Aeromagnetic data and geological structure of continental China:A review

We review the latest aeromagnetic geological data of continental China. We discuss the latest achievements in geological mapping and the newly detected features based on aeromagnetic data. Using aeromagnetic data collected for more than 50 years, a series of 1：5000000 and 1：1000000 aeromagnetic maps of continental China were compiled using state-of-the-art digital technology, and data processing and transformation. Guided by plate tectonics and continental dynamics, rock physical properties, and magnetic anomalies, we compiled maps of the depth of the magnetic basement of continental China and the major geotectonic units, and presented newly detected geological structures based on the aeromagnefic data.

Basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China

The seismic data obtained from high resolution seismic refraction profile in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area in Xinjiang, China were further processed with ray hit analysis method and more complete basement interface structural characteristics beneath Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area were determined. The results show that there are two clear basement interfaces at the upper crust in Jiashi strong earthquake swarm area. The first one with buried depth ranging from 2.6 km to 3.3 km presents integral and continuous structure, and it appears an inclined plane interface and smoothly rises up toward Tianshan Mountain. The second basement interface with buried depth from 8.5 km to 11.8 km, is the antiquated crystalline basement of Tarim basin. Near the post number of 37 km, the buried depth of the crystalline basement changed abruptly by 2.5 km, which maybe result from an ultra crystalline basement fault. If taking this fault as a boundary, the crystalline basement could be divided into two parts, i.e. the southwestern segment with buried depth about 11.5 km, and the northeastern segment with buried depth approxi-mately from 8.5 km to 9.0 km. That is to say, in each segment, the buried depth changes not too much. The northeast segment rises up as a whole and upheaves slightly from southwest to northeast, which reflects the upper crustal deformation characteristics under the special tectonic background at the northwestern edge of Tarim basin.

A Preliminary Analysis of Relations Between Tectonic Deformation of Sedimentary Cover and Basement in Kuqa Depression

Study of seismic activity in the Kuqa area enables us to infer some possible active faults in basement from the epicentral distribution on different profiles. The relations between active faults in the basement and surface structures are analyzed and the difference between sedimentary cover and basement in their deformation characteristics and the genesis are discussed. The following conclusions have been drawn: (1) the epicentral distribution indicates that, the east Qiulitag and south and north Qiulitag deep faults in the basement correspond to the east and west Qiulitag anticlines, respectively. Moreover, deep faults also exist beneath the Yiqiklik and Yaken anticlines. It indicates that the formation of surface structures is controlled by deep structures; (2) A NE-trending strike-slip fault develops along the line from the western termination of Yiqiklik structure to Dongqiu Well 5 and a NW-trending active fault on the western side of Baicheng. The two active faults across the tectonic strike are the main causes for tectonic segmentation of the Kuqa depression and possibly the cause for the middle segment (Kuqa-Baicheng) of the depression to be more shortened than both its eastern and western terminations; (3) The difference between the sedimentary cover and basement in their deformation characteristics depends mainly on the different properties of media between them. The lithospheric strength of the basement in the basin is fairly high, which determines the basement deformation to be mainly of brittle fracture——seismic activity. While the strength of sedimentary cover is low, where there exist weak thin layers, such as coal and gyps. Under the effect of strong tectonic compression, the sedimentary rocks may undergo strong viscous or plastic flow deformation; meanwhile, an aseismic detachment may take place along the weak layers.

