Facial basal cell carcinoma:A retrospective study of 67 cases

BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma(BCC)is a slow-growing malignant tumor characterized by local invasiveness but an exceptionally rare metastatic potential.It ideally affects sun-exposed skin of older patients with more propensity for the facial region.AIM To evaluate the different clinicopathological characteristics of the facial BCC and the efficacy and safety of diode laser for the treatment of these lesions.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed facial BCC lesions of<1.5 cm in diameter and subjected them to diode laser ablation during the period from September 2016 to August 2021 at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital,Ramadi City,Iraq.Data matching the age,gender,duration,site,and clinical and histological types were registered for every subject.The functional and aesthetic outcomes and complications following diode laser ablation for each patient were also recorded.RESULTS Of 67 patients with facial BCC,there was 65.67%from the age group≥60 years and 58.21%males.The mean duration of the lesions was 5.15±1.836 mo.The most involved location was the nose(29.85%).About half of the cases belong to the noduloulcerative type.Solid histological type comprises 40.3%of the cases,while the least was keratotic(13.4%).Moreover,65.2%of the solid cases were from the age group≤60 years and 38.6%of the adenoid type from the age group>60 years(P value=0.007).Excellent aesthetic and functional outcomes were reported in all cases after 6 mo of follow-up.Few complications were reported after diode laser ablation.CONCLUSION Facial BCC was mostly seen in the elderly and men.The mean duration was 5.15 mo.The nose was the commonest involved site.Noduloulcerative lesions were seen in approximately half of the lesions.The age of the patients determined the histological type of the lesion(solid type was mostly seen in the age group≤60 years,while,adenoid in the age group>60 years).Diode laser ablation showed excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes following a 6-mo follow-up.

Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Rare Case Report

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer mainly caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays. It is also known as rodent ulcer or basal cell epithelioma. The main mechanism suggested is prolonged exposure to high intensity ultraviolet rays, which causes DNA damage. Pigmented basal cell carcinoma is a rare variety of basal cell carcinoma. Usually, it presents as pigmented nodular mass over the nose or malar region. Other differential diagnoses of this mass, are malignant melanoma and seborrheic keratosis. Treatment of choice is surgical excision with 2 mm of margins.

Establishment of basal cell carcinoma animal model in Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

Basal cell carcinoma （BCC） is the most common skin cancer worldwide, with incidence rates continuing to increase. Ultraviolet radiation is the major environmental risk factor and dysregulation of the Hedgehog （Hh） signaling pathway has been identified in most BCCs. The treatment of locally advanced and metastatic BBCs is still a challenge and requires a better animal model than the widely used rodents for drug development and testing. Chinese tree shrews （Tupaia belangeri chinensis） are closely related to primates, bearing many physiological and biochemical advantages over rodents for characterizing human diseases. Here, we successfully established a Chinese tree shrew BCC model by infecting tail skins with lentiviral SmoA1, an active form of Smoothened （Smo） used to constitutively activate the Hh signaling pathway. The pathological characteristics were verified by immunohistochemical analysis. Interestingly, BCC progress was greatly enhanced by the combined usage of lenUviral SmoA1 and shRNA targeting Chinese tree shrew p53. This work provides a useful animal model for further BCC studies and future

Inhibition of invasiveness and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human colorectal carcinoma cells induced by retinoic acid

Human amniotic basement membrane (HABM) model and agarose drop explant method were used to in-vestigate the effects of retinoic acid(RA) on the invasive-ness alld adhesiveness to the basement membrane, and the migration of a highly invassive human colorectal cancer cell line CCL229. Results showed that 5 ×106 MRA markedly reduced the in vitro invasiveness and adhesiveness to the HABM, and the migration of the CCL229 cells. In addi-tion, to elucidate the relation between expression of epider-mal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the invasiveness of the colorectal carcinoma cells, two well-differentiated, but with different invasiveness colorectal cancer cell lines were compared at mRNA level for expressioll of EGFR by using EGFR cDNA probe labeled with digoxigenin (DIG). Expression of EGFR was showll to be markedly higher in the highly invassive CCL229 cells than that in the low in- vasive CX-1 cells. Furthermore, expression of EGFR in RA treated CCL229 cells gradually decreased with time,the level being the lowest on day 6 of the RA treatment.

