Agent-based models (ABMs) are capable of constructing individual system components at different levels of representation to describe non-linear relationships between those components. Compared to a traditional mathema...Agent-based models (ABMs) are capable of constructing individual system components at different levels of representation to describe non-linear relationships between those components. Compared to a traditional mathematical modeling approach, agent-based models have an inherent spatial component with which they can easily describe local interactions and environmental heterogeneity. Furthermore, agent-based model maps interactions among agents inherently to the biological phenomenon by embedding the stochastic nature and dynamics transitions, thereby demonstrating suitability for the development of complex biological processes. Recently, an abundance of literature has presented application of agent-based modeling in the biological system. This review focuses on application of agent-based modeling to progression in simulation of infectious disease in the human immune system and discusses advantages and disadvantages of agent-based modeling application. Finally, potential implementation of agent-based modeling in relation to infectious disease modeling in future research is explored.展开更多
Vector-borne diseases are highly sensitive to environment and to environmental changes. Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is a mosquito-borne zootic virus associated with severe diseases in human beings and economic consequence...Vector-borne diseases are highly sensitive to environment and to environmental changes. Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is a mosquito-borne zootic virus associated with severe diseases in human beings and economic consequences to livestock sector. Animal and human movements have a fundamental impact on RVF transmission. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of mathematics and agent based models to represent and analyze the dynamic of RFV transmission. However, no previous study has taken into consideration animal herds’ mobility and precipitation factors to understand the disease spread. This limitation underlines the necessity to use computational model approach based on multi-agent system in the study of vector-borne diseases transmission and diffusion. In this paper, a multi-agent system combining conceptual model expressiveness is used to study animal herds’ mobility and the precipitation parameter impact on the Rift Valley Fever outbreak in Ferlo Barkedji in Northern Senegal. Simulation scenarios with various parameters, including rain quality, hosts, vectors, camp dispersal around ponds, etc., are unrolled. The different results we have obtained show that the evolution of the number of infected hosts and infected vectors depend on the degree of animal herds’ mobility and on precipitations. Our model provides a framework that permits predicting the spread of the disease associated with the mobility of animal herds.展开更多
We present a mathematical model of a day care center in a developed country (such as Canada), in order to use it for the estimation of individual-to-individual contact rates in young age groups and in an educational g...We present a mathematical model of a day care center in a developed country (such as Canada), in order to use it for the estimation of individual-to-individual contact rates in young age groups and in an educational group setting. In our model, individuals in the population are children (ages 1.5 to 4 years) and staff, and their interactions are modelled explicitly: person-to-person and person-to-environment, with a very high time resolution. Their movement and meaningful contact patterns are simulated and then calibrated with collected data from a child care facility as a case study. We present these calibration results as a first part in the further development of our model for testing and estimating the spread of infectious diseases within child care centers.展开更多
To describe the current aging population in China and globally,especially as it applies to age-related macular degeneration(AMD).To review the current standards of care for treating both wet(exudative)eAMD and dry(atr...To describe the current aging population in China and globally,especially as it applies to age-related macular degeneration(AMD).To review the current standards of care for treating both wet(exudative)eAMD and dry(atrophic)aAMD.And to introduce a model for experimentation that is based on the Age-Related Eye Disease Study(AREDS)using eye bank tissue.A literature search that outlines current aging populations,standards of clinical treatment as defined by large,multicenter,randomized clinical trials that present level-I data with a low risk for bias.An experimental model system of AMD is presented that enables scientific analysis of AMD pathogenesis by applying grading criteria from the AREDS to human eye bank eyes.Analysis includes proteomic,cellular,and functional genomics.The standard of care for the treatment of eAMD is currently defined by the use of several anti-vascular endothelial growth(anti-VEGF)agents alone or in combination with photodynamic therapy.Monotherapy treatment intervals may be monthly,as needed,or by using a treat-and-extend(TAE)protocol.There are no proven therapies for aAMD.AMD that is phenotypically defined at AREDS level 3,should be managed with the