南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间的重新认定

由于磁异常条带识别的不确定性而使其具有多解性,因此对于应用磁异常条带对比得出的南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间一直存在较大的争议。随着南海勘探活动的不断深入和资料的大量积累,有必要对这一重要问题给予重新认定。最新研究发现:南海中央海盆初始扩张区域的南、北边缘发育晚始新世-早渐新世(T7-Tog)沉积层序,说明洋壳基底之上的最早沉积层年代要老于原来认识的32-33Ma。在南海,持续时间长、活动强烈、形成近东-西向构造体系的变革运动发生时间为40Ma左右。南海陆缘不整合面对比证实,将T8界面(37.2-40Ma)作为南海初始扩张的破裂不整合面更为准确。由此得出结论,南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间应为39-40Ma左右。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部重磁场及其基底断裂特征研究

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地北部基底断裂特征,在分析其重磁场特征基础上,采用小波多尺度分解和功率谱分析的方法获取了基底重磁异常场,并对其基底断裂构造进行了综合识别和解释。研究发现盆地北部布格重力异常场呈东高西低、航磁场呈近东西、正负相间排列的特征;盆内发育28条基底断裂,整体上以NE向和EW向基底断裂为主,NW和SN向基底断裂错断或斜交分布的构造格架;EW—NE向基底断裂形成于~1.95 Ga阴山地块与鄂尔多斯地块的陆陆碰撞事件,其中新召北—泊尔江海子南(F4+F10)基底断裂带在中元古代之前是一条不同构造单元的分界线;SN—NW向基底断裂是上述陆陆碰撞过程中形成的撕裂构造,中元古代在近EW向拉张应力场下选择性激活。盆地北部基底断裂体系形成是不同陆块相互作用的产物,并在后期选择性活化,为研究华北克拉通化和再造过程提供了构造变形的证据。

塔里木盆地东北缘吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂带构造分析

吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂位于塔里木盆地北缘,南天山山前库车褶皱冲断带的东段,两者均为基底卷入型构造。阳北断裂是一个反转构造,其变形历史可以追溯到侏罗纪—白垩纪的正断层;新生代构造反转,发生了多期冲断变形加速期,分别发生于白垩纪末—古近纪初、古近纪末—新近纪初、中新世早期、上新世和第四纪。吐格尔明背斜构造带是阳北断裂中新世早期及以后的冲断作用派生出来的一个次级基底卷入型构造变形带。它由吐格尔明背斜及其南、北两条呈背冲关系的逆冲断层组成。背斜核部元古宇变质岩出露地表;中、新生界直接不整合于变质岩之上,缺失全部古生界,说明研究区可能属于一个长期存在的古生代古隆起。

东海陆架盆地中部隆起带北西向大断层识别及成因机制

东海陆架盆地不同地区均揭示有局部北西走向断层的存在,但由于对断层缺乏盆地整体研究,导致断层运动学和动力学认识存在争议。以中部隆起带为重点研究区,通过对区域重磁和地震资料的综合分析开展了盆地尺度北西向大断层识别和分布规律研究,探讨了区域北西向大断层构造演化过程及成因机制。结果表明:①中部隆起带发育有10条北西向大断层,该类断层具有分布范围广,断层规模“南大北小”和断面相对低角度的特点,并控制了区域内中生界及古新—中下始新统厚度的南北差异;②北西向大断层形成时间早于北东、北北东向断层,主要经历中生代燕山期正断层发育、中生代末期至早中始新世伸展-转换断层发育、中晚始新世到渐新世断层整体消亡和中—上新世至今断层局部活化四个演化阶段;③北西向大断层的形成与中国东部印支—燕山期先挤压逆冲、后伸展回滑作用有关,反映印支期华南与华北板块南北碰撞向东南方向深入影响至东海陆架盆地区域,形成大量北西走向低角度逆冲断层,燕山期在北西—南东向区域挤压及地壳增厚背景下,存在广泛的北北东—南南西向伸展逃逸,最终控制了北西向低角度正断层的形成。上述研究为区域内深层及基底潜山领域的油气勘探研究提供了支撑。

The Fault Block's Framework in Boli Basin and its Control Over the Deposition

Boli basin, between Yishu fracture belt and Dunmi fracture belt, is the biggest Mesozoic coal basin in the east of Heilongjiang Province. Now it is a fault-fold remnant basin. The basin’s shape is generally consistent with the whole distribution of the cover folds, an arc protruding southwards. The basement of the basin can be divided into three fault blocks or structural units. The formation and evoluation of the basin in Mesozoic was determined by the basement fault blocks’ dis- placement features rusulted from by the movement of the edge faults and the main basement faults.

