蛇绿岩东西延伸约2000km,代表了印度和亚洲之间消失的新特提斯洋,是确定上述两大板块间缝合线存在的重要岩石学标志。本文根据作者近几年的野外考察,结合前人发表的资料发现,该蛇绿岩有如下方面的重要特点。（1）各蛇绿岩剖面均发育大规模的橄榄岩体,超镁铁岩的分布远远大于镁铁质岩石。这些超镁铁岩体尽管在岩性上以方辉橄榄岩为主,但出现大量二辉橄榄岩;（2）镁铁质堆晶辉长岩不发育;（3）不存在席状辉绿岩墙群,取而代之的是顺层侵入在橄榄岩中的辉长岩-辉绿岩岩席。部分情况下,辉绿岩还侵入到玄武岩之中;（4）蛇绿岩上部发育有一定厚度的玄武岩,但玄武岩与橄榄岩之间经常被辉绿岩席所占据,部分情况下玄武岩与橄榄岩直接接触。（5）地幔橄榄岩与镁铁质岩石在Sr-Nd同位素和形成时代上存在显著差别;（6）辉长岩与辉绿岩形成在120-130Ma的狭窄时间段内,并具有类似亏损地幔的地球化学特点。上述资料表明,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩中的超镁铁岩和镁铁质岩形成于不同时代,且在成因上不具任何联系。根据这些资料,本文提出,该区蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩可能为大陆岩石圈地幔。早白垩世期间,北侧亚洲大陆南缘位置的岩石圈由于拉张而使深部岩石圈地幔物质向上剥露。随着岩石圈拆离和减薄的不断进行,软流圈地幔发生减压熔融,形成目前见到的玄武岩和辉长-辉绿岩席。在拉张作用的高峰期,早期亏损的大陆岩石圈地幔在经历交代作用后发生部分熔融形成少量玻安质熔体。因此,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩并不能代表新特提斯大洋,它与经典的蛇绿岩定义相差甚远。考虑镁铁质岩石发育有限的特点,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩代表了一种超慢速扩张的洋盆形成环境,其扩张速率甚至慢于目前广为人知的西Alps地区。根据全球蛇绿岩的情况,该蛇绿岩可被定义为日喀则型,是目前超慢速扩张洋盆的端元代表。

全球早古生代造山带(Ⅱ):俯冲-增生型造山

全球早古生代增生造山带极其发育,主要分布在古亚洲洋南北两侧、Iaeptus洋南侧、Rheic洋北侧和环冈瓦纳大陆地带,其中原特提斯洋封闭的产物主要发育在中国境内,大量微陆块在早古生代可能都是冈瓦纳北缘的俯冲-增生带中的重要组成。增生造山带中组成复杂,具有沟-弧-盆体系、海山、洋壳等残存记录,尤以榴辉岩发育为特征,增生造山成为早古生代古亚洲洋和特提斯洋构造体系的显著独特特征。早古生代末中亚早古生代造山带多为微陆块增生造山阶段,沟-弧-盆体系发育,具有增生-软碰撞造山的特点,发生时限较晚,为早古生代末;原特提斯洋中的西昆仑、东昆仑、柴达木北缘、南阿尔金、北阿尔金与北祁连、北秦岭等围限或夹杂的微陆块在早古生代具有相同的增生造山过程,整体是向南俯冲线性增生到冈瓦纳大陆北缘,现今多次重复是早古生代弯山构造所致。400 Ma左右,南部古特提斯洋和北部勉略带的打开,导致其北漂,经复杂变形改造,它们现今为一巨型弯山构造横亘在中国中部,对中国构造格局影响最为重要。

青藏高原羌塘中部蓝片岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

青藏高原羌塘中部的冈玛日 -桃形错地区蓝片岩被认为是板块构造边界的产物 ,通过对其主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征的综合研究 ,其原岩属于洋岛型碱性玄武岩。再结合该地区的地质研究 ,表明在该地区存在一个古特提斯洋 。

原特提斯洋的俯冲、增生及闭合:阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘造山系早古生代增生/碰撞造山作用

