Improving the Quality of Baobab Oil by Filtration on Activated Carbon from the Fruit Capsules

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L., plays an important role in the economy of local populations. Nowadays, baobab seed oil is highly prized for its many cosmetic and therapeutic applications, and for its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols. However, it undergoes numerous reactions during production, processing, transport, and storage, leading to undesirable products that make it unstable. The aim of this study was to provide local processors with innovative solutions for the treatment of unrefined vegetable oils. To this end, an experimental device for filtering crude oil on activated carbon made from fruit capsules was designed. The results obtained after the treatment show a significant decrease at (p < 5%) in acid value (1.62 to 0.58 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (4.40a to 0.50c mEqO2/Kg), chlorophyll concentration (1.81 to 0.50 mg/Kg) and primary and secondary oxidation products. According to these results, activated carbon’s adsorptive power eliminates oxidation products and certain pro-oxidants such as chlorophyll, resulting in a cleaner, more stable and better storable oil.

Processes for the Clarification of the Crude Oil of Baobab Seeds Extracted by Pressing on Activated Carbon Elaborated from the Capsules of the Fruit (Adansonia digitata L.)

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L. plays an important role in the economy of local populations. The oil from the seeds of the baobab fruit is nowadays highly prized because of its numerous cosmetic and therapeutic applications and its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols. However, unlike refined oils, locally extracted baobab oil has not undergone purification operations to ensure its quality. Only a filtration on special cloths is carried out after decantation. Indeed, the oil obtained after pressing is cloudy because of the presence of various impurities. It therefore requires treatment operations to make it more attractive and of higher quality. Therefore, in order to provide innovative solutions to local companies to improve the quality of vegetable oils, a study of clarification (treatment) of crude oil is necessary. An experimental device has been developed in the laboratory. It includes a glass column and a filter bed of dune sand and activated carbon. This study has shown the efficiency of the experimental device. Indeed, the activated carbon, thanks to its adsorbing power, has allowed a significant decrease in turbidity at the 5% threshold, from 14.61 NTU for the raw oil to 0.08 NTU for the oil filtered on 3% carbon and 0.033 NTU for the oil filtered on 5% carbon. That is to say an abatement higher than 95%. This decrease in turbidity could be correlated with the decrease in brown index from 187.39a for the initial crude oil to 128.53d for the oil treated with 3% activated carbon versus 187.59a for the oil filtered on cloths. The lowest brown index was observed with the filtration using 5% activated carbon (35.99b). Thus, for the yellowness index, only the filtration on 5% charcoal allowed to obtain a significant decrease in yellowness. The yellowing index of the oil with 5% was 44.67b against 79.04a for the oil filtered with 3% activated carbon, 86.33a for the crude oil and 86.46a for the oil filtered on cloths. Finally, the oil sample treated with 5% activated carbon had the clearest clarity than the other samples with a clarity (L) equal to 97.98c against 95.63d for the oil treated with 3% carbon and 94.99b for the oil filtered on filter cloths. According to the results obtained, the experimental device made it possible to obtain a clearer baobab oil with a low brown index, thus improving the sensory quality of the oil.

乍得邦戈盆地Baobab构造带形成演化及油气成藏控制因素

Baobab构造带位于中非裂谷系邦戈盆地东北部斜坡,相对远离现今盆地中心,却是盆地油气最为富集的区带,深入分析该区构造演化特征与油气成藏控制因素,可为中非裂谷系油气勘探提供良好借鉴。通过研究Baobab构造带演化历史,结合油气分布特征,分析油气成藏控制因素。研究结果表明,Baobab构造带先后经历了前断陷期、断陷期、坳陷期、反转期和消亡期5个主要演化阶段。盆地断陷内稳定分布的下白垩统深湖—半深湖相M组和P组泥岩,既是主要烃源岩,又是良好的区域盖层。晚白垩世反转期发生大规模的构造反转和地层剥蚀,在Baobab构造带形成一系列背斜或断背斜圈闭,有利于油气聚集。在构造高部位或凸起带,发育以基岩风化壳和裂缝发育带储层为主的潜山油藏,圈闭形成、油气运移和储层改造均受断裂活动的控制;靠近凸起带的次洼中,发育浊积水道和扇三角洲砂岩储层为主的P组油藏,成藏明显受构造和岩性双重控制;整体上形成凸起带以基岩潜山油藏为主、次洼带以源内P组油藏为主的油气分布规律。