氦气富集与天然气成藏差异、勘探误区

氦气是重要的稀缺资源,应用广泛且在许多领域不可替代。由于富氦天然气是获取氦气的主要来源,很容易造成认识误区,认为只要能找到天然气自然就能找到氦气资源。但实际上氦气的富集与天然气成藏差异较大,不能用寻找天然气的理论和方法来寻找氦气。为此,针对氦气的富集特点,总结了氦气富集与天然气成藏的差异,系统梳理了氦气勘探中的5大误区,最后针对性地提出了氦气勘探建议。研究结果表明:①氦气的富集与天然气成藏在来源、生成机理、运聚过程(包括初次、二次运移方式)、对构造背景的要求及对地下水活跃程度的要求等诸多方面都存在较大差异。②目前的氦气勘探存在5大认识误区,即在天然气富集甜点区找氦气;富氦气藏需要更好的盖层;坐落在古老基底之上的气藏都可富氦气;在煤层气中寻找氦气;在火山岩储集层中找氦气。结论认为:①寻找富氦气资源,需要避开那些给氦气造成严重稀释的勘探区,避开天然气充注强度高值区域,避免在煤层气和火山岩气藏中找氦气;②在氦气勘探上应该摆脱油气勘探思想的束缚,根据氦气富集条件进行合理选区,氦气通常在基底断裂和古老地层水系统控制下在相同层位的构造高部位气藏中富集,符合这些条件的含气区将是氦气勘探的有利地区。

The fine velocity structure of sediment－base－ment layer in the Three－GorgesRegionoftheChangjiangRiver（YangtzeRiver）

In this paper, the study on the fine velocity structure of sedimental and basement layers along 4 deep seismic sounding profiles in the Three Gorges Region of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) are presented. The velocity of sedimental cover is larger in hills of western Hubei in the western profiles, the total thickness is about 0～0.3 km. However, it becomes thick in southern part of Zigui basin and Zushui river valley, about 5.0 km and 4.0 km thick respectively. The sedimental cover is very thick in Jianghan plains in the eastern profiles, about 5～8 km, and the velocity is lower. The velocity of basemental plane is greater than 6.0 km/s over the whole region. An interface can be divided within the sedimental layer, it is about 3～4 km deep in Jianghan plains, while it approximates to surface in other regions. The profiles are cut by faults in many positions. Where the faults pass, the velocity isopleth varies sharply, and the velocity is obviously low. The basement layer is characterized by high velocity and low gradient, there exist 3 high velocity anomalous zones within the layer, which are located at the west, south and east of Huangling Anticlinorium respectively. They are the upwelling materials of basalt magma with high velocity from deep crust. Perhaps, this process took place before formation of Huangling Anticlinorium. Its action produces the significant variation of basement plane depth and the correspondent development and action of faults.

Depth and Structural Parameters Determination of the Sedimentary Basin in Atmur Nuqra Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt Using Aeromagnetic Data Analysis