分布在青藏高原北缘的阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘早古生代造山系被认为是原特提斯构造域最北部的构造拼合体。与其北侧具有长期增生历史的中亚造山系相比,特提斯造山拼合体被认为是各种来自冈瓦纳大陆北部大陆块体相互碰撞的产物。然而,与典型的阿尔卑斯和喜马拉雅碰撞造山带相比,阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘早古生代造山系包括有大量蛇绿岩、弧岩浆杂岩、俯冲-增生杂岩等,因此一些学者认为青藏高原北部的早古生代造山系为沿塔里木和华北克拉通边界向南逐渐增生的增生型造山带。但是,增生造山模式又很难解释南阿尔金-柴北缘地区普遍存在的与大陆俯冲有关的UHP变质岩、广泛分布的巴罗式变质作用和相关的岩浆作用,以及与碰撞造山有关的变形构造等。在本文中,通过对已有研究资料的综合总结,结合一些新的研究资料,我们提出在青藏高原东北缘的阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘造山系中,早古生代时期存在两种不同类型的造山作用,即增生和碰撞造山作用,其主要标志是北祁连-北阿尔金的HP/LT变质带、蛇绿混杂岩及与洋壳俯冲有关的构造岩浆作用,以及分布在柴北缘-南阿尔金与大陆俯冲和陆陆碰撞有关的UHP变质带、区域巴罗式变质作用、深熔作用、相关的岩浆活动及伸展垮塌作用等,并建立了一个反映原特提斯洋俯冲、增生、闭合及碰撞造山作用的构造模式。

华南洋陆过渡带构造演化:特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域的转换过程与机制

南海北部陆缘位于大华南地块洋陆过渡带南段的关键核心段落,曾处于特提斯洋构造域与(古)太平洋构造域交接地带,是印度洋构造动力系统与太平洋构造动力系统波及的共同地区。然而,以往研究和勘探程度较低,特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域交接转换区域的大地构造背景、过程、机制始终不够明确。基于南海北部陆缘地震剖面,不仅关注该区新生代盆地结构构造,以服务该区油气精准勘探,并且试图以此解剖、揭示该区中生代基底结构特征,进而探索新生代南海海盆打开、扩张、停滞到消亡过程的前生今世。对珠江口盆地地震剖面解析和华南陆缘野外构造研究表明:华南地块洋陆过渡带先后经历了中生代印支期碰撞造山、燕山早期增生造山、燕山晚期压扭造山三个过程;随后进入新生代,又经历了早期北东东—南西西走向正断层主控下的弥散性裂解成盆、中期北东—北北东走向张扭断裂主控下的右行走滑拉分成盆、晚期北西—北西西向张扭断裂主控下的左行走滑拉分成盆三期伸展构造叠加。总体上,该区特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换过程经历了四个阶段:古特提斯洋构造体系向新特提斯洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向古太平洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系转换及古太平洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换。东亚洋陆过渡带的构造转换折射出地球深浅部动力系统驱动“东亚大汇聚”的长期机制,即东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系、太平洋LLSVP和非洲LLSVP的深部动力系统(统称为海底“三极”)的重要性,其中,东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系是地球板块运动的重要动力引擎之一。

冈底斯南缘变形花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成:新特提斯洋早侏罗世俯冲作用的证据

本文对产于冈底斯南缘一个变形花岗岩进行了主量元素、微量元素、原位锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年和锆石 Hf 同位素组成研究。结果表明,变形花岗岩为高硅(SiO_2=73.38%～76.06%)钙碱性岩系,K_2O/Na_2O=0.69～1.17,铝指数(A/CNK)=1.03～1.07,为弱过铝质岩石。变形花岗岩微量元素组成显示贫大离子亲石元素(e.g.Rb=47×10^(-6)～71×10^(-6))和高场强元素(e.g.Nb=1.3l×10^(-6)～3.09×10^(-6),Ta=0.23×10^(-6)～0.54×10^(-6)),具有岛弧型花岗岩的地球化学属性。变形花岗岩锆石 U-Pb 年龄为178±1Ma,该年龄代表岩浆结晶年龄。锆石 Hf 同位素组成显示ε_(Hf)(178Ma)值变化于+14.1～+17.7,表明变形花岗岩岩浆来自初生地壳物质的部分熔融。变形花岗岩的岩石成因与新特提斯洋向欧亚板块南缘的俯冲消减作用存在联系,其岩浆结晶年龄反映了新特提斯洋发生俯冲消减的开始时代不晚于早侏罗纪,说明了新特提斯洋经历了较长时间的演化。

