Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabie...Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabies virus, which affects human beings as well as several livestock species so the study of this bat species is of high importance within the fields of animal agriculture and public health. The present study describes and compares the histologic characteristics of the urinary system of two hematophagous bat species. A total of 5 bats from each species were captured in the municipalities of Progreso de Obregón, Hidalgo (D. rotundus), and Huayacocotla, Veracruz (D. ecaudata). Organs belonging to the urinary system were extracted: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra;samples were fixed using 10% formalin and processed by the paraffin embedding technique, obtaining sections of 5 µm thickness, which in turn were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Gomori trichrome (GT) stains. From the obtained histologic preparations, a descriptive and comparative analysis of the structural organography of the urinary system of both species was made, and no noteworthy histological differences between samples were noted. The present research is intended to provide a framework for future studies of these species’ currently understudied microscopic anatomy.展开更多
Cloud computing plays a significant role in Information Technology(IT)industry to deliver scalable resources as a service.One of the most important factor to increase the performance of the cloud server is maximizing t...Cloud computing plays a significant role in Information Technology(IT)industry to deliver scalable resources as a service.One of the most important factor to increase the performance of the cloud server is maximizing the resource utilization in task scheduling.The main advantage of this scheduling is to max-imize the performance and minimize the time loss.Various researchers examined numerous scheduling methods to achieve Quality of Service(QoS)and to reduce execution time.However,it had disadvantages in terms of low throughput and high response time.Hence,this study aimed to schedule the task efficiently and to eliminate the faults in scheduling the tasks to the Virtual Machines(VMs).For this purpose,the research proposed novel Particle Swarm Optimization-Bandwidth Aware divisible Task(PSO-BATS)scheduling with Multi-Layered Regression Host Employment(MLRHE)to sort out the issues of task scheduling and ease the scheduling operation by load balancing.The proposed efficient sche-duling provides benefits to both cloud users and servers.The performance evalua-tion is undertaken with respect to cost,Performance Improvement Rate(PIR)and makespan which revealed the efficiency of the proposed method.Additionally,comparative analysis is undertaken which confirmed the performance of the intro-duced system than conventional system for scheduling tasks with highflexibility.展开更多
Busbar Automatic Transfer Switch (BATS) is very important for power distribution reliability. However, BATS can’t consider whether it cause overloading of devices after it acts. In this paper, we introduce the design...Busbar Automatic Transfer Switch (BATS) is very important for power distribution reliability. However, BATS can’t consider whether it cause overloading of devices after it acts. In this paper, we introduce the design principle of Automatic BATS control from whole architecture including its function, strategy and a rule of on-off. On the other hand, the running experience and effect is also introduced. Site operation shows that the proposed method is feasible and it can ensure power grid reliability.展开更多
To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surfac...To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region （Dunhuang）, and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region （Tongyu）. Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.展开更多
Bats,probably the most abundant,diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth,have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a number of emerging viruses responsible for severe human and livestock d...Bats,probably the most abundant,diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth,have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a number of emerging viruses responsible for severe human and livestock disease outbreaks. Flying foxes have been demonstrated to be the natural reservoir for Hendra and Nipah viruses. Evidence supporting the possibility of bats as potential reservoirs for SARS coronavirus(SARS-CoV) and Ebola virus has also been reported. The recent discovery of these viruses and other viruses occurring naturally in the bat population provides a unique insight into a diverse pool of potentially emergent and pathogenic viruses. The factors which influence the ability of zoonotic viruses to effectively cross the species barrier from bats to other animal populations are poorly understood. A brief review is provided here on the recently emerged bat viruses and on current and future strategies for research in this area.展开更多
Mammalian pelage color can vary among individuals of many species, although this intraspecific variation is oftenoverlooked by researchers, perhaps because of its sometimes subtle nature and difficulty in assessing it...Mammalian pelage color can vary among individuals of many species, although this intraspecific variation is oftenoverlooked by researchers, perhaps because of its sometimes subtle nature and difficulty in assessing it quantitatively. Thus, suchvariation is rarely studied in mammals, and this is especially true within the order Chiroptera, where there has been very little empiricalresearch. We examined museum specimens of red bats (Lasiurus borealis, family Vespertilionidae) from Georgia, USA, todetermine the extent of sexual dimorphism in pelage color and to explore possible associations between body size and pelagecolor. We photographed 54 specimens under uniform lighting, and used an image analysis program to measure pelage hue on theuropatagium region, which is fully furred in members of the genus Lasiurus. Statistical analyses of pelage hue scores showedmales had significantly redder pelage than females when considered alone, but when examined together with effects of body sizeand collection year, sex was not significant, and collection year and body size were. More recent specimens tended to be less redthan older specimens, which might indicate a wearing of the buffy tips of hairs from older specimens, and smaller bats of bothsexes tended to be more red. These interesting findings are encouraging and we suggest that future explorations into intraspecificvariation in pelage color of bats using this or similar approaches are warranted to clarify the significance of the patterns. Thisstudy also demonstrated that care must be taken in analyses of mammalian pelage color from older museum skins, or at least thatresearchers must take into account the age of the specimens .展开更多