use of anti-oxidant vitamins,lutein/zeaxanthin and zinc(AREDS-2 formulation).By understanding the multiple etiologies in the pathogenesis of AMD(i.e.,oxidative stress,inflammation,and genetics),the use of human eye bank tissues graded according to the Minnesota Grading System(MGS)will enable future insights into the pathogenesis of AMD.Initial AMD management is with lifestyle modification such as avoiding smoking,eating a healthy diet and using appropriate vitamin supplements(AREDS-2).For eAMD,anti-VEGF therapies using either pro re nata(PRN)or TAE protocols are recommended,with photodynamic therapy in appropriate cases.New cellular information will direct future,potential therapies and these will originate from experimental models,such as the proposed eye bank model using the MGS,that leverages the prospective AREDS database.展开更多
碱基编辑技术起源于CRISPR/Cas系统,是目前最新的基因定点修饰技术。根据碱基编辑器的功能特点,可将碱基编辑器分为胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(cytosine base editor,CBE)、腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(adenine base editor,ABE)、糖基化酶碱基编辑器(glyco...碱基编辑技术起源于CRISPR/Cas系统,是目前最新的基因定点修饰技术。根据碱基编辑器的功能特点,可将碱基编辑器分为胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(cytosine base editor,CBE)、腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(adenine base editor,ABE)、糖基化酶碱基编辑器(glycosylase base editor,GBE)、腺嘌呤碱基颠换编辑器(adenine transversion base editor,AYBE)、双碱基编辑器(dual base editor,DBE)和引导编辑器(prime editor,PE)。自碱基编辑系统诞生以来,已经广泛运用于动植物的研究中,并且已经证明了它在动植物遗传改良和疾病治疗中具有巨大应用价值。猪作为一种重要的农业经济动物和优良的动物疾病模型,对其进行遗传改良则变得十分重要。碱基编辑技术因其操作便利、高效、副产物少以及性价比高等特点,被迅速应用于动植物的遗传改良,并为人类的基因治疗提供技术支持。本文着重介绍了碱基编辑技术的开发、优化、应用特点、存在的问题以及对未来的展望,并总结了其在猪中的应用。以期为相关科研工作者了解碱基编辑技术提供参考。展开更多
目的创新慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases,COPD)临床教学,在传统教学法(Lecture-based Learning,LBL)基础上使用基于图尔敏模型的案例教学法(Case Study Based Learning,CBL),分析CBL+LBL联合教学法的教学效...目的创新慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases,COPD)临床教学,在传统教学法(Lecture-based Learning,LBL)基础上使用基于图尔敏模型的案例教学法(Case Study Based Learning,CBL),分析CBL+LBL联合教学法的教学效果。方法选取2022年10月—2023年1月山东大学齐鲁医院德州医院呼吸内科COPD的50名实习医师作为研究对象,采用抛硬币法将其分为传统教学组(n=25)和联合教学组(n=25)。传统教学组采用LBL法,联合教学组在传统教学组的教学基础上采用基于图尔敏模型的CBL教学方法,对比两组理论成绩与综合技能考核评分、教学满意度评分、推理反思能力评分。结果联合教学组理论成绩(91.02±2.00)分、综合技能考核评分(93.23±1.50)分,高于传统教学组的(80.25±1.50)分、(81.20±1.00)分,差异有统计学意义(t=23.595、36.544,P均<0.05)。联合教学组教学满意度评分显著高于传统教学组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。教学前,两组医师推理反思能力评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。教学后,联合教学组推理反思能力评分显著高于传统教学组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论COPD临床教学理论多,对实习医师的学习能力要求较高。CBL+LBL联合教学法能够提高COPD教学效果,有助于培养实习医师推理反思能力,实习医师教学满意度较高。展开更多
Background The prevalence of chronic kidney disease （CKD） and prediabetes has increased in China, and at different rates in different locations. Therefore a community-based screening research was conducted in order ...Background The prevalence of chronic kidney disease （CKD） and prediabetes has increased in China, and at different rates in different locations. Therefore a community-based screening research was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of CKD and prediabetes, and to analyze associated risk factors of CKD and prediabetes in a city of Southern China.Methods A total of 7801 community residents aged 18 year and older from 6 communities were screened by a stratified random cluster sampling method. An estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR）, albuminuria, fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） were measured. Age-standardized prevalence was calculated by the direct method with the use of data on the population distribution in China in 2006. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of CKD and ＂prediabetes, and association of insulin resistance （IR） with CKD and prediabetes was analyzed.Results The age-standardized prevalence of CKD was 12.5%, eGFR 〈60 ml.min^-1.1.73 m2 was 2.7% and ACR （albumin to creatinine ratio） 〉30 mg/g was 10.3%. The age-standardized prevalence of prediabetes was 12.1%. Logistic regression suggests that IR was a common independent risk factor of CKD and prediabetes. Further analysis show that HOMA-IR was increased with the aggravation of kidney injury and FPG. Conclusion CKD and prediabetes have become a major public health problem in Zhuhai, Southern China; insulin resistance may be an important risk factor.展开更多
文摘Agent-based models (ABMs) are capable of constructing individual system components at different levels of representation to describe non-linear relationships between those components. Compared to a traditional mathematical modeling approach, agent-based models have an inherent spatial component with which they can easily describe local interactions and environmental heterogeneity. Furthermore, agent-based model maps interactions among agents inherently to the biological phenomenon by embedding the stochastic nature and dynamics transitions, thereby demonstrating suitability for the development of complex biological processes. Recently, an abundance of literature has presented application of agent-based modeling in the biological system. This review focuses on application of agent-based modeling to progression in simulation of infectious disease in the human immune system and discusses advantages and disadvantages of agent-based modeling application. Finally, potential implementation of agent-based modeling in relation to infectious disease modeling in future research is explored.
