Environmental Conditions of Barchan Dune and Barchan Chain-A Case Study from the Hexi Desert Area of Gansu

[Objective] The paper was to discuss why the top of tall barchan dunes and barchan chains widespread in single prevailing wind area had not been leveled by wind erosion. [Method] Based on the preliminary survey of distribution status,the morphological characteristics and environmental conditions of barchan dunes and barchan chains in Hexi desert area of Gansu were investigated in details. The significance of difference between samples and significance of correlation between indicators were examined via variance test. [Result] Barchan dunes and barchan chains in Hexi desert area of Gansu distributed at the leeward direction of desert fringe,generally in patch distribution. The distribution area was gravelly beach or cohesive gravel beach,with broader dune slack; winds in distribution area of barchan dunes and barchan chains blew obviously from one direction,while winds at other directions were light or occasionally strong but with low frequency;the barchan dune in the desert fringe of Hexi desert area of Gansu was relatively tall,while barchan chain was even more taller and larger. Coincidence or separation of the dune peak and the sand ridge might be related to distribution frequency of dominant prevailing wind or wind at opposite direction and the observation seasons.[Conclusion]Studying top stability of barchan dune has an important academic value in revealing blowing sand movement rule at desert fringe,invasion of sand flow,and expansion of desert.

Particle Size of Barchan Dune in Hexi Desert Area and Its Relationship with Wind Speed

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the particle size characteristics of barchan dune and its formation mechanism in Hexi desert area d Gansu. [ Method] Through particle size measurement and wind speed flow field observation d dune, the particle size differences of various sampling plots and various parts of dune were analyzed using analysis of variance, and the relationship between particle size and wind speed was analyzed using correlation coefficient method. [ Result] （ 1 ） Barehan dune and barehan chains in Hexi desert area of Gansu were mainly consisted of fine sands and medium sands at the depth of 0 -5 cm： the sand particle in Gulang desert area was fine, which had significant difference with that in Jinchang, Linze, Jinta and Minqin desert areas. （2） Medium sands gradually increased from the bottom of windward slope to the dune peak in both barchan dune and barchan chain. On the windward slope of barehan dune, fine sands gradual- ly increased from the middle to both sides, while coarse sands and medium sands gradually decreased. On the windward slope of barehan chain, fine sands first de- creased then increased from the middle to NE side, but first increased then decreased from the middle to SW side. （3） In terma of particle size, there were great variations between fine sands and coarse sands ; for dune parts, there were great variations between dune peak and leewant slope toe; for dune types, the variation of fine sands in various parts of barchan chain was greater than that of barchan dune, while differentiation degree of medium sands and fine sands was greater than that of barchan dune. The particle size of fine sands was positively correlated with wind speed, and that of medium sands was negatively correlated with wind speed. [ Conclusion] The formation environment of particle size of berehan dune mainly included sand source and dynmnic source, and wind speed was the dynamic source for particle size distribution of barchan dune.

Drag Reduction Characteristics of Microstructure Inspired by the Cross Section of Barchan Dunes under High Speed Flow Condition

A new type of microstructure inspired by the cross section of barchan dunes was proposed to reduce windage,which was considered as a passive drag reduction technology in aerospace manufacturing field.Computational fluid dynamics method was carried out to discuss the effect of the microstructure on the skin friction reduction under high velocity flow condition.Different microstructure heights were employed to survey the reduction of drag.The results illustrated that the appearance of microstructure led to a generation of pressure drag in non-smooth model(with microstructures inspired by cross section of barchan dune)in contrast to smooth model.However,the microstructure significantly increased the thickness of the low-speed fluid by 11.4%in the near-wall flow field,causing the low-speed fluid to rise and decreasing the velocity gradient near the wall,thereby reducing viscous resistance.In addition,high-speed fluid flowed above the microstructure units instead of along the inner side of the units due to the influence of micro-vortex,resulting in a reduction of friction near the surface.Further-more,micro-vortex was considered to be the significant internal factor to achieve turbulent drag reduction since it could not only reduce the viscous resistance by promoting the fluid flow above the microstructure but also pro-vide a reverse thrust force.The understanding of the mechanism of drag reduction provides theoretical guidance for further fabrication of drag reduction coatings using renewable materials.