Animal flight and swimming have long been of great interest to people.Besides curiosity about how their sophisticated aero-and hydrodynamic feats are performed,researches are very interested in the mechanics of animal...Animal flight and swimming have long been of great interest to people.Besides curiosity about how their sophisticated aero-and hydrodynamic feats are performed,researches are very interested in the mechanics of animal flight and swimming for the following two reasons.One is that biologists need to understand the effects of aero-and hydrodynamic force production and energy expenditure on the physiology,behavior,evolution and other aspects of the animals.The展开更多
The ability to sense temperature changes is crucial for mammalian survival.Mammalian thermal sensing is primarily carried out by thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels(Thermo-TRPs).Some mammals hibernat...The ability to sense temperature changes is crucial for mammalian survival.Mammalian thermal sensing is primarily carried out by thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels(Thermo-TRPs).Some mammals hibernate to survive cold winter conditions,during which time their body temperature fluctuates dramatically.However,the underlying mechanisms by which these mammals regulate thermal responses remain unclear.Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and the Western blotting,we found that Myotis ricketti bats had high levels of heat-activated TRPs(e.g.,TRPV1 and TRPV4)during torpor in winter and cold-activated TRPs(e.g.,TRPM8 and TRPC5)during active states in summer.We also found that laboratory mice had high mRNA levels of cold-activated TRPs(e.g.,Trpm8 and Trpc5)under relatively hot conditions(i.e.,40°C).These data suggest that small mammals up-regulate the expression of cold-activated TRPs even under warm or hot conditions.Binding site analysis showed that some homeobox(HOX)transcription factors(TFs)regulate the expression of hot-and cold-activated TRP genes and that some TFs of the Pit-Oct-Unc(POU)family regulate warm-sensitive and cold-activated TRP genes.The dual-luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that TFs HOXA9,POU3F1,and POU5F1 regulate TRPC5 expression,suggesting that Thermo-TRP genes are regulated by multiple TFs of the HOX and POU families at different levels.This study provides insights into the adaptive mechanisms underlying thermal sensing used by bats to survive hibernation.展开更多
Given the likelihood of regional extirpation of several once-common bat species in eastern North America from white-nose syndrome,it is critical that the impacts of forest management activities,such as prescribed fire...Given the likelihood of regional extirpation of several once-common bat species in eastern North America from white-nose syndrome,it is critical that the impacts of forest management activities,such as prescribed fire,are known in order to minimize potentially additive negative effects on bat populations.Historic wildfires may offer a suitable surrogate to assess long-term burn impacts on bats for planning,implementing and assessing burn programs.To examine the effects of historic fire on bats,we sampled bat activities at 24 transect locations in burned and unburned forest stands in the central Appalachian Mountains of Shenandoah National Park(SNP),Virginia,USA.There was limited evidence of positive fire effects over time on hoary bats(Lasiurus cinereus Beauvois)and big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois)occupancy.Overall,there were few or mostly equivocal relationships of bat occupancy relative to burn conditions or time since fire in SNP across species using a false-positive occupancy approach.Our results suggest that fire does not strongly affect bat site occupancy short-or long-term in the central Appalachians.展开更多
Bats are reservoirs of various viruses.The widely distributed cave nectar bat(Eonycteris spelaea)is known to carry both filoviruses and coronaviruses.However,the potential transmission of theses bat viruses to humans ...Bats are reservoirs of various viruses.The widely distributed cave nectar bat(Eonycteris spelaea)is known to carry both filoviruses and coronaviruses.However,the potential transmission of theses bat viruses to humans is not fully understood.In this study,we tracked 16 E.spelaea bats in Mengla County,Yunnan Province,China,using miniaturized GPS devices to investigate their movements and potential contact with humans.Furthermore,to determine the prevalence of coronavirus and filovirus infections,we screened for the nucleic acids of the Měnglàvirus(MLAV)and two coronaviruses(GCCDC1-CoV and HKU9-CoV)in anal swab samples taken from bats and for antibodies against these viruses in human serum samples.None of the serum samples were found to contain antibodies against the bat viruses.The GPS tracking results showed that the bats did not fly during the daytime and rarely flew to residential areas.The foraging range of individual bats also varied,with a mean cumulative nightly flight distance of 25.50 km and flight speed of up to 57.4 km/h.Taken together,these results suggest that the risk of direct transmission of GCCDC1-CoV,HKU9-CoV,and MLAV from E.spelaea bats to humans is very low under natural conditions.展开更多
文摘Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabies virus, which affects human beings as well as several livestock species so the study of this bat species is of high importance within the fields of animal agriculture and public health. The present study describes and compares the histologic characteristics of the urinary system of two hematophagous bat species. A total of 5 bats from each species were captured in the municipalities of Progreso de Obregón, Hidalgo (D. rotundus), and Huayacocotla, Veracruz (D. ecaudata). Organs belonging to the urinary system were extracted: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra;samples were fixed using 10% formalin and processed by the paraffin embedding technique, obtaining sections of 5 µm thickness, which in turn were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Gomori trichrome (GT) stains. From the obtained histologic preparations, a descriptive and comparative analysis of the structural organography of the urinary system of both species was made, and no noteworthy histological differences between samples were noted. The present research is intended to provide a framework for future studies of these species’ currently understudied microscopic anatomy.