文摘Vector-borne diseases are highly sensitive to environment and to environmental changes. Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is a mosquito-borne zootic virus associated with severe diseases in human beings and economic consequences to livestock sector. Animal and human movements have a fundamental impact on RVF transmission. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of mathematics and agent based models to represent and analyze the dynamic of RFV transmission. However, no previous study has taken into consideration animal herds’ mobility and precipitation factors to understand the disease spread. This limitation underlines the necessity to use computational model approach based on multi-agent system in the study of vector-borne diseases transmission and diffusion. In this paper, a multi-agent system combining conceptual model expressiveness is used to study animal herds’ mobility and the precipitation parameter impact on the Rift Valley Fever outbreak in Ferlo Barkedji in Northern Senegal. Simulation scenarios with various parameters, including rain quality, hosts, vectors, camp dispersal around ponds, etc., are unrolled. The different results we have obtained show that the evolution of the number of infected hosts and infected vectors depend on the degree of animal herds’ mobility and on precipitations. Our model provides a framework that permits predicting the spread of the disease associated with the mobility of animal herds.
文摘We present a mathematical model of a day care center in a developed country (such as Canada), in order to use it for the estimation of individual-to-individual contact rates in young age groups and in an educational group setting. In our model, individuals in the population are children (ages 1.5 to 4 years) and staff, and their interactions are modelled explicitly: person-to-person and person-to-environment, with a very high time resolution. Their movement and meaningful contact patterns are simulated and then calibrated with collected data from a child care facility as a case study. We present these calibration results as a first part in the further development of our model for testing and estimating the spread of infectious diseases within child care centers.
基金This work was supported in part by NIH/NIA RO1 AG025392 NIH/NEI:RO1 EY022097,JoAnne Smith and Delta Airlines Charitable Donation,and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness to the Mayo Clinic,Department of Ophthalmology,Rochester,MN,USA.
文摘To describe the current aging population in China and globally,especially as it applies to age-related macular degeneration(AMD).To review the current standards of care for treating both wet(exudative)eAMD and dry(atrophic)aAMD.And to introduce a model for experimentation that is based on the Age-Related Eye Disease Study(AREDS)using eye bank tissue.A literature search that outlines current aging populations,standards of clinical treatment as defined by large,multicenter,randomized clinical trials that present level-I data with a low risk for bias.An experimental model system of AMD is presented that enables scientific analysis of AMD pathogenesis by applying grading criteria from the AREDS to human eye bank eyes.Analysis includes proteomic,cellular,and functional genomics.The standard of care for the treatment of eAMD is currently defined by the use of several anti-vascular endothelial growth(anti-VEGF)agents alone or in combination with photodynamic therapy.Monotherapy treatment intervals may be monthly,as needed,or by using a treat-and-extend(TAE)protocol.There are no proven therapies for aAMD.AMD that is phenotypically defined at AREDS level 3,should be managed with the use of anti-oxidant vitamins,lutein/zeaxanthin and zinc(AREDS-2 formulation).By understanding the multiple etiologies in the pathogenesis of AMD(i.e.,oxidative stress,inflammation,and genetics),the use of human eye bank tissues graded according to the Minnesota Grading System(MGS)will enable future insights into the pathogenesis of AMD.Initial AMD management is with lifestyle modification such as avoiding smoking,eating a healthy diet and using appropriate vitamin supplements(AREDS-2).For eAMD,anti-VEGF therapies using either pro re nata(PRN)or TAE protocols are recommended,with photodynamic therapy in appropriate cases.New cellular information will direct future,potential therapies and these will originate from experimental models,such as the proposed eye bank model using the MGS,that leverages the prospective AREDS database.