Bongor盆地Baobab North油田浊积水道砂体构型表征

以乍得Bongor盆地Baobab North油田P组为例,探讨重力流水道砂体的沉积机理及构型特征。结合岩心测井等资料,确定了P组的沉积背景,明确了单一水道的类型及其形态结构,探讨了单一水道内部的泥质夹层的构型特征及沉积机理。通过上述研究,认为Baobab North油田P组主要发育三类单一水道沉积,Ⅰ类水道垂向上粒度呈典型正韵律,测井曲线自然伽马和自然电位以钟形为主;Ⅱ类水道在垂向上粒度以均质韵律为主,测井曲线自然伽马与自然电位多表现为箱形;Ⅲ类水道在垂向上粒度呈反韵律,测井曲线自然伽马、自然电位等在水道下部幅度较低,呈齿化钟形;单一水道内部主要发育三类近水平分布的泥质夹层,连续型泥质夹层由于保存程度较好,测井曲线多呈半回返和全回返,平面上泥质夹层顺水流方向较长(100~450 m),垂直水流方向较宽(70~300 m),且厚度较大(0.3~0.8 m);垂向上夹层频率较高(0.13~0.7)、夹层密度较大(0.04~0.25)。间断型泥质夹层在水道中心部位被完全冲刷或只有很薄一部分被保留下来,测井曲线为半回返或弱回返,平面上泥质夹层顺水流方向较短(50~250 m),垂直水流方向较窄(40~200 m),厚度较薄(0.15~0.5 m);垂向上夹层频率较低(0.12~0.4)、夹层密度较小(0.04~0.14)。复杂型泥质夹层是指连续型泥质夹层和间断型泥质夹层在单一水道砂体中同时发育,该类泥质夹层的规模与频率居中,顺水流方向长度介于80~320 m,垂直水流方向宽度介于55~240 m,厚度介于0.25~0.6 m,夹层频率介于0.12~0.45、夹层密度介于0.04~0.18。

Adansonia digitata L.(baobab):a review of traditional information and taxonomic description

Adansonia digitata L.(Malvaceae) is commonly known as baobab tree native to Africa.Baobab is a multi-purpose tree which offers protection and provides food,clothing and medicine as well as raw material for many useful items.The fruit pulp,seeds,leaves,flowers.roots,and bark of baobab are edible and they have been studied by scientists for their useful properties.The fruit pulp have very high vitamin C.calcium,phosphorus,carbohydrates,fibers,potassium,proteins and lipids content,which can be used in seasoning as an appetizer and also make juices.Seeds contain appreciable quantities of phosphorus,magnesium,zinc,sodium,iron,manganese,whereas they have high levels of lysine,thiamine,calcium and iron.Baobab has numerous biological properties including antimicrobial,anti-malarial,diarrhoea,anaemia,asthma,antiviral,anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities amongst others.Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids.phytosterols.amino acids,fatty acids,vitamins and minerals.The review summarizes the information on various aspects of traditional information,taxonomic description,medicinal properties and importantly nutritional value.

乍得Bongor盆地Baobab构造带烃源岩地球化学特征

利用分析化验资料，对乍得Bongor盆地Baobab构造带下白垩统烃源岩进行了综合评价，并分析了源岩饱和烃生物标志物特征。结果表明，研究区暗色泥岩发育，有机质丰度高，整体达到好烃源岩标准；有机质类型好，主要为I和Ⅱj型；但有机质热演化程度不高，主要处于未熟一低成熟阶段。烃源岩具有一定的姥鲛烷优势，伽马蜡烷含量不高，表明烃源岩沉积环境为弱氧化一弱还原环境；烃源岩的生烃母质是以高等植物为主的混合型。

乍得Baobab S区块低产低效井原因分析及治理对策

针对BaobabS区块砂岩油藏低产低效井的特点,系统分析了低产低效井出现的原因,并针对性提出了治理对策。研究表明:出现低产低效井的主要因素为地质因素、开发因素和工程因素,并且进一步细分为储层薄、非均质性强、油井自然递减快、长间隔合采、储层污染五项次级因素。通过分析产生低产低效井的主要原因,结合现场实际,针对性制定了采油方式优化、老井侧钻、开发层系优化、酸化与复合射孔等措施手段,以期尽早恢复油井产能,本研究成果对其他类似油田的低产低效井具有一定的借鉴意义。

Optimization Scale Pasteurization of Baobab Juice Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

The Adansonia digitate L. known as Baobab is the only species present in West Africa and grows wild. All parts of the plant are used by humans. In Senegal, baobab pulp is widely consumed;it is used as raw material in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for making juices, concentrates, jams, powder. Drinks or juices from baobab are highly appreciated by consumers;however rapid fermentation can happen even after pasteurization that can shorten their shelf-life. A Doehlert experimental design was used to find a good scale of heat treatment ensuring a proper conservation of baobab juice. Results of the experimental design showed that a heat treatment of 80&deg;C for 10 min gives a baobab juice with good sanitary quality that meets the international standards.