文摘Cloud computing plays a significant role in Information Technology(IT)industry to deliver scalable resources as a service.One of the most important factor to increase the performance of the cloud server is maximizing the resource utilization in task scheduling.The main advantage of this scheduling is to max-imize the performance and minimize the time loss.Various researchers examined numerous scheduling methods to achieve Quality of Service(QoS)and to reduce execution time.However,it had disadvantages in terms of low throughput and high response time.Hence,this study aimed to schedule the task efficiently and to eliminate the faults in scheduling the tasks to the Virtual Machines(VMs).For this purpose,the research proposed novel Particle Swarm Optimization-Bandwidth Aware divisible Task(PSO-BATS)scheduling with Multi-Layered Regression Host Employment(MLRHE)to sort out the issues of task scheduling and ease the scheduling operation by load balancing.The proposed efficient sche-duling provides benefits to both cloud users and servers.The performance evalua-tion is undertaken with respect to cost,Performance Improvement Rate(PIR)and makespan which revealed the efficiency of the proposed method.Additionally,comparative analysis is undertaken which confirmed the performance of the intro-duced system than conventional system for scheduling tasks with highflexibility.
文摘Busbar Automatic Transfer Switch (BATS) is very important for power distribution reliability. However, BATS can’t consider whether it cause overloading of devices after it acts. In this paper, we introduce the design principle of Automatic BATS control from whole architecture including its function, strategy and a rule of on-off. On the other hand, the running experience and effect is also introduced. Site operation shows that the proposed method is feasible and it can ensure power grid reliability.
基金supported jointlyby the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant KZCX2-YW-220the National Basic Research Program of Chinaunder Grant 2009CB421405the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China under Grant No.40730952
文摘To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region （Dunhuang）, and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region （Tongyu）. Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.
文摘Bats,probably the most abundant,diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth,have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a number of emerging viruses responsible for severe human and livestock disease outbreaks. Flying foxes have been demonstrated to be the natural reservoir for Hendra and Nipah viruses. Evidence supporting the possibility of bats as potential reservoirs for SARS coronavirus(SARS-CoV) and Ebola virus has also been reported. The recent discovery of these viruses and other viruses occurring naturally in the bat population provides a unique insight into a diverse pool of potentially emergent and pathogenic viruses. The factors which influence the ability of zoonotic viruses to effectively cross the species barrier from bats to other animal populations are poorly understood. A brief review is provided here on the recently emerged bat viruses and on current and future strategies for research in this area.
基金supported by a grant rrom the Morris Animal Foundation
文摘Mammalian pelage color can vary among individuals of many species, although this intraspecific variation is oftenoverlooked by researchers, perhaps because of its sometimes subtle nature and difficulty in assessing it quantitatively. Thus, suchvariation is rarely studied in mammals, and this is especially true within the order Chiroptera, where there has been very little empiricalresearch. We examined museum specimens of red bats (Lasiurus borealis, family Vespertilionidae) from Georgia, USA, todetermine the extent of sexual dimorphism in pelage color and to explore possible associations between body size and pelagecolor. We photographed 54 specimens under uniform lighting, and used an image analysis program to measure pelage hue on theuropatagium region, which is fully furred in members of the genus Lasiurus. Statistical analyses of pelage hue scores showedmales had significantly redder pelage than females when considered alone, but when examined together with effects of body sizeand collection year, sex was not significant, and collection year and body size were. More recent specimens tended to be less redthan older specimens, which might indicate a wearing of the buffy tips of hairs from older specimens, and smaller bats of bothsexes tended to be more red. These interesting findings are encouraging and we suggest that future explorations into intraspecificvariation in pelage color of bats using this or similar approaches are warranted to clarify the significance of the patterns. Thisstudy also demonstrated that care must be taken in analyses of mammalian pelage color from older museum skins, or at least thatresearchers must take into account the age of the specimens .