Correlation and Expression of COX-2 and P53 Protein in Basal Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid

The correlation between the expression of COX-2 and p53 protein in basal cell carcinoma （BCC） of eyelid and apoptosis was investigated. Specimens of BCC were collected from 40 cases （aged 28-68 y） at the Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University during from 1999 to 2006. Five specimens of paracancerous tissues served as control group. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of COX-2 and p53 in the tissues. The average absorbance （A） and the average positive area rate of COX-2 and p53 protein were measured by image analysis. The positive area rate of COX-2 and p53 protein was analyzed by linear correlation analysis. It was found that COX-2 and p53 proteins were highly expressed in BCC of eyelid, and weakly expressed in paracancerous tissues. Image analysis revealed that the expression of COX-2 and p53 proteins in BCC of eyelid was sig- nificantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues （P〈0.01）. Spearman rank correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the expression of COX-2 and p53 （r=0.113, P=0.421）. It was concluded that COX-2 can increase the expression of p53 protein, therefore suppressing apoptosis.

Effects of Taxotere on invasive potential and multidrug resistance phenotype in pancreatic carcinoma cell line SUIT-2

INTRODUCTIONDevelopment of drug-resistance to chemotherapyand subsequent metastasis of tumor are primarilyresponsible for treatment failure and the death fromcancer. There have been many previous studies onthe relationship between expression of multidrugresistance (MDR) phenotype P-glycoprotein (P-gp)and the malignant properties of tumors, but theresults are often conflicting[1-8]. The difference intumor types or MDR phenotype induced by specificagents might account for this discrepancy. Taxotere(TXT), a member of the family of taxanes, hasantitumor activity through its effect of promotingthe polymerization of tubulin[9,10].

Curaderm, the Long-Awaited Breakthrough for Basal Cell Carcinoma

Background: Basal cells form a continuous cell layer at the bottom of the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. Basal cell carcinoma occurs when a mutation occurs in the DNA of a basal cell. The mutation inhibits apoptosis—the programmed cell death mechanism. The cell continues to multiply but does not die, resulting in a change in the skin, such as a growth or sore that will not heal. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of all cancers. Key words searched for the database of this communication were: Curaderm, BEC 5, cancer, skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer, solamargine, solasonine and solasodine glycosides. Treatments: Several types of treatments are available to remove or destroy basal cell carcinoma. All currently used treatments are indiscriminate and also remove or destroy normal skin cells resulting in compromised cosmetic outcomes. Development of Curaderm Pharmacotherapy: Curaderm pharmacotherapy discriminates and specifically activates apoptosis at the molecular level in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Accordingly, Curaderm pharmacotherapy for basal cell carcinoma effectively and safely treats virtually all types, sizes and lesion locations. This review describes studies from the inception of Curaderm pharmacotherapy and covers the discovery of the anti-cancer effects, mode of action, preclinical, clinical and field applications with emphasis on efficacy, safety, compliance, tolerance, cost effectiveness and especially cosmetic outcome. In 2018 Curaderm was approved by the European Health Authorities as a Medical Device Class 1 for the indication “Topical Treatment with Keratolytic Action, and Antineoplastic Activity in the Treatment and Healing of Localized Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin”.

Basal Cell Carcinoma at Pediatric Age Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome Clinic Experience

The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, associated with PTCH gene mutation. Its presentation is polymorphous, being frequent to appear the clinical triad carcinomas basal cell, odontogenic cysts and skeletal abnormalities. Skin lesions are a very frequent reason for consultation in the paediatric age, being evaluated in most cases in primary care. Sometimes, patients need the intervention of other specialists to deep in a given area. The medical literature shows a fragmented view of the disease, possibly related to the low frequency of appearance of this syndrome, and by the need for intervention of not transversal knowledge specialist, which is why we feel interesting to evaluate the role of specialist who is developing the activity at primary care, with patients who require a multidisciplinary intervention.