Impinging Cooling with a Crescent Surface Inspired by Barchan Dunes in a Simplified Gas Turbine Transition Section

For the enhancement of heat transfer efficiency,a novel turbulator inspired by the morphology of barchan dunes,called the mimetic barchan dune(MBD)turbulator,is designed and evaluated in the simplified gas turbine transition section.By using computational fluid dynamics(CFD),the numerical simulations for comparison have been carried out,concluding the smooth thermal surface,a thermal surface with riblet-shaped turbulator and a thermal surface with MBD turbulator.Then,two indicators are investigated for evaluating the coolant performance which are the heat transfer efficiency(η)on the outlet and the pressure loss(ΔP)in the coolant chamber.The numerical results show that the coolant has the best heat transfer efficiency with less pressure loss in the coolant chamber with the MBD turbulator.Then,the effect of the MBD turbulator sizes on heat transfer efficiency is investigated.When the height of the MBD turbulator(h)is set at 8 mm,the maximum amount of heat that could be transfered by the coolant is up to566.2 K and the corresponding heat transfer efficiency is 26.62%.The detail flows have been shown to elucidate the function of the MBD surface which may greatly arouse more design for solving harsh circumstance.

Two Alternating Processes of Particle Size Distribution of Barchan Dunes at the Edge of the Oasis in Hexi Corridor, Gansu

Barchan dunes are a common type of dune. There are a lot of barchan dunes at accumulated sand-belts of the oasis edge of Hexi desert area of Gansu. What is characteristic of the particle size of barchan dunes? How is this particle size characteristic formed? Characteristics of particle size were analyzed in this paper by comprehensive investigation and sampling in Hexi Corridor desert area, and repeated sampling and determination in Minqin desert area. The results showed that:(1) The particle size of 0.25–0.05 mm and particle size of 0.5–0.25 mm were the main ingredients at the surface 0–5 cm depth of barchan dunes and barchan dune chains in desert area in Hexi Corridor of Gansu. Sand in Gulang desert area was relatively finer and the particle size was quite different from that of Jinchang, Linze, Jinta and Minqin desert area;(2) The particle size was changed from coarse to fine from the bottom to the top of the dunes in the main wind direction(NW) process. i.e. there was the most silt at the top of the dunes, followed by the middle of the leeward slope. The bottom of the windward slope had the most coarse sand, followed by the middle of the windward slope. The barchan dunes were changed from coarse to fine, then from fine to coarse from the bottom to the top of the dunes in the reverse wind direction(SE) process, i.e. there was the most silt in the middle of the windward slope, followed by the top of sand dunes. The bottom of the windward slope had the most coarse sand, followed by the middle of the windward slope. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of sand dune particle size in the main wind direction process was larger, and the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of sand dune particle size in the reverse wind direction process was smaller;(3) The two processes of the main wind direction(NW) and the reverse wind direction(SE) led to alternating changes in particle size in various parts of the dunes. Two different conclusions on particle size distribution of barchan dunes in windward slope were due to the observation season differences.

SIMULATING STUDY ON BARCHAN DUNE

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Comparisons between Movement Speed of Main Types of Dunes:A Case Study of Desert Areas in Hexi Region of Gansu Province

In desert areas in Hexi region,11 barchan dunes,6 chains of barchan dunes,6 pyramid dunes,6 parabolic dunes and 6 accumulated sand-belts were chosen to study their movement speed based on images obtained by Google Earth in various periods.The results show that among the dunes,the movement of the barchan dunes was the fastest,followed by the chains of barchan dunes,and only the tops of the pyramid dunes swayed,while the parabolic dunes and accumulated sand-belts hardly moved forward.The higher the barchan dunes(or the chains of barchan dunes) were,the slower the movement was.On the contrary,the higher the pyramid dunes were,the faster the swing was.There was a positive correlation between the movement speed of the barchan dunes and the average wind speed of sandstorms.

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘新月形沙丘移动特征

新月形沙丘的移动特征可以反映区域内风沙运移和地貌演化过程,对于科学开展风沙灾害防治具有重要意义。本文利用卫星遥感影像与气象再分析数据,研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘6个新月形沙丘群2012—2022年的形态变化与移动特征。结果表明:(1)研究区域内新月形沙丘平均移动速率为6.86 m·a^(-1),移动方向与对应区域内盛行风方向基本一致;(2)不同区域内新月形沙丘形态参数之间的关联性呈现显著差异;(3)沙丘高度、下垫面植被覆盖、年均降雨量以及地表温度与沙丘移动速率呈负相关关系,分区拟合结果有差异;(4)且末西南区域的年平均输沙通量约为77120.5 kg·m^(-1)。研究结果反映了新月形沙丘移动规律的复杂性,不同地理环境因子的影响程度或存在显著差异,需结合实地情况进行具体分析。同时,在沙丘演化过程中,形态参数的动态变化反映了沙丘迁移的内在机理,进一步为新月形沙丘的发育机理提供了实证数据,也为沙丘危害防治和土地规划提供了参考依据。