The study area is located at the south of the eastern desert of Egypt between latitudes 24°N to 25°N and longitudes 33°E to 33°50'E covering an area of about 9407 km2. The study area is mainly covered with sediments whose age extends from the upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary, in addition to the presence of some basement rocks such as younger granites, metasediments and metagabbro. The research aims essentially to determine the thickness of the sedimentary basin by determining the depth to the top of basement and delineating the subsurface geological structures which affected this sedimentary basin. The Euler depth map exhibited that the north parts of the area have shallow depth values from 1000 m to 2000 m. The southern parts also show a shallow to moderate depths ranging from 1000 m to 2400 m. The deepest parts are located at the middle and at the western parts and are ranging in value from 3000 m to more than 4000 m. The horizontal derivative and tilt derivative techniques proved that the most effective trends all over the study area are NW-SE and NE-SW directions as mentioned in geologic lineaments map. The basement tectonic map shows clearly all the faults affected the area. It shows that there are many high blocks trending mainly in NW-SE and NE-SW directions. All high blocks surround a large sedimentary basin reaches depth of about more than 4000 m. All the results produced from 2D-modeling illustrate that the sedimentary basinal area (G2) is the deeper basin all over the area and it is controlled by some faults and fractures. 3D inversion was used and resulted in that the area of study have many high blocks at shallow to moderate depths which surrounding a large sedimentary basinal area with very deep depth values. All the techniques which applied in this research led to that the largest sedimentary basin is located at the center of the study area with NW-SE trend and depth value of about 4000 m.

松辽盆地开鲁凹陷构造特征及其有利区预测——基于重力异常资料

开鲁凹陷位于松辽盆地西南部,油气前景优良,但研究程度较低。前人主要针对凹陷内次级构造单元进行研究,而对凹陷整体构造和基底特征缺乏研究。为了研究凹陷构造特征,预测油气有利区,笔者等基于重力资料,综合地质、地震等前人相关研究成果,推测了该区的断裂构造;应用Parker法和相关分析法计算了盆地的基底深度;并对凹陷进行了次级构造单元划分及油气有利区预测。研究结果表明:开鲁凹陷重力场特征宏观上表现为由西北向东南重力高和重力低呈条带状相间分布;反映了凹陷内突起与断陷亦由西北向东南相间分布。凹陷内断裂发育,其边界主要受近SN向、EW向及两组NE向断裂控制。开鲁凹陷可进一步划分为8个次级构造单元,各次级构造单元之间以断裂为界。凹陷内新生界、中生界白垩系、侏罗系发育。开鲁凹陷西部清河—苇莲苏断陷带内的平安地断阶,东部茫汉断陷中的茫汉南西缓坡带,南部奈曼旗断陷等区域,油气地质条件良好,为油气有利区。

鄂尔多斯及邻区航磁异常特征及其大地构造意义

本文通过对航磁异常资料进行向上解析延拓、垂向不同阶导数及磁性体边界确定新方法等处理,并结合地震震中分布对鄂尔多斯块体及邻区不同深度场源磁异常特征加以分析研究.结果表明,鄂尔多斯块体虽具有整体刚性的特征,但其内部也存在非均质性;块体东缘的华北克拉通地区经后期改造,产生近SN向的基底软弱带;青藏高原地壳缩短增厚的同时,其东北缘下地壳韧性物质分别沿秦岭、祁连两个软弱带向周缘塑性流动,而且青藏高原巨大的NE向挤压应力造成鄂尔多斯块体逆时针旋转;鄂尔多斯块体及其边界多样化的构造特征反映了不同刚性程度的地质体在外部不同应力作用下产生了显著差异的地质构造形态,这种构造形态具有继承性和叠加性.

准噶尔盆地北部基底结构与属性问题探讨

准噶尔盆地的基底结构与属性一直是地学界关注的焦点问题之一.横跨准噶尔盆地北部,走向近东西的克拉玛依—喀姆斯特地震剖面提供了该盆地北部详细的地壳与上地幔顶部的速度结构与构造,特别是基底顶界面的速度.沿剖面发现了数条走向近南北的"H"型超壳断裂,它们没有明显的断差,断裂处反射系数明显降低,介质的Q值减小,推测具"开裂"性质;利用盆地内1:20万重磁数据完成了重磁联合反演,获得了沿剖面的地壳与上地幔顶部的二维密度结构与二维磁性结构.根据在一定深度范围内介质的速度-密度-岩性之间的关系,确定了盆地北部基底岩性分布.结果表明,准噶尔盆地北部的基底多处为基性和超基性物质,推测为深部(上地幔)物质沿超壳断裂进入地壳内部并对地壳物质进行改造的结果.这一推断得到盆地内部高磁性、高重力异常的支持,也与盆地具有较高的地壳平均速度相一致.综合其他地球物理与地质资料综合分析,给出了综合地质解释剖面,建立了准噶尔盆地北部基底结构与属性的动力学模型.