The Effect of Seeds and Fruit Pulp of <i>Adansonia digitata</i>L. (Baobab) on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma

The anti-tumor effect of Adansonia digitata on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) is still novel talk. This study is focusing on the role of the extracts of seeds and the fruit pulp of Adansonia on the antioxidants activity and the molecular changes of pro-apoptic and anti-apoptic genes expression before and after the treatment of EAC cells bearing mice. Adult female BALB/C mice were used in this study;subgrouped randomly into four groups: control group (non-tumorized);EAC tumorized group, mice was i.p. inoculated with 2.5 × 106 of EAC cells;EAC+ extract of seeds group, tumorized mice was inoculated with 2.5 × 106 of EAC cells and i.p. administered with the extract of Adansonia seeds (300 mg/kg b. wt.);EAC+ fruit pulp group, tumorized mice was inoculated with 2.5 × 106 of EAC cells and i.p. administered with the extract of Adansonia fruit pulp (300 mg/kg b. wt.). The antioxidant enzymes were inhibited in EAC cells and in ascetic fluid of tumorized mice. Also the oxidative stress was increased significantly in EAC cells bearing mice. The liver was affected with the transplantation of EAC cells as reflected by the imbalance in the antioxidants and oxidants in the EAC cells bearing mice. Moreover, the molecular changes in p53 and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) genes expression were recorded in EAC cells bearing mice. The extracts of adansonia have a promising role as antioxidant action due to their antioxidant effect as they ameliorate the imbalance in antioxidants and oxidants balance. The plant extract has anti-apoptosis role by restoring the P53 and Bcl-2 genes expression. Also the plant has antitumor action as they restore tumor markers levels such as α-l-fucosidase and arginase to the normal levels.

Major, Minor and Trace Element Analysis of Baobab Fruit and Seed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Technique

Mineral element compositions of Baobab fruit and seed have been determined using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. Total of 18mineral elements were determined of which 10 are not normally reported using other methods. The concentrations of heavy metals were: Arsenic < 0.06 and < 0.04, Mercury < 0.04 and < 0.04 Hg and Cadmium < 0.08 and < 0.04 respectively for the seeds and the fruit. The average concentration of trace elements in the seed were;Aluminium (11.50 μg/g), Barium (17.3 μg/g), Bromine (2.45 μg/g), Cobalt (0.07 μg/g), Copper (28.6 μg/g), Iron (<42 μg/g), Iodine (<0.04 μg/g), Manganese (17.7 μg/g), Sodium (23.53 μg/g), Vanadium (0.035 μg/g), and Zinc (12.06 μg/g), while the average concentrations of Aluminium (27.74 μg/g), Barium (13.10 μg/g), Bromine (3.01 μg/g), Cobalt (0.08 μg/g), Copper (14.9 μg/g), Iron (26.05 μg/g), Iodine (0.27 μg/g), Manganese (7.05 μg/g), Sodium (52.06 μg/g), Vanadium (0.08 μg/g), and Zinc (0.79 μg/g) were determined for the dried fruit pulp. The mineral concentrations of the baobab fruit and seed were characterized with high concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium and substantive amount of chlorine [K (21350 μg/g), Ca (3170 μg/g), Mg (2310 μg/g) and Cl (211 μg/g), for the fruit pulp and K (12240 μg/g), Ca (2360 μg/g), Mg (4720 μg/g) and Cl (88.6 μg/g), for the seed]. The fruits and seeds present useful source of mineral needs for the indigenous African community where the trees are found and may be recommended as food supplement due to high content of calcium, magnesium and potassium.

Antioxidant Enrichment of Baobab Fruit Pulp Treated with Oil Extracted from the Seeds

The effect of the application of oil from baobab seeds on the antioxidant capacity and stability of ascorbic acid in the fruit pulp at varying temperature were evaluated. Ascorbic acid analysis of the fruit pulp revealed that the concentration in the raw extract of the pulp sullied rapidly matched with the extract treated with the seed oil. Compared with the raw extracts the formulated fruit pulp presented the highest concentration of the total ascorbic acid when both samples were subjected to varying temperatures at extended time periods. The results clearly indicated the antioxidant enrichment property of the baobab seed oil. This study demonstrates the potential of oil derived from baobab seed as having antioxidant enrichment capacity and might be a potential ingredient in pharmaceutical cosmetics formulations and food preparations.