藏南特提斯喜马拉雅带晚二叠纪基性岩浆作用及其构造地质意义

野外地质调查和SHRIMP锆石U-Pb地质年代学研究在藏南雅拉香波地区厘定了一规模较大,形成于273.0±2.2Ma的辉绿岩体。该辉绿岩体侵入到由页岩和细砂岩组成的特提斯沉积岩中,表明这些沉积岩形成时间早于晚二叠纪,而不是晚三叠纪地层。该岩体具有以下地球化学特征:(1)富集LREE,亏损HREE;(2)高场强元素含量较高;(3)较高的Sr(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7063～0.7078)和Nd(εNd(t)=-1.1～-2.4)同位素组成,与西部同时代溢流玄武岩相当;及(4)较高的εHf(t)(+2.5～+3.9)。本研究及已有数据表明:沿新特提斯带发育一系列晚二叠纪基性岩浆岩,是冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解和新特提斯洋初始张开时深部岩浆作用的产物。

新疆地壳演化与成矿

新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地 ,北邻蒙古阿尔泰 ,南接青藏高原 ,西邻哈萨克斯坦 ,东接华北阿拉善。它包括西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦 -准噶尔、塔里木、青藏等板块 ,其间为额尔齐斯-布尔根、木札尔特 -红柳河、康西瓦 -昆中等缝合带所焊接 ,形成古老变质陆块与年青造山带条块镶嵌的构造格局 ,造成目前新疆三山两盆的总体地貌特征及丰富的矿产资源。正是由于各古老陆块及分隔其间的大洋盆地长期发展、演化、消亡、聚合碰撞的结果 ,新疆是研究大陆和造山带及其成矿特征的极好地区 ,也是研究中国大陆的聚合及古亚洲洋、特提斯洋消亡而形成欧亚大陆的桥梁。

塔里木-卡拉库姆地区的油气地质特征与区域地质演化

本文系统归纳总结与对比分析了塔里木盆地、北阿富汗-南塔吉克斯坦盆地和卡拉库姆盆地的油气地质特征,并在此基础上探讨了该地区古生代以来地质演化对盆地演化和油气地质特征的控制作用。塔里木盆地奠基在前南华系结晶基底之上,中亚两个盆地奠基在南天山洋闭合之后形成的前二叠系褶皱基底之上。塔里木盆地的盖层沉积明显受到了南侧“原特提斯(北昆仑)”、古特提斯和新特提斯的影响,由于北昆仑带向西尖灭于北帕米尔, 中亚两个含油气盆地的中-新生界则主要受到南侧古特提斯和新特提斯的影响。中亚两个盆地的海陆交互相和礁灰岩相侏罗系向东到塔西南相变为陆相,这从烃源岩的角度决定了塔西南与中亚两个盆地中-新生界不同的含油气性。塔里木盆地中-新生界有利的油气生储盖组合主要存在于前陆盆地的陆相地层中,它与下伏古生界含油气层系的叠加作用提高了其油气潜力。

从尼玛地区地质新资料看中特提斯洋的构造演化

班公湖 怒江结合带南缘存在一套中、晚侏罗世稳定浅海碎屑岩沉积,属残余海盆地沉积,表明尼玛地区的俯冲消减机制在中侏罗世以后已结束。结合带南侧三叠系确哈拉群为一套半深水—深水沉积,是陆架边缘沉积序列,代表结合带打开之初的较早期沉积。确哈拉群之上不整合覆盖了一套中侏罗世钙碱性岛弧火山岩系,是班公湖 怒江结合带在早侏罗世向南俯冲对应的滞后弧火山岩。在结合带南侧80～100km范围内分布着一条东西长超过100km的中晚侏罗世后碰撞强过铝花岗岩带,属班公湖 怒江结合带向南俯冲碰撞作用的后碰撞阶段产物。综合认为,尼玛地区中特提斯洋是在三叠纪打开、中侏罗世以前向南俯冲闭合的。结合区域上该结合带闭合时间有早有晚、俯冲方向有南有北的事实,提出中特提斯是一个具有众多互不相通的、时代早晚各不相同的小洋盆共同组成的多岛洋,其间存在许多大小不一、运动方向和性质各不相同的地体。不同时期、不同方向的弧 弧碰撞、弧 陆碰撞造山(造陆)机制是解释中特提斯洋发展演化诸多问题的理想模式。