Basal cell carcinoma stem cells exhibit osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential

Specific cell subpopulations identified as cancer stem cells(CSCs)can be found in basal cell carcinoma(BCC).Generally,CSCs have a marked trans-differentiation potential that could potentially be used in differentiation therapies.However,there are no studies regarding BCC CSCs multipotency.The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristic of CSCs of BCC with emphasis on their differentiation potential upon specific induction.Specific staining and cell morphology were used for differentiation confirmation,along with the expression analysis of osteogenic(ALP,BSP,Runx2,OCN,BMP2),chondrogenic(COL1 and COL2A1),adipogenic(PPAR-γ)and neurogenic(Nestin and MAP2)markers.BCC CSCs differentiated into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages,as judged by staining and high expression of specific markers(from 2-to 92-fold higher upon induction).Concomitantly with differentiation,the levels of cancer stem cell markers decreased in the cultures.Adipo-differentiation and neuro-differentiation were unsuccessful.In conclusion,BCC CSCs exhibit the capacity to trans-differentiate,a characteristic that may potentially be useful in the development of new strategies for the treatment of aggressive BCCs.

Recurrent basal cell carcinoma of lower lid invading the orbit and whole hemiface reconstructed by rectus abdominis free flap

Dear Sir, I am Dong Hyun Ji, from the Department of Ophthalmology of St. Vincent’s Hospital, Suwon, Korea. I write to present a very severely recurrent basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in lower lid invading left orbit and whole hemiface,

Vulvar Basal Cell Carcinoma of a 40 Years Old Black Woman: About a Case and Literature Review

Vulva Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a rare tumor. It usually occurs in Caucasians at an advanced age. We present a case of vulvar BCC in an African patient under 40 years old with HIV infection successfully treated surgically. This presentation is exceptional because of age, race, and the immune status of the patient.

Expression of PinX1 and hTERT in basal cell carcinoma and their implications

Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression and significance of PIN2/TERF1 interacting, telomerase inhibitor 1(Pin X1) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase(h TERT) in basal cell carcinoma(BCC). Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed to quantify the m RNA expressions and integrated optical density(IOD), respectively, of Pin X1 and h TERT in BCC specimens(n = 30), as well as in normal skin specimens(n = 15). Results The m RNA expression level and IOD of Pin X1 in the BCC samples were both significantly lower than those in the control specimens(P < 0.05). Conversely, the m RNA expression level and IOD of h TERT in BCC were both significantly higher than that in the control samples(P < 0.05). The correlation between the expression levels of Pin X1 and h TERT showed no statistical significance(P > 0.05). Conclusion Downregulation of Pin X1 and upregulation of h TERT expression may be associated with the activation and maintenance of telomerases in the induction of BCC.

Periocular basal cell carcinoma-current treatment concepts

Basal cell carcinoma(BCC)is by far the most common human skin cancer.In Caucasians,BCCs account for around 90%of periocular malignancies.However,periocular BCCs are usually neglected due to their slow and painless growth,unless presenting complaints,e.g.,large size,bleeding,recurrent infections of the tumor,or secondary symptoms resulting from adjacent structures involvement as epiphora,limited eye globe motility as well as globe displacement.Moreover,although the tumor can usually be cured with local excision,local recurrence can occur in up to 20%of eyelid BCC cases.Recurrent BCCs of the eyelid show a poorer overall prognosis than the primary ones.In addition,the management of advanced diseases,such as orbital or intracranial invasion as well as metastatic lesions,is challenging and often involves a multidisciplinary approach.In this paper,we reviewed the recent research progress of pathogenesis,clinical presentation,and therapeutics of periocular BCCs.We introduced the molecular pathogenesis of BCCs[multi-step ultraviolet(UV)-induced carcinogenesis model,genetic predisposition,and epigenetic changes],clinical classification,and tumor-node-metastasis(TNM)clinically stage of eyelid skin BCCs.We also emphasized the treatment of BCCs,i.e.,surgical resection,oculoplastic reconstruction,and alternative therapies(radiation therapy,systemic therapy,topical therapy,and prophylactic therapy).In the end,we proposed that considering the possible iatrogenic damage to the surface of the eye by surgical excision,the treatment of periocular BCCs is recommended to be performed by or in the presence of an oculoplastic surgeon.

Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is a common skin carcinogenesis that occurs in the epidermis and the basal layer of the skin.in general,basal cell carcinoma grows slowly,rarely metastasizes,but is locally invasive and destructive.The diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations,but the clinicopathological manifestations are different,and sometimes it is difficult to differentiate from pigmented nevus,malignant melanoma,etc.Therefore,skin biopsy is essential for the diagnosis and assessment of the risk of recurrence.There are many ways to treat basal cell carcinoma.This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment.

