Simplified unscented particle filter for nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian estimation

Particle filters have been widely used in nonlinear/non- Gaussian Bayesian state estimation problems. However, efficient distribution of the limited number of particles （n state space remains a critical issue in designing a particle filter. A simplified unscented particle filter （SUPF） is presented, where particles are drawn partly from the transition prior density （TPD） and partly from the Gaussian approximate posterior density （GAPD） obtained by a unscented Kalman filter. The ratio of the number of particles drawn from TPD to the number of particles drawn from GAPD is adaptively determined by the maximum likelihood ratio （MLR）. The MLR is defined to measure how well the particles, drawn from the TPD, match the likelihood model. It is shown that the particle set generated by this sampling strategy is more close to the significant region in state space and tends to yield more accurate results. Simulation results demonstrate that the versatility and es- timation accuracy of SUPF exceed that of standard particle filter, extended Kalman particle filter and unscented particle filter.

Modified unscented Kalman filter using modified filter gain and variance scale factor for highly maneuvering target tracking

To improve the low tracking precision caused by lagged filter gain or imprecise state noise when the target highly maneuvers, a modified unscented Kalman filter algorithm based on the improved filter gain and adaptive scale factor of state noise is presented. In every filter process, the estimated scale factor is used to update the state noise covariance Qk, and the improved filter gain is obtained in the filter process of unscented Kalman filter （UKF） via predicted variance Pk｜k-1, which is similar to the standard Kalman filter. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides better accuracy and ability to adapt to the highly maneuvering target compared with the standard UKF.

On-line Estimation in Fed-batch Fermentation Process Using State Space Model and Unscented Kalman Filter

On-line estimation of unmeasurable biological variables is important in fermentation processes,directly influencing the optimal control performance of the fermentation system as well as the quality and yield of the targeted product.In this study,a novel strategy for state estimation of fed-batch fermentation process is proposed.By combining a simple and reliable mechanistic dynamic model with the sample-based regressive measurement model,a state space model is developed.An improved algorithm,swarm energy conservation particle swarm optimization(SECPSO) ,is presented for the parameter identification in the mechanistic model,and the support vector machines(SVM) method is adopted to establish the nonlinear measurement model.The unscented Kalman filter(UKF) is designed for the state space model to reduce the disturbances of the noises in the fermentation process.The proposed on-line estimation method is demonstrated by the simulation experiments of a penicillin fed-batch fermentation process.

Multi-sensor federated unscented Kalman filtering algorithm in intermittent observations

Aiming at the adverse effect caused by limited detecting probability of sensors on filtering precision of a nonlinear system state,a novel multi-sensor federated unscented Kalman filtering algorithm is proposed.Firstly,combined with the residual detection strategy,effective observations are correctly identified.Secondly,according to the missing characteristic of observations and the structural feature of unscented Kalman filter,the iterative process of the single-sensor unscented Kalman filter in intermittent observations is given.The key idea is that the state estimation and its error covariance matrix are replaced by the state one-step prediction and its error covariance matrix,when the phenomenon of observations missing occurs.Finally,based on the realization mechanism of federated filter,a new fusion framework of state estimation from each local node is designed.And the filtering precision of system state is improved further by the effective management of observations missing and the rational utilization of redundancy and complementary information among multi-sensor observations.The theory analysis and simulation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Modified unscented particle filter for nonlinear Bayesian tracking

A modified unscented particle filtering scheme for nonlinear tracking is proposed, in view of the potential drawbacks （such as, particle impoverishment and numerical sensitivity in calculating the prior） of the conventional unscented particle filter （UPF） confronted in practice. Specifically, a different derivation of the importance weight is presented in detail. The proposed method can avoid the calculation of the prior and reduce the effects of the impoverishment problem caused by sampling from the proposal distribution, Simulations have been performed using two illustrative examples and results have been provided to demonstrate the validity of the modified UPF as well as its improved performance over the conventional one.