库车坳陷古隆起与盐构造特征及控油气作用

依据钻井和地震资料,在库车坳陷识别出却勒、大北—吐北、克拉苏、依奇克里克和吐格尔明等古隆起以及盐枕、盐推覆、盐墙等盐构造。这些古隆起和盐构造主要分布于克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带和秋里塔格构造带,并都经历了复杂的形成演化过程,两者关系也非常密切。古隆起决定了盐构造的发育位置和形成过程,盐体一般在古隆起顶部发生聚集增厚,形成盐枕和盐墙构造,并在古隆起两翼盐体减薄处形成盐焊接和鱼尾构造等。古隆起和盐构造对库车地区的油气聚集分布起着重要的控制作用,古隆起的发育不仅有利于改善储层质量,其本身也是油气运移的优势指向区,巨厚膏盐层的存在也为油气聚集提供了极好的封盖作用。另外,古隆起和盐构造的叠加构造变形为油气聚集提供了丰富的构造圈闭和隐蔽圈闭,形成的断裂和不整合也构成了有效的油气输导体系。

塔里木盆地重磁场特征与基底结构分析

根据塔里木盆地的布格重力与航磁资料,通过不同高度的解析延拓、不同方向水平梯度计算,分析了盆地内部与盆地边缘重磁场特征的差异,并反演计算了基底起伏与莫霍面深度。结果显示:盆地内部重磁异常变化相对平缓,盆地边缘变化剧烈;莫霍面形态中部上隆,盆地南北边缘分别向南、北加深;盆地边缘的前陆盆地表现为基底深凹;盆地边缘断裂特征与内部有所不同,边缘断裂基本平行于盆地边界,规模大,延伸长。反映了刚性的塔里木岩石圈在印藏碰撞的远距离效应下发生挠曲与整体变形,盆地边缘发育大型断裂系统,使应变能主要在周边变形最强烈的区域释放,形成了盆地周边比盆地内部活动强烈的特点。

北京平原西北部地壳浅部结构和隐伏活动断裂——由地震反射剖面揭示

已有地质和地球物理研究结果表明,北京平原区存在有多条第四纪隐伏活动断裂和隐伏盆地.为了研究该区的地壳浅部结构、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系,2006年,在北京平原的西北部地区完成了1条60次覆盖的中深层地震反射剖面和跨断裂的浅层地震反射剖面.结果表明,沿剖面结晶基底埋深约为3～6 km;在结晶基底以上,地震反射剖面揭示了一套连续性较好的强反射震相,应是新生代、中生代和古生代的沉积岩系;在结晶基底之下,为一系列横向连续性较差、能量较弱的短小反射事件,可能代表了变质程度较高的结晶变质岩系或不成层的其他岩体.中深层和浅层地震剖面揭示的断裂具有上下一致的对应关系和明显的第四纪活动,对本区地堑-地垒状盆岭构造和新生代地层厚度具有重要的控制作用.本项研究不仅可进一步提高对北京地区新构造活动的认识,而且研究中所采用的方法技术对其他地区的深浅构造探测研究也有借鉴意义.

塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动及其变形机理

本文的目的是探讨塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动过程及其变形机理。在地震剖面解释、钻井资料和地质资料综合分析的基础上,通过编制塔里木盆地不同时期断裂系统图,提出控制塔里木盆地断裂构造形成和演化主要构造活动期次为:加里东早期、加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。加里东早期断裂活动受伸展环境制约,沿先存基底断裂带形成张性正断层。加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期断裂活动以逆冲作用为主,在塔东、塔中、塘古巴斯、巴楚和麦盖提地区最为发育。海西晚期断裂活动也是以逆冲作用为特征,并从早期断裂强烈活动的塔中、塘古巴斯、玛东等地区,迁移到塔北隆起和东部地区。印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期,前陆地区断裂构造发育,形成叠瓦冲断带、褶皱-冲断带、双重构造、盐相关构造等;但在盆内稳定区,断裂构造不发育,活动性弱。古生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,主要与区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换、先存基底断裂带、大型区域性不整合、滑脱带等要素密切相关。区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换主要受控于塔里木周缘洋盆的伸展裂解、俯冲消减和洋盆闭合的时限和强度。先存基底断裂带或基底构造软弱带往往控制着后期断裂的发育位置和展布方向。大型区域性不整合和滑脱带控制着断裂构造的发育和分布层位。中、新生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,与区域大地构造环境及其构造转换、区域构造位置有关。中、新生代塔里木断裂构造主要分为三种环境,即前陆构造环境、盆内稳定区构造环境和隆升剥蚀区构造环境。盆内稳定区断裂构造不发育,活动性较弱。中、新生代断裂构造主体发育在前陆构造环境中,主要受控于周缘造山带强烈隆升、挤压冲断、走滑-逆冲或逆冲-走滑作用,同时与喜马拉雅晚期盆-山耦合作用及滑脱层的发育有关。

鄂尔多斯盆地基底构造特征

利用鄂尔多斯盆地已有的1∶20万重力资料、1∶10万航磁资料,采用重磁数据处理新技术开展了盆地北部及中部基底构造特征的研究。根据重磁资料认为:鄂尔多斯盆地布格重力异常形态简单,变化平缓,盆地内部布格重力异常低,盆地边缘异常则相对较高;盆地沉积岩的磁化率普遍很低,可以视为弱磁化和无磁性,鄂尔多斯盆地的区域磁异常场主要反映了结晶基底太古宇和元古宇岩石的磁性差异及结晶基底的构造形态。依据已知的鄂尔多斯盆地岩石物性差异和已有的重磁数据空间分布范围,解译盆地边缘的断裂构造主要依靠1∶20万重力资料,反映了盆地边缘具有典型的盆山耦合特征;而盆地内部与以往认识不同,发育规律性的大断裂,具有复杂的构造特征。而解释结晶基底内部的基底断裂构造,主要依靠1∶10万航磁资料。依据航磁反演的盆地结晶基底埋深及基底的起伏形态,重新划分了盆地基底的构造单元,鄂尔多斯盆地基底结构对上覆沉积盖层的控制作用,间接影响到油气的生成、运移与聚集。

华南上地壳速度分布与基底、盖层构造研究

对华南地区有代表性的几条宽角地震剖面进行了研究 ,利用初动到时资料拟合剖面地带地壳上部详细的速度分布 ,结合其他地球物理资料与地质资料对地壳基底和沉积盖层的构造进行了综合解释 .结果表明 ,浙 -闽 -粤东部地区在地壳基底上分布一系列中生代火山岩断陷盆地 ,火山岩盖层厚度变化为 1 0 0 0— 40 0 0m .浙西—皖南以及湘 -赣地区地壳基底起伏较大 ,盖层主要为古生界 ,并发育许多受基底形态与边界断裂控制的小型中生代白垩纪盆地 .华南西部的楚雄盆地为一构造复杂的深坳陷 ,其中侏罗—白垩系的厚度超过 1 0km ,并被分割为东部斜坡和西部坳陷两个单元 ,而西部坳陷又被一中央隆起分割为东、西两个更次级的凹陷 .区内一些主要的断裂构造在速度等值线图上均有明显的反映 ,如东部的江绍断裂、莲花山断裂和吴川—四会断裂以及西部的程海断裂和绿汁江断裂都是重要的构造分界 ,此外众多的基底断裂多是盆地与隆起的边界 .