Mathematical and statistical modeling of morphometric and planar parameters of barchans in Pashoeyeh Erg in the west of Lut Desert,Iran

Barchan dunes are among the most common accumulative phenomena made by wind erosion,which are usually formed in regions where the prevailing wind direction is almost constant throughout the year and there is not enough sand to completely cover the land surface.Barchans are among the most common windy landscapes in Pashoueyeh Erg in the west of Lut Desert,Iran.This study aims to elaborate on morphological properties of barchans in this region using mathematical and statistical models.The results of these methods are very important in investigating barchan shapes and identifying their behavior.Barchan shapes were mathematically modeled by simulating them in the coordinate system through nonlinear parabolic equations,so that two separate equations were calculated for barchan windward and slip-face parabolas.The type and intensity of relationships between barchan morphology and mathematical parameters were determined by the statistical modeling.The results indicated that the existing relationships followed the power correlation with the maximum coefficient of determination and minimum error of estimate.Combining the above two methods is a powerful basis for stimulating barchans in virtual and laboratory environments.The most important result of this study is to convert the mathematical and statistical models of barchan morphology to each other.Focal length is one of the most important parameters of barchan parabolas,suggesting different states of barchans in comparison with each other.As the barchan's focal length decreases,its opening becomes narrower,and the divergence of the barchan's horns reduces.Barchans with longer focal length have greater width,dimensions,and volume.In general,identifying and estimating the morphometric and planar parameters of barchans is effective in how they move,how much they move,and how they behave in the environment.These cases play an important role in the management of desert areas.

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴对新月形沙丘表面粒度变化的影响

以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的新月形沙丘为研究对象,对同一沙丘在沙尘暴作用下形态从新月形沙丘-不规则沙丘-新月形沙丘的演变过程做了观测记录,通过对不同形态沙丘表沙的粒度测量,研究沙尘暴对新月形沙丘表沙粒度的影响。结果表明:(1)新月形沙丘变形前与复原后,迎风坡中轴线处表沙的粒度变化趋势未发生变化,表现为从迎风坡脚至丘顶整体上逐渐变粗,表明风向风力相同或相近时,沙尘暴对形态相近的新月形沙丘迎风坡的粒度分布模式影响较小。(2)新月形沙丘中轴线与沙脊线处表沙均以极细沙和细沙为主,新月形沙丘原貌时,极细沙和细沙的平均占比在迎风坡与背风坡中轴线处分别为83.07%、82.81%,在左翼与右翼沙脊线处分别为84.42%、91.20%,复原为新月形沙丘后,极细沙和细沙的平均占比在迎风坡与背风坡中轴线处分别为73.18%、76.31%,在左翼与右翼沙脊线处分别为76.63%、74.0%。沙尘暴过后复原的新月形沙丘表沙分选性极好,粒径整体偏细,粒度参数一致性增强,表明沙尘暴对新月形沙丘表沙的粒度特征有重要影响。研究结果可为沙尘暴作用下新月形沙丘表沙粒度的空间分布规律研究提供重要参考价值。

古尔班通古特沙漠侵蚀型新月形沙丘表层砂粒度与石英砂微结构特征的环境意义

在全球变暖和生态保护的背景下,古尔班通古特沙漠风沙活动强度减弱,多数沙丘长期处于侵蚀状态。选取沙漠西部呈侵蚀状态的、不同发育阶段的固定新月形沙丘,采集表层砂样进行粒度与石英砂表面微结构分析,结果显示:(1)沙丘表层砂细砂占比达50%以上,平均粒径范围2.03~2.88Φ,分选性较好、近对称偏度、中等峰度,迎风坡粒度参数多呈不规则变化,丘顶平均粒径最粗;随着沙丘形态成熟、规模增大,表层砂粒级组分波动范围增大、平均粒径变粗、分选性变差;(2)沙丘砂石英颗粒磨圆度普遍较差且有多种原生环境的结构特征,反映物质来源复杂多样,砂物质虽经风力搬运再堆积,但因沙丘的流动性不佳、再搬运距离受限,因此风成砂保存了较多原生环境的作用痕迹;(3)研究区沙丘表层砂粒度与石英砂微结构特征具有侵蚀型沙丘的独特性和植被覆盖影响下的特殊性,粒度参数呈现不规则变化的同时,植被覆盖削弱了不同规模沙丘之间粒度特征的差异,也导致石英砂磨圆度较差、原生作用痕迹丰富。