昌宁-孟连结合带斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

昌宁-孟连结合带牛井山地区发育以构造岩片和透镜体形式产出的斜长角闪岩,其对于认识和恢复昌宁-孟连结合带特提斯演化历史具有重要意义。本研究对牛井山蛇绿混杂岩带内的斜长角闪岩进行了系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及全岩地球化学研究。锆石CL图像揭示斜长角闪岩锆石为岩浆成因锆石。锆石U-Pb定年结果为272±1.2 Ma(MSWD=1.1,n=21),代表斜长角闪岩原岩时代。岩石地球化学分析表明,斜长角闪岩Si O2含量为51.83%~52.6%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量为3.33%~4.16%,Na2O/K2O比值为5.8~19.8,属于低钾拉斑玄武岩系列。微量元素结果表明斜长角闪岩具有N-MORB的地球化学特征。原岩恢复研究揭示斜长角闪岩的原岩为272±1.2 Ma的N-MORB型辉长岩。斜长角闪岩锆石初始(176Hf/177Hf)i值为0.282906~0.282956,对应的εHf(t)为10.7~12.5;单阶段亏损地幔Hf模式年龄tDM1为416~499 Ma(平均值为466Ma),明显老于原岩结晶时代。岩石地球化学特征和锆石Hf模式年龄揭示昌宁-孟连特提斯洋在272 Ma时具有一个长期亏损的地幔,地幔年龄为早古生代416~499 Ma。结合该带存在早古生代洋壳残余及洋壳俯冲成因埃达克岩的事实,我们认为昌宁-孟连带是一个连续演化的原-古特提斯洋,晚古生代272 Ma时还存在洋中脊扩张并产生具有N-MORB性质的洋壳。

冈底斯弧的岩浆作用:从新特提斯俯冲到印度-亚洲碰撞

位于青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧形成于中生代新特提斯大洋岩石圈的长期俯冲过程中,而且在印度与亚洲大陆碰撞过程中叠加了强烈的新生代岩浆作用,是世界上典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,已经成为研究汇聚板块边缘岩浆作用和大陆地壳生长与再造的天然实验室。基于对现有研究成果的总结,我们将冈底斯岩浆弧的岩浆构造演化划分为5个阶段:第1阶段发生在晚白垩世之前,以新特提斯洋岩石圈长期正常俯冲和钙碱性弧岩浆岩的发育为特征;第2阶段发生在晚白垩世时期,以活动的新特提斯洋中脊发生俯冲和强烈的岩浆作用与显著的新生地壳生长为特征;第3阶段发生在晚白垩世晚期,以残余的新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲和正常弧型岩浆作用为特征;第4阶段发生在古新世至中始新世,以印度与亚洲大陆碰撞、俯冲的新特提斯洋岩石圈回转和断离,及其诱发的幔源岩浆作用、新生和古老地壳的强烈再造为特征;第5阶段为发生在晚渐新世到中中新世的后碰撞阶段,深俯冲印度岩石圈的回转和断离,或加厚岩石圈地幔的对流移去导致了加厚下地壳的部分熔融和埃达克质岩石的广泛发育,同时伴随幔源钾质超钾质岩浆作用。冈底斯弧岩浆作用与岩浆成分的系统时空变化很好地记录了从新特提斯洋俯冲到印度亚洲大陆碰撞的完整构造演化过程。

南秦岭构造带内早古生代碱基性岩浆活动:古特提斯洋裂解的证据

位于南秦岭构造带南缘的勉略（勉县—略阳）洋是东古特提斯洋的北侧分支洋盆,在勉县—略阳地区发育有典型的蛇绿岩组合.然而,由于中三叠世晚期开始的碰撞造山作用以及之后陆内变形作用的改造,对于勉略洋盆在构造带东段的裂解和演化过程并不清晰.本文对发育于东南秦岭构造带内的基性岩墙群进行了岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究.结果表明,基性岩脉以辉长岩、辉绿岩等基性岩为主,其SiO2含量为41.89％～49.75％,属基性—超基性岩类,并具有富钠、高钛的碱性岩特征.岩石的稀土、微量元素和Sr—Nd同位素特征与板内洋岛玄武岩（OIB）特征一致,岩浆源于具有地壳混染的板内洋岛玄武岩型地幔源区.该类基性岩脉顺层侵入到早古生代早期地层中,通过基性岩脉中的锆石SHRIMP测年获得岩脉顺层侵位的时代为晚志留世早期（约422 Ma）.这种岩浆作用很可能与古特提斯洋初始裂解有关,并导致南秦岭构造带内地壳伸展、基性岩浆侵位,该过程与南秦岭构造带北缘的商丹（商南—丹凤）原特提斯洋的消减和陆内俯冲可能相关.