MLP training in a self-organizing state space model using unscented Kalman particle filter

Many Bayesian learning approaches to the multi-layer perceptron （MLP） parameter optimization have been proposed such as the extended Kalman filter （EKF）. This paper uses the unscented Kalman particle filter （UPF） to train the MLP in a self- organizing state space （SOSS） model. This involves forming augmented state vectors consisting of all parameters （the weights of the MLP） and outputs. The UPF is used to sequentially update the true system states and high dimensional parameters that are inherent to the SOSS moder for the MLP simultaneously. Simulation results show that the new method performs better than traditional optimization methods.

Estimation Performance for the Cubature Particle Filter under Nonlinear/Non-Gaussian Environments

This paper evaluates the state estimation performance for processing nonlinear/non-Gaussian systems using the cubature particle lter(CPF),which is an estimation algorithm that combines the cubature Kalman lter(CKF)and the particle lter(PF).The CPF is essentially a realization of PF where the third-degree cubature rule based on numerical integration method is adopted to approximate the proposal distribution.It is benecial where the CKF is used to generate the importance density function in the PF framework for effectively resolving the nonlinear/non-Gaussian problems.Based on the spherical-radial transformation to generate an even number of equally weighted cubature points,the CKF uses cubature points with the same weights through the spherical-radial integration rule and employs an analytical probability density function(pdf)to capture the mean and covariance of the posterior distribution using the total probability theorem and subsequently uses the measurement to update with Bayes’rule.It is capable of acquiring a maximum a posteriori probability estimate of the nonlinear system,and thus the importance density function can be used to approximate the true posterior density distribution.In Bayesian ltering,the nonlinear lter performs well when all conditional densities are assumed Gaussian.When applied to the nonlinear/non-Gaussian distribution systems,the CPF algorithm can remarkably improve the estimation accuracy as compared to the other particle lterbased approaches,such as the extended particle lter(EPF),and unscented particle lter(UPF),and also the Kalman lter(KF)-type approaches,such as the extended Kalman lter(EKF),unscented Kalman lter(UKF)and CKF.Two illustrative examples are presented showing that the CPF achieves better performance as compared to the other approaches.

Gaussian particle filter based pose and motion estimation

Determination of relative three-dimensional (3D) position, orientation, and relative motion between two reference frames is an important problem in robotic guidance, manipulation, and assembly as well as in other fields such as photogrammetry. A solution to pose and motion estimation problem that uses two-dimensional (2D) intensity images from a single camera is de- sirable for real-time applications. The difficulty in performing this measurement is that the process of projecting 3D object features to 2D images is a nonlinear transformation. In this paper, the 3D transformation is modeled as a nonlinear stochastic system with the state estimation providing six degrees-of-freedom motion and position values, using line features in image plane as measuring inputs and dual quaternion to represent both rotation and translation in a unified notation. A filtering method called the Gaussian particle filter (GPF) based on the particle filtering concept is presented for 3D pose and motion estimation of a moving target from monocular image sequences. The method has been implemented with simulated data, and simulation results are provided along with comparisons to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to show the relative advantages of the GPF. Simulation results showed that GPF is a superior alternative to EKF and UKF.

带有色量测噪声的非线性系统Unscented卡尔曼滤波器

传统Unscented卡尔曼滤波器(Unscented Kalman filter,UKF)要求噪声必须为高斯白噪声,无法解决带有色噪声的非线性系统滤波问题.为此,本文提出了一种带有色量测噪声的UKF滤波新算法.首先,基于量测信息增广和最小方差估计,推导出一类带有色量测噪声的非线性离散系统状态的最优滤波框架,接着采用Unscented变换(Unscented transformation,UT)来计算最优框架中的非线性状态后验均值和协方差,进而得到有色量测噪声下UKF滤波递推公式.所设计的UKF新方法能有效地解决传统UKF在量测噪声有色情况下非线性滤波失效的问题,数值仿真实例验证了其可行性和有效性.