浑善达克沙地西部新月形沙丘和抛物线沙丘共存区的地貌特征

新月形沙丘和抛物线沙丘可以相互转化和共存,对共存区地貌特征的研究有助于对其形成原因的理解和为防沙治沙提供科学依据。本文基于Esri历史影像服务,对浑善达克沙地西部新月形沙丘和抛物线沙丘共存区3个时期(2008年1月15日、2011年6月4日和2016年9月20日)的沙丘形态参数进行了提取,并计算了沙丘的移动方向和移动速度。结果表明:典型新月形沙丘集中分布于沙地西部的15个与干湖盆有关的区域,雏形新月形沙丘和雏形抛物线沙丘则依次分布在干湖盆外围,干湖盆的出现是浑善达克沙地典型新月形沙丘发育的关键因素,对湖泊干涸引起的沙漠化应引起足够重视。对共存区最典型的5区分析发现,典型新月形沙丘和雏形新月形沙丘在涉及到两翼的形态参数分布模式上与雏形抛物线沙丘有明显差异。进一步对沙丘形态参数间的相关性分析发现,从新月形沙丘向抛物线沙丘的转变过程中,迎风坡长、背风坡长和底面积的变化具有继承性,两翼在该过程中变化最大。此外,3类沙丘的移动方向在数值上差异不大并与合成输沙势方向(RDD)的变化一致,但三者的移动速度差异明显,且影响不同类型沙丘移动速度的因素也不相同。其中,植被对植被覆盖状况相对良好的雏形抛物线沙丘影响最明显,表现为其移动速度与同时期的沙地NDVI变化趋势一致;而风速对植被覆盖较低的典型新月形沙丘和雏形新月形沙丘影响更显著,表现为其移动速度与同时期输沙势(DP)和合成输沙势(RDP)的变化趋势一致。此外,地形、沙源和人类活动对共存区沙丘的形态和移动均有影响。

基于遥感影像的新月形沙丘动态监测

浑善达克沙地地处内蒙古锡林郭勒草原南端,是中国东部沙漠/沙地的重要组成部分。利用遥感影像对沙地内新月形沙丘进行动态监测,结合风况数据,对沙丘移动特征及形态变化进行分析。结果表明:2011-2020年研究区新月形沙丘移动速率范围为1.22~6.63 m/a,均值为4.23 m/a;沙丘移动方向范围为93°~122°,平均移动方向为105°。风况为沙丘移动提供动力条件,沙丘移动方向与起沙风主导风向存在很好的一致性。地表粗糙度的变化造成了沙丘移动速率的差异,沙丘形态对移动速率的影响弱。沙丘形态演化具有复杂性,双风向引起的沙丘不对称,沙源供应状况以及植被覆盖对沙丘形态的改变是造成这种复杂性的主要原因。

新月形沙丘形态的模拟实验研究

新月形沙丘是风沙地貌基本形态之一，一般为高浓度非饱和风沙流所塑造。其形成过程始于风沙运动的“波粒二重性”，并经历沙物质积累（高浓度饱和风沙流）和形体塑造（高浓度不饱和风沙流）两个发育阶段，即耗散性增大和色散性减小过程；非沙质床面零星分布的单个新月形沙丘具有明显的移动性和形态的不稳定性（高大新月形沙山除外）。风洞实验条件下形成的新月形沙丘形态（其尺度比床面沙纹大一个数量级），有助于新月形沙丘形成机制的了解。

新月形沙丘迎风坡形态及沉积物对表面气流的响应

对孤立新月形沙丘迎风坡风速的野外实测和计算表明，沙丘迎风坡表面风速廓线呈非对数关系，近地面剪切风速和输沙强度由坡脚至丘顶总体呈递增趋势，但同时随断面坡度的增减而发生相应的变化；沿断面输沙率的变化导致蚀积强度的改变，表现为沙丘迎风坡坡度变缓的部位沉积大于侵蚀，其它部位侵蚀大于沉积，其中丘顶输沙率和侵蚀强度最大。在沙丘形态上，表现为坡度减缓的部位沉积变凸、其它部位因侵蚀变凹以及坡脚和丘顶的前移。变凸和变凹部位反过来又制约着表面剪切风速的相应变化。粒度分析也表明，沙丘迎风坡表面粒度特征主要取决于表面蚀积状况，同断面形态表现出密切的相关性。