The Future Therapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma? Non-Invasive Physical Plasma as an Innovative Oncological Therapy Modality

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most important urological tumors and is one of the most common cancer diseases worldwide. Unfortunately, the treatment options are very limited due to resistances. Non-invasive physical plasma (NIPP) is currently becoming a promising and very well tolerated treatment option for cancer. NIPP represents a highly energized gas and induces varying antioncogenic cell responses in tumor cells. And also in the case of RCC, NIPP treatment has great potential to enhance and supplement existing anticancer treatment options. Outstanding characteristics of NIPP treatment are 1) a precise and local effect on the treated tissue and 2) an almost exclusive effect on treated tumor cells without side effects. This allows an enormously large therapeutic window and makes the combination of NIPP treatment and classical therapy appear particularly promising. In addition to RCC, plasma oncology offers an extremely innovative physical treatment method for future oncology in general. This brief review article summarizes the current knowledge on the potential use of NIPP in RCC therapy.

Genistein inhibits invasive potential of human hepatocellular carcinoma by altering cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis

AIM： To study the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of genistein on invasive potential of Bel 7402 hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） cells and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS： Bel 7402 HCC cells were exposed to genistein. The invasive activity of tumor cells was assayed in transwell cell culture chamber, p125^FAK expression and cell cycle were evaluated by a functional assay. Cell apoptosis analysis was performed with TUNEL method. In addition, bilateral subrenal capsule xenograft transplantation of HCC was performed in 10 nude mice. Genistein was injected and the invasion of HCC into the renal parenchyma was observed. Nicrovessels with immunohistochemical staining were detected. RESULTS： Genistein significantly inhibited the growth of Bel 7402 cells, the inhibitory rate of tumor cells was 26 -42%. The invasive potential of Bel 7402 cells in vitro was significantly inhibited, the inhibitory rate was 11- 28%. Genistein caused G2/M cell cycle arrest, S phase decreased significantly. The occurrence of apoptosis in genistein group increased significantly. The expression of p125^FAK in 5 μg/mL genistein group （15.26±0.16%） and 10 μg/mL genistein group （12.89±0.36%） was significantly lower than that in the control group （19.75± 1.12%, P〈0.05）. Tumor growth in genistein-treated nude mice was significantly retarded in comparison to control mice, the inhibitory rate of tumor growth was about 20%. Genistein also significantly inhibited the invasion of Bel 7402 cells into the renal parenchyma of nude mice with xenograft transplant. The positive unit value of microvessels in genistein-treated group （10.422 ±0.807） was significantly lower than that in control group （22.330 ± 5.696, P〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Genistein can effectively inhibit the invasive potential of Bel 7402 HCC cells by altering cell cycle, apoptosis and angiogenesis, inhibition of focal adhesion kinase may play a significant role in this process.

The Role of Bcl-2, CD10 and CD34 Expression in Differentiation between Basal Cell Carcinoma and Trichoepithelioma

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and trichoepithelioma (TE) have some similarities clinically and histologically. The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of Bcl-2, CD10 and CD34 in differentiation between BCC and TE. Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2, CD10 and CD34 was evaluated in 20 BCCs and 12 TEs in a retrospective study. The localization of these markers in tumor and stromal cells was determined and comparison between BCC and TE was done. Immunohistochemistry for Bcl-2, CD10 and CD34 was performed on sections obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. Bcl-2, CD10 and CD34 immunoreactivity in the stromal and/or tumor cells was determined as follows: negative (0);1+ (10% - 50% positive cells);and 2+ (>50% positive cells). Results: In BCC (20 cases), the expression of Bcl-2 in stromal cells showed (0) immunoreactivity in 8 cases (40%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 7 cases (35%), and (2+) immunoreactivity in 5 cases (25%). Tumoral cells showed diffuse positivity in 20 out of 20 cases (100%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 5 cases (25%) and (2+) immunoreactivity in 15 cases (75%). On the other hand, the expression of Bcl2 in TE, 4 cases showed positive stromal cells out of 12 (33.33%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 2 cases (16.6%) and (2+) immunoreactivity in 2 cases (16.6%), and 8 cases showed no immunoreactivity. Tumoral cells showed positivity in 12 out of 12 cases (100%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 5 cases (41.6%), (2+) immunoreactivity in 7 cases (58.3%). In BCC cases, the expression of CD10 was noted in stromal cells in 8 out of 20 cases (40%), 5 cases showed positivity in stromal and basaloid cells and 3 cases showed positivity in stromal cells only, and 12 cases showed no immunoreactivity (60%). Tumor cells showed positivity in 11 cases out of 20 (55%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 6 cases (30%), (2+) in 5 cases (25%), and 9 cases showed no immunoreactivity (45%). On the other hand, the expression of CD10 in TE 7 cases showed positive stromal cells out of 12 (58.33%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 5 cases (41.6%) and (2+) in 2 cases (16.6%), and 5 cases showed no immunoreactivity (41.66%). Tumor cells showed positivity in 5 cases out of 12 (41.66%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 4 cases (33.33%) and (2+) in 1 case (8.3%), and 7 cases showed no immunoreactivity (58.33%). In BCC cases, the expression of CD34 was noted in stromal cells in14 cases out of 20 cases (70%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 10 cases (50%) and (2+) in 4 cases (20%), and 6 cases showed no immunoreactivity (30%). On the other hand, the expression of CD34 in TE, 10 cases showed positive stromal cells out of 12 (83.33%), (1+) immunoreactivity in 6 cases (50%) and (2+) in 4 cases (33.33%), and 2 cases showed no immunoreactivity (16.6%). Tumor cells showed no immunoreactivity for CD 34 in both BCC and trichoepithelioma, (100%) negative tumor cells. Significant difference of tumor\stromal cells immunoreactivity for Bcl-2 and CD34 in both BCC and TE but it was insignificant for CD10. Conclusion: We conclude that Bcl-2 CD10, CD34 are useful markers in the differential diagnosis of BCC versus TE.