Performance and Blood Profile of Grower West African Dwarf (WAD) Bucks Fed Graded Levels of Toasted Baobab (<i>Adansonia digitata</i>) Seed Meal

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and blood parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed graded levels of toasted baobab seed meal for 84 days. Baobab seeds were washed, sun-dried and toasted uniformly using a cast iron pan. The toasted baobab seeds were crushed with a roller mill grinding machine to make baobab seed meal (BSM). The BSM was included at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% levels in diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively to replace soybean. Each treatment was replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Uncoagulated blood samples were collected from WAD bucks at the end of the 84 days’ feeding trial and analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentrate (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were calculated using PCV, RBC and Hb. The blood meant for serological analysis was centrifuged at 1000 G for 10 minutes, after which the serum was separated and used for determining serum total protein (Tp), albumin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The inclusion of baobab seed meal up to 50% in the experimental diet did not have any negative effect on the performance of the goats and did not pose any health challenge to the animals during the study period.

Influence of Beverage Consumption Made from Baobab Pulp (<i>Adansonia digitata L.</i>) on Postprandial Glycemia in Côte d’Ivoire

The study’s aim was to assess the consumption influence of beverages from baobab pulp on postprandial blood sugar in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, a consumer survey of baobab juice was carried out in the city of Abidjan. Beverages from baobab pulp collected in four localities of Côte d’Ivoire (Man, Boundiali, Bouake and Abidjan) were prepared. These beverages were consumed by 15 subjects over a period of 9 days to determine their glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and postprandial blood sugar. During the survey, baobab juice’s consumers’ respondents were composed more of females (53.3%) than males (46.7%). Baobab juice is generally consumed in the afternoon by 35% of respondents twice a week (34.5%). Among the preferred juices sold in Abidjan markets, baobab juice is ranked second by children (21.4%) and fourth by adults (13.4%). The results of the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) showed that beverages made from baobab pulp with sugar from Abidjan had high glycemic index and glycemic load. On the other hand, beverages made from baobab pulp with sugar from three other localities showed medium values of GI and GL. However, the GI and GL of the baobab pulps without sugar of four localities are low. The consumption at the will of these beverages without added sugar may be useful for the prevention and control of diabetes. However, beverages made from pulp with added sugar should be consumed in moderation in order to avoid a rise in blood sugar in prediabetics as well as in healthy subjects.

Valorization of Natural Residue into Activated Carbon:Example of the Shells of the African Baobab Fruit(Adansonia digitata)L.

This study deals with the valorization of natural residues into activated carbon prepared from waste“Baobab fruit shell”from the Fatick Region,Senegal.Thus,after the preparation of the baobab shell,a chemical activation with orthophosphoric acid H3PO4(85%)was performed followed by pyrolysis at 530°C.To eliminate possible carbonization residues,the activated carbons were impregnated in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and/or soda solutions and then washed thoroughly with distilled water to obtain a pH between 6.5 and 7.The latter were then dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 h.A characterization was carried out to determine the moisture content,the ash content,the iodine and methylene blue indices,the surface functions and the pH at zero charge point(pHpzc).The moisture and ash contents were 1.87%and 0.72%,respectively.The iodine and peroxide indices obtained were 939,09 mg/g and 575.73 mg/g,respectively.Surface function analysis by Boehm’s method showed that the acidic functions were higher than the basic functions and their pHpzc was lower than neutrality.The best efficiency of methylene blue removal was 99.75%and was obtained with a mass of 0.150 g of activated carbon,pH equal to 10,an initial concentration of methylene blue of 200 mg/L and a contact time of 35 min.

高黏油用原油消泡剂的研制与应用

通过量筒瓶试法和中试测验,考察了不同加药质量浓度下高黏油用原油消泡剂RD-XPJ的消泡和抑泡性能。瓶试数据说明,消泡剂RD-XPJ的消泡/抑泡性能均优于市面所售消泡剂AD-1、AD-2、AD-3、AD-4,表现出快速消泡和高效抑泡性能。连续20天的中试数据显示,随着RD-XPJ的加药质量浓度优化,减小到最低加药质量浓度13 mg·L^(-1),脱气塔内液位仍低于警戒线2/3处,保障原油处理流程稳定,可替代现场在用消泡剂。

猴面包树果多糖超声辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

采用超声波辅助提取法制备猴面包树果多糖。在单因素试验的基础上,通过Box-Behnken方法进行三因素三水平的响应面优化试验,确定最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶33(g/mL),提取温度68℃,提取时间1.5 h,超声功率342 W,提取2次,在此条件下,多糖提取率达到(45.03±0.76)%。通过DPPH·清除试验、ABTS^+·清除试验、还原能力试验对所提多糖的抗氧化活性进行考查,结果显示,在所设浓度范围内,随着质量浓度的增加,其DPPH·清除能力、ABTS^+·清除能力及铁氰化钾还原能力均逐渐增强。猴面包树果多糖对DPPH·清除的半最大效应浓度(concentration for 50%of maximal effect,EC_(50))值为2.53 mg/mL,对ABTS^+·清除的EC_(50)值为5.5 mg/mL。试验结果证明猴面包树果多糖具有较好的体外抗氧化性活性。