新月形沙丘表面100cm高度内风沙流输沙量垂直分布函数分段拟合

为研究新月形沙丘表面不同层位风沙流输沙量的垂直分布函数,实测了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地典型新月形沙丘表面100 cm高度内（以1 cm分隔）的输沙量。分段拟合分析表明：新月形沙丘迎风坡脚输沙量垂直分布规律不完全服从指数函数,出现与戈壁风沙流结构特征相似的＂象鼻效应＂,在0~3 cm区间内输沙量逐渐增大,3cm以上输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减;沙丘顶部0~10 cm区间输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减,10 cm以上呈二次函数衰减;沙丘左翼端输沙量随高度呈幂函数分布,沙丘右翼端0~20 cm内以指数函数衰减,20 cm以上呈三次函数衰减;沙丘背风坡脚风沙流输沙量在0~60 cm和60 cm以上分别呈不同形式的三次函数分布。

新月形沙丘研究进展

新月形沙丘是最简单且研究较深入的风积地貌,对其研究已有较长的历史。总结和扼要评述国内外对新月形沙丘形态与移动特征、形成条件与过程、流场与蚀积特征、粒度与构造特征及分布与相互作用的研究成果;分析了对其未来的研究趋势。

新月形沙丘稳定性机理——以甘肃河西沙区为例

新月形沙丘是一种重要的沙丘类型,一般存在于绿洲边缘。研究新月形沙丘的稳定性,对于揭示绿洲缘的风沙运动规律有重要学术价值,而到目前新月形沙丘的稳定性还是沙漠生态学领域中一个的尚未解决的科学问题。以河西沙区新月形沙丘为例,通过调查其分布环境、测定沙丘各部位风速和风蚀积沙等,分析了新月形沙丘顶部稳定机理。结果表明:1)甘肃河西沙区的新月形沙丘分布在沙漠边缘的下风向,一般为斑块状分布。分布区域为平坦的沙粘质或沙砾质滩地,丘间地较为开阔且具有明显的主风向。2)主风向(NW)过程是新月形沙丘顶点与沙脊线重合的过程,也是新月形沙丘前移和高度降低的过程;反主风向(SE)过程是新月形沙丘顶点与沙脊线分离的过程,也是新月形沙丘背风坡上部风蚀与沙丘增高的过程。3)新月形沙丘越高大,两翼越长、夹角越小。4)较为开阔的前后滩地是新月形沙丘及新月形沙丘链存在所必须的环境条件,相对单一的主风向是新月形沙丘及新月形沙丘链维持其稳定性的关键因子,反向风及两翼的廊道效应是新月形沙丘增高增大的关键因子,主、反两个方向的风速及其分布频率是控制该区域新月形沙丘及新月形沙丘链高度的限制因子。

河北昌黎典型海岸沙丘的沉积构造及其发育模式

采用探地雷达探测了昌黎海岸沙丘区典型横向沙脊和新月形沙丘的沉积构造,据此初步揭示了研究区海岸沙丘的沉积序列特征和发育过程。结果表明,昌黎海岸带在2 000aBP波浪作用下发育滨岸沙坝,沙坝主要以向海向陆缓倾斜的沉积构造为主,现今的风成沉积发育于滨海相沙坝之上。海岸带向海一侧经历了潮上带前丘到横向沙脊的过程,横向沙脊在东北风的作用下主要发育向陆倾斜的高角度交错层理,同时由于向岸合成风力的阶段性变化,这些层理的倾角略有差异,记录了海岸带风沙活动的周期性变化;内侧新月形沙丘由4组倾角不同的层理组成,被较大规模的二级界面分隔,复合新月形沙丘(链)经历了由盾状沙堆到典型新月形沙丘的加积发育并遭受风蚀的过程。

河西沙区新月形沙丘形态参数观测

新月形沙丘广泛分布于世界各沙漠,是最基本的沙丘形态之一。国内外众多学者对沙丘形态参数间的关系研究表明沙丘高度和宽度间存在线性关系。通过对河西沙区巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠边缘典型新月形沙丘形态的高精度测量,并结合前人对民勤地区新月形沙丘的观测数据,用最小二乘法拟合发现高度和宽度呈正比例关系。并与库姆塔格沙漠5个新月形沙丘的比例系数比较,发现不同自然环境条件下发育的新月形沙丘的比例系数不一致,该系数可以作为描述新月形沙丘的一个特征参数。