文摘碱基编辑技术起源于CRISPR/Cas系统,是目前最新的基因定点修饰技术。根据碱基编辑器的功能特点,可将碱基编辑器分为胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(cytosine base editor,CBE)、腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(adenine base editor,ABE)、糖基化酶碱基编辑器(glycosylase base editor,GBE)、腺嘌呤碱基颠换编辑器(adenine transversion base editor,AYBE)、双碱基编辑器(dual base editor,DBE)和引导编辑器(prime editor,PE)。自碱基编辑系统诞生以来,已经广泛运用于动植物的研究中,并且已经证明了它在动植物遗传改良和疾病治疗中具有巨大应用价值。猪作为一种重要的农业经济动物和优良的动物疾病模型,对其进行遗传改良则变得十分重要。碱基编辑技术因其操作便利、高效、副产物少以及性价比高等特点,被迅速应用于动植物的遗传改良,并为人类的基因治疗提供技术支持。本文着重介绍了碱基编辑技术的开发、优化、应用特点、存在的问题以及对未来的展望,并总结了其在猪中的应用。以期为相关科研工作者了解碱基编辑技术提供参考。
文摘目的创新慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases,COPD)临床教学,在传统教学法(Lecture-based Learning,LBL)基础上使用基于图尔敏模型的案例教学法(Case Study Based Learning,CBL),分析CBL+LBL联合教学法的教学效果。方法选取2022年10月—2023年1月山东大学齐鲁医院德州医院呼吸内科COPD的50名实习医师作为研究对象,采用抛硬币法将其分为传统教学组(n=25)和联合教学组(n=25)。传统教学组采用LBL法,联合教学组在传统教学组的教学基础上采用基于图尔敏模型的CBL教学方法,对比两组理论成绩与综合技能考核评分、教学满意度评分、推理反思能力评分。结果联合教学组理论成绩(91.02±2.00)分、综合技能考核评分(93.23±1.50)分,高于传统教学组的(80.25±1.50)分、(81.20±1.00)分,差异有统计学意义(t=23.595、36.544,P均<0.05)。联合教学组教学满意度评分显著高于传统教学组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。教学前,两组医师推理反思能力评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。教学后,联合教学组推理反思能力评分显著高于传统教学组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论COPD临床教学理论多,对实习医师的学习能力要求较高。CBL+LBL联合教学法能够提高COPD教学效果,有助于培养实习医师推理反思能力,实习医师教学满意度较高。
文摘Background The prevalence of chronic kidney disease （CKD） and prediabetes has increased in China, and at different rates in different locations. Therefore a community-based screening research was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of CKD and prediabetes, and to analyze associated risk factors of CKD and prediabetes in a city of Southern China.Methods A total of 7801 community residents aged 18 year and older from 6 communities were screened by a stratified random cluster sampling method. An estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR）, albuminuria, fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） were measured. Age-standardized prevalence was calculated by the direct method with the use of data on the population distribution in China in 2006. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of CKD and ＂prediabetes, and association of insulin resistance （IR） with CKD and prediabetes was analyzed.Results The age-standardized prevalence of CKD was 12.5%, eGFR 〈60 ml.min^-1.1.73 m2 was 2.7% and ACR （albumin to creatinine ratio） 〉30 mg/g was 10.3%. The age-standardized prevalence of prediabetes was 12.1%. Logistic regression suggests that IR was a common independent risk factor of CKD and prediabetes. Further analysis show that HOMA-IR was increased with the aggravation of kidney injury and FPG. Conclusion CKD and prediabetes have become a major public health problem in Zhuhai, Southern China; insulin resistance may be an important risk factor.