一种新的抗差自适应Unscented粒子滤波

针对粒子滤波存在的重要性密度函数难以选取和可能出现粒子退化的问题。提出了一种新的抗差自适应Unscented粒子滤波算法。该算法不但能利用等价权函数和自适应因子合理的分配信息,提高滤波精度,而且具有Unscented粒子滤波的优点,更好的适用于非线性、非高斯系统模型的计算。仿真结果表明,文中提出的抗差自适应Unscented粒子滤波算法,滤波性能明显优于扩展卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波算法,并且能提高组合导航系统的定位精度。

渐消自适应Unscented粒子滤波及其在组合导航中的应用

提出一种新的渐消自适应Unscented粒子滤波算法,通过Sigma点来获取状态估值和协方差阵,利用渐消因子自适应的调节权值大小,得到一种参数可调节的重要性密度函数。该重要性密度函数考虑了最新量测的影响,更合理地利用有效信息,保证了粒子多样性,使滤波性能明显改善,能更好地解决非线性非高斯系统模型的滤波问题。将提出的算法应用于SINS/SAR组合导航系统中,与扩展Kalman滤波和渐消自适应扩展Kalman滤波比较,仿真结果表明,提出的滤波算法能提高导航解算的精度,其性能明显优于扩展Kalman滤波和渐消自适应扩展Kalman滤波。

基于平方根Unscented卡尔曼滤波的无陀螺卫星的姿态估计

针对无陀螺卫星的姿态和速度估计问题,提出基于平方根UKF滤波(SquareRootUnscentedKalmanFilter)的估计算法。为了避免欧拉角带来的奇异问题,采用四元数描述卫星的姿态参数。考虑卫星的非线性模型,采用Cholesky和QR分解,从而平方根UKF滤波方法不仅能保证协方差矩阵的正定性,并且还可以提高算法的计算精度。利用测量矢量的信息,该算法能估计三轴稳定卫星的姿态,且计算简单,无需计算Jacobian矩阵。数值仿真结果表明,所给出的方法是可行而有效的。

免微分非线性Bayesian滤波方法评述

以非线性递推Bayesian滤波问题的求解及其历史渊源为起点,分两类对各种免微分非线性Bayesian滤波方法或免微分方法的原理和算法进行了评述:一类是以线性最小均方误差最优估计子为特点的免微分高斯滤波,包括无味卡尔曼滤波、均差滤波器、中心差分滤波器和Gauss-Hermite滤波器或积分卡尔曼滤波器;另一类是后验密度数值逼近免微分方法,包括栅格法(GBMs)与近似栅格法、矩近似法和以粒子滤波为代表的Monte Carlo方法。其中还包括了作者的一些最新研究成果,如迭代UKF算法、裂变自举PF算法和关于粒子滤波算法有限收敛界的概念等。之后从加权统计线性回归的角度对两类免微分方法进行了统一认识,统一为以数值方法为特点的广义PF。为了建立一个关于各种免微分算法性能的整体印象,论文还通过一个复杂的递推非线性滤波估计例子,用MonteCarlo仿真实验的方法对7种典型的免微分方法和和传统的EKF算法进行了比较研究。最后对两类免微分方法进行了简单的比较,并指出了进一步研究的方向。

基于优化无迹Kalman滤波的电网动态谐波估计

提出一种基于粒子群优化的无迹卡尔曼滤波(particle swarm optimized unscented Kalman filter,PSOUKF)的电网动态谐波估计方法,利用包含种群分类与动态学习因子的改进粒子群优化算法,优化无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)的状态噪声协方差和观测噪声协方差,使系统噪声对电网动态谐波估计结果的影响得到充分考虑,克服了传统UKF算法将这两种方差视为常数导致的动态谐波估计精度低的缺陷.仿真结果表明,PSOKUF算法比卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filter,KF)算法和传统的UKF算法更有效,在没有增加计算复杂度的情况下,能够提高动态谐波估计精度.