文摘Animal flight and swimming have long been of great interest to people.Besides curiosity about how their sophisticated aero-and hydrodynamic feats are performed,researches are very interested in the mechanics of animal flight and swimming for the following two reasons.One is that biologists need to understand the effects of aero-and hydrodynamic force production and energy expenditure on the physiology,behavior,evolution and other aspects of the animals.The
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31100273 to Y.H.P.and 91731304 to H.P.L.)。
文摘The ability to sense temperature changes is crucial for mammalian survival.Mammalian thermal sensing is primarily carried out by thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels(Thermo-TRPs).Some mammals hibernate to survive cold winter conditions,during which time their body temperature fluctuates dramatically.However,the underlying mechanisms by which these mammals regulate thermal responses remain unclear.Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and the Western blotting,we found that Myotis ricketti bats had high levels of heat-activated TRPs(e.g.,TRPV1 and TRPV4)during torpor in winter and cold-activated TRPs(e.g.,TRPM8 and TRPC5)during active states in summer.We also found that laboratory mice had high mRNA levels of cold-activated TRPs(e.g.,Trpm8 and Trpc5)under relatively hot conditions(i.e.,40°C).These data suggest that small mammals up-regulate the expression of cold-activated TRPs even under warm or hot conditions.Binding site analysis showed that some homeobox(HOX)transcription factors(TFs)regulate the expression of hot-and cold-activated TRP genes and that some TFs of the Pit-Oct-Unc(POU)family regulate warm-sensitive and cold-activated TRP genes.The dual-luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that TFs HOXA9,POU3F1,and POU5F1 regulate TRPC5 expression,suggesting that Thermo-TRP genes are regulated by multiple TFs of the HOX and POU families at different levels.This study provides insights into the adaptive mechanisms underlying thermal sensing used by bats to survive hibernation.
基金This work was supported by the Joint Fire Science Program(Grant#G14AC00316)National Park Service Whitenose Syndrome Program(Grant#P14AC01042)through the Southern Appalachian Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit at Virginia Tech.
文摘Given the likelihood of regional extirpation of several once-common bat species in eastern North America from white-nose syndrome,it is critical that the impacts of forest management activities,such as prescribed fire,are known in order to minimize potentially additive negative effects on bat populations.Historic wildfires may offer a suitable surrogate to assess long-term burn impacts on bats for planning,implementing and assessing burn programs.To examine the effects of historic fire on bats,we sampled bat activities at 24 transect locations in burned and unburned forest stands in the central Appalachian Mountains of Shenandoah National Park(SNP),Virginia,USA.There was limited evidence of positive fire effects over time on hoary bats(Lasiurus cinereus Beauvois)and big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois)occupancy.Overall,there were few or mostly equivocal relationships of bat occupancy relative to burn conditions or time since fire in SNP across species using a false-positive occupancy approach.Our results suggest that fire does not strongly affect bat site occupancy short-or long-term in the central Appalachians.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31727901 to Z.L.S.)Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-SW-L11 to Z.L.S.)+1 种基金Guangdong Province Natural Resources Services(Ecological Forestry Construction)Special Fund in 2021(to L.B.Z.)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2019328 to X.L.Y.)。
文摘Bats are reservoirs of various viruses.The widely distributed cave nectar bat(Eonycteris spelaea)is known to carry both filoviruses and coronaviruses.However,the potential transmission of theses bat viruses to humans is not fully understood.In this study,we tracked 16 E.spelaea bats in Mengla County,Yunnan Province,China,using miniaturized GPS devices to investigate their movements and potential contact with humans.Furthermore,to determine the prevalence of coronavirus and filovirus infections,we screened for the nucleic acids of the Měnglàvirus(MLAV)and two coronaviruses(GCCDC1-CoV and HKU9-CoV)in anal swab samples taken from bats and for antibodies against these viruses in human serum samples.None of the serum samples were found to contain antibodies against the bat viruses.The GPS tracking results showed that the bats did not fly during the daytime and rarely flew to residential areas.The foraging range of individual bats also varied,with a mean cumulative nightly flight distance of 25.50 km and flight speed of up to 57.4 km/h.Taken together,these results suggest that the risk of direct transmission of GCCDC1-CoV,HKU9-CoV,and MLAV from E.spelaea bats to humans is very low under natural conditions.