Hypoxia-induced enhancement of cell invasiveness in SMMC7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Objective To explore the effects of hypoxia(1% O2)on the ability of cell invasiveness and expression of KAI1/CD82 in SMMC7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Methods SMMC7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells were cultured by hypoxia(1% O2)in vitro,and the ability of cell invasiveness was analyzed by cell invasion assay.Immunohistochemistry staining technique was used to evaluate the protein expression of KAI1/CD82.Results Cell invasion assay revealed that hypoxia enhanced the ability of invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.In addition,KAI1/CD82 protein expression was positive in cultured SMMC7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells,and it was located diffusedly in the cytoplasm and on the membrane.KAI1/CD82 protein expression was down-regulated when mediated by hypoxia;at the same time,it showed a time-effect relationship.Conclusion Hypoxia can enhance invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.The down-regulation of KAI1/CD82 expression may play a certain role in those courses.

Peroxidative Activity in Patients with Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma

Oxidative status assessment is an initial step in tumor related studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study considering oxidative activity of both serum and tissue specimens in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is the most common tumor in the world. Concentration of Malondialdehide (MDA) in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and individually matched normal skin tissue were examined with spectrophotometery method. Fresh normal and cancerous skin paired tissue was obtained from 60 patients who underwent curative BCC resection at one center in Tehran (Razi hospital). Serum Concentration of Malondialdehide (MDA) in these patients and 55 normal subjects were also measured. MDA level in cancerous tissue of patients with skin BCC (1.0 ± 0.14 ng/g) was significantly (p = 0.001) higher than normal neighboring skin tissue (0.3 ± 0.07 ng/g). A remarkable (Not significant, P = 0.18) increase was found in the serum MDA level in patients with skin BCC (8.0 ± 2.3 ng/ml) in comparison with the control subjects (7.3 ± 2.9 ng/ml). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.276, p = 0.03) was found between Serum MDA and skin tissue MDA for non-affected skin tissue (normal neighboring skin), whereas no significant correlation (p > 0.05) was found for cancerous tissue. Cut-point of 5.2 ng/ml of serum MDA concentration showed a screening sensitivity of 95%. There is an active oxidative process in BCC lesions. Serum MDA concentration can be used either as a screening test or a predictor for tissue MDA concentration.

A Rare Case of a Large Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

We present an interesting and unusual case of a 5 cm well-demarcated erosive plaque on the labia minora, extending to the vagina in an 85-year-old woman, causing pain and discomfort for 2 years. The patient was treated several times with topical and systemic anti-fungals without benefit. Histopathology revealed a typical superficial spreading basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the patient was referred to a gynecologist for surgical excision. Our case is an alert of BCCs arising on the genital area because they are rare and patients usually present with large lesions, as they do not seek medical attention for what they consider simple irritation. Physicians easily misdiagnose these cancers as inflammatory or infectious dermatoses.