随机丢包的无迹卡尔曼滤波估计以及性能分析

在工程应用中,无线网络控制系统多为非线性系统。由于长距离传输和通信网络不可靠等原因,系统传感器的测量值可能在传输过程中丢失,影响精度估计以及系统性能。文中研究一类受相关噪声和传感器测量值丢失影响的非线性离散随机系统的无迹卡尔曼滤波问题。通过引入一个服从伯努利分布且条件概率已知的随机变量来描述随机发生的传感器测量值丢失现象。文中提出了一种对数据进行补偿的算法,并使用标准数值软件对所得结果进行验证。结果表明,经过算法补偿后的滤波能够较好地估计系统,可以减少传感器测量值丢失对滤波器性能的影响,增加估计的准确性。

处理通信延迟的分布式无迹卡尔曼滤波算法

针对通信延迟影响下非线性系统的状态估计问题,提出了一种分布式无迹卡尔曼滤波器估计算法。考虑了一类由多个子系统组成的非线性系统,各子系统之间通过自身的状态相互作用;基于无迹卡尔曼滤波器原理,给每个子系统设计了相应的局部状态估计器来估计子系统的状态;各局部状态估计器通过通信网络来交换信息,考虑了通信时可能存在时变延迟,提出了一种状态预测器生成延迟子系统的状态预测,补偿延迟带来的影响;通过对一个反应器分离器过程工艺实例的应用,说明了所提出的分布式状态估计方案的有效性和适用性。

非线性估计理论的最新进展

扩展Kalman滤波(EKF)是应用最广的非线性估计方法,然而它存在实现性差、计算量大、估计精度低等缺陷,这些问题起源于EKF采用了Taylor展开近似。在阐明非线性估计的本质,剖析EKF等传统方法的特点及缺陷的基础上,从非线性估计革新的两条发展思路———非Taylor展开的线性变换及非线性变换出发,分别对插值滤波、Unscented滤波、粒子滤波和神经网络滤波这四种近年来最具特色的新方法进行介绍和评述。通过分析这些方法的工作原理、性能特点、必要性和可行性,将非线性估计最新进展的思想传承、本质内涵、地位与作用予以展现,指出各方法的现存问题、发展潜力和最具可实现性的发展方向。同时强调了各种算法的选取须根据具体应用场合和条件,在主要性能指标之间综合权衡。

秩滤波方法

基于秩统计量相关原理提出一种秩采样方法,其采样点分布合理,能够有效地模拟系统状态的概率分布。在此基础上,进一步提出一种非线性秩滤波方法,给出秩滤波的采样策略、时间更新、量测更新公式及其计算步骤。目前常用的非线性滤波方法有无迹Kalman滤波和粒子滤波。无迹Kalman滤波方法只适用于高斯分布的情况;粒子滤波方法虽然可用于非高斯分布的非线性滤波,但却存在粒子退化及重采样引起的粒子贫化问题,且计算复杂、工作量大。而秩滤波方法不仅适用于高斯分布的非线性滤波,也适用于常见的多元t分布、多元极值分布等非高斯分布的非线性滤波,并且计算简单、计算量小,便于工程应用。从仿真算例可以看到,该方法比无迹Kalman滤波方法具有更高的滤波精度。

基于极大后验估计和指数加权的自适应UKF滤波算法

针对传统Unscented卡尔曼滤波器(Unscented Kalman filter,UKF)在噪声先验统计未知时变情况下非线性滤波精度下降甚至发散的问题,设计了一种带噪声统计估计器的自适应UKF滤波算法.首先根据极大后验(Maximum a posterior,MAP)估计原理,推导出一种次优无偏MAP常值噪声统计估计器;接着在此基础之上,采用指数加权的方法,给出了时变噪声统计估计器的递推公式;最后对自适应UKF算法进行了性能分析.相比于传统UKF,该自适应UKF算法在噪声统计未知时变情况下不仅滤波依然收敛,滤波精度及稳定性显著提高,而且其具有应对噪声变化的自适应能力.仿真实例验证了其有效性.

非线性自适应平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波方法研究

针对带有附加噪声且噪声特性未知的系统,提出了一种非线性卡尔曼滤波方法——自适应平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(NASRUKF)方法,该方法基于平方根滤波的思想,对传统的Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法进行了改进,并与平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(SRUKF)算法相结合用来进行非线性滤波。该算法能直接对非线性系统的状态方差阵和噪声方差阵的平方根进行递推与估算,确保状态和噪声方差阵的对称性和非负定性。将所提方法通过计算机仿真技术与SRUKF算法进行对比,结果表明NASRUKF方法在滤波精度、稳定性和自适应能力方面均优于SRUKF方法。