Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is a typical inland arid area in China with a sparse and uneven distribution of meteorological stations,limited access to precipitation data,and significant water scarcity.Evaluating a...Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is a typical inland arid area in China with a sparse and uneven distribution of meteorological stations,limited access to precipitation data,and significant water scarcity.Evaluating and integrating precipitation datasets from different sources to accurately characterize precipitation patterns has become a challenge to provide more accurate and alternative precipitation information for the region,which can even improve the performance of hydrological modelling.This study evaluated the applicability of widely used five satellite-based precipitation products(Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station(CHIRPS),China Meteorological Forcing Dataset(CMFD),Climate Prediction Center morphing method(CMORPH),Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record(PERSIANN-CDR),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA))and a reanalysis precipitation dataset(ECMWF Reanalysis v5-Land Dataset(ERA5-Land))in Xinjiang using ground-based observational precipitation data from a limited number of meteorological stations.Based on this assessment,we proposed a framework that integrated different precipitation datasets with varying spatial resolutions using a dynamic Bayesian model averaging(DBMA)approach,the expectation-maximization method,and the ordinary Kriging interpolation method.The daily precipitation data merged using the DBMA approach exhibited distinct spatiotemporal variability,with an outstanding performance,as indicated by low root mean square error(RMSE=1.40 mm/d)and high Person's correlation coefficient(CC=0.67).Compared with the traditional simple model averaging(SMA)and individual product data,although the DBMA-fused precipitation data were slightly lower than the best precipitation product(CMFD),the overall performance of DBMA was more robust.The error analysis between DBMA-fused precipitation dataset and the more advanced Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Final(IMERG-F)precipitation product,as well as hydrological simulations in the Ebinur Lake Basin,further demonstrated the superior performance of DBMA-fused precipitation dataset in the entire Xinjiang region.The proposed framework for solving the fusion problem of multi-source precipitation data with different spatial resolutions is feasible for application in inland arid areas,and aids in obtaining more accurate regional hydrological information and improving regional water resources management capabilities and meteorological research in these regions.展开更多
Gross primary production(GPP) plays a crucial part in the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems.A set of validated monthly GPP data from 1957 to 2010 in 0.5°× 0.5° grids of China was weighted from the ...Gross primary production(GPP) plays a crucial part in the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems.A set of validated monthly GPP data from 1957 to 2010 in 0.5°× 0.5° grids of China was weighted from the Multi-scale Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project using Bayesian model averaging(BMA).The spatial anomalies of detrended BMA GPP during the growing seasons of typical El Nino years indicated that GPP response to El Nino varies with Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) phases: when the PDO was in the cool phase,it was likely that GPP was greater in northern China(32°–38°N,111°–122°E) and less in the Yangtze River valley(28°–32°N,111°–122°E);in contrast,when PDO was in the warm phase,the GPP anomalies were usually reversed in these two regions.The consistent spatiotemporal pattern and high partial correlation revealed that rainfall dominated this phenomenon.The previously published findings on how El Nino during different phases of PDO affecting rainfall in eastern China make the statistical relationship between GPP and El Nino in this study theoretically credible.This paper not only introduces an effective way to use BMA in grids that have mixed plant function types,but also makes it possible to evaluate the carbon cycle in eastern China based on the prediction of El Nino and PDO.展开更多
The choices of the parameterizations for each component in a microwave emission model have significant effects on the quality of brightness temperature (Tb) sim- ulation. How to reduce the uncertainty in the Tb simu...The choices of the parameterizations for each component in a microwave emission model have significant effects on the quality of brightness temperature (Tb) sim- ulation. How to reduce the uncertainty in the Tb simulation is investigated by adopting a statistical post-processing procedure with the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) ensemble approach. The simulations by the community microwave emission model (CMEM) cou- pled with the community land model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) over China's Mainland are con- ducted by the 24 configurations from four vegetation opacity parameterizations (VOPs), three soil dielectric constant parameterizations (SDCPs), and two soil roughness param- eterizations (SRPs). Compared with the simple arithmetical averaging (SAA) method, the BMA reconstructions have a higher spatial correlation coefficient (larger than 0.99) than the C-band satellite observations of the advanced microwave scanning radiometer on the Earth observing system (AMSR-E) at the vertical polarization. Moreover, the BMA product performs the best among the ensemble members for all vegetation classes, with a mean root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of 4 K and a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.64.展开更多
Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21^(st) century for the Tianshan ...Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21^(st) century for the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains(TKM) based on the general circulation model(GCM) simulation ensemble from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5(CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) lower emission scenario RCP4.5 and higher emission scenario RCP8.5 using the Bayesian model averaging(BMA) technique. Results show that(1) BMA significantly outperformed the simple ensemble analysis and BMA mean matches all the three observed climate variables;(2) at the end of the 21^(st) century(2070–2099) under RCP8.5, compared to the control period(1976–2005), annual mean temperature and mean annual precipitation will rise considerably by 4.8°C and 5.2%, respectively, while mean annual snowfall will dramatically decrease by 26.5%;(3) precipitation will increase in the northern Tianshan region while decrease in the Amu Darya Basin. Snowfall will significantly decrease in the western TKM. Mean annual snowfall fraction will also decrease from 0.56 of 1976–2005 to 0.42 of 2070–2099 under RCP8.5; and(4) snowfall shows a high sensitivity to temperature in autumn and spring while a low sensitivity in winter, with the highest sensitivity values occurring at the edge areas of TKM. The projections mean that flood risk will increase and solid water storage will decrease.展开更多
作为全球能量和水分循环的关键参量,陆地水储量包括土壤水、地表水、地下水、积雪和生物体水等,在水文、气候、农业、生态等众多领域起重要影响。与地面观测和遥感反演相比,陆面模式在刻画陆地水储量的时空变率等方面具有明显优势。然...作为全球能量和水分循环的关键参量,陆地水储量包括土壤水、地表水、地下水、积雪和生物体水等,在水文、气候、农业、生态等众多领域起重要影响。与地面观测和遥感反演相比,陆面模式在刻画陆地水储量的时空变率等方面具有明显优势。然而不同模式参数化方案以及大气强迫驱动导致陆地水储量模拟存在不确定。为了减少陆地水储量模拟不确定性,本研究建立了基于贝叶斯模型平均(BMA)和多强迫多模式集合的陆地水储量模拟系统,获得了中国区域1979–2008年陆地水储量数据集。选取2004–08年的数据与GRACE重力卫星数据比较分析,结果显示BMA集合模拟的陆地水储量异常(Terrestrial water storage anomalies,TWSA)优于所有单个模拟结果,与GRACE观测的TWSA有更高的相关系数和更小的误差。展开更多
Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is a non-invasive technique of reconstructing brain activities using EEG data. This technique has been applied to evaluate epilepsy patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, showin...Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is a non-invasive technique of reconstructing brain activities using EEG data. This technique has been applied to evaluate epilepsy patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, showing encouraging results for mapping interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). However, ESI is underused in planning epilepsy surgery. This is basically due to the wide availability of methods for solving the electromagnetism inverse problem (e-IP) associated to few studies using EEG setups similar to those most commonly used in clinical setting. In this study, we applied six different methods of solving the e-IP based on IEDs of 20 focal epilepsy patients that presented abnormalities in their MRI. We compared the ESI maps obtained by each method with the location of the abnormality, calculating the Euclidian distances from the center of the lesion to the closest border of the method solution (CL-BM) and also to the solution’s maxima (CL-MM). We also applied a score system in order to allow us to evaluate the sensitivity of each method for temporal and extra temporal patients. In our patients, the Bayesian Model Averaging method had a sensitivity of 86% and the shortest CL-MM. This method also had more restricted solutions that were more representative of epileptogenic activities than those obtained by the other methods.展开更多
Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is a popular and powerful statistical method of taking account of uncertainty about model form or assumption. Usually the long run (frequentist) performances of the resulted estimator ar...Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is a popular and powerful statistical method of taking account of uncertainty about model form or assumption. Usually the long run (frequentist) performances of the resulted estimator are hard to derive. This paper proposes a mixture of priors and sampling distributions as a basic of a Bayes estimator. The frequentist properties of the new Bayes estimator are automatically derived from Bayesian decision theory. It is shown that if all competing models have the same parametric form, the new Bayes estimator reduces to BMA estimator. The method is applied to the daily exchange rate Euro to US Dollar.展开更多
It is quite common in statistical modeling to select a model and make inference as if the model had been known in advance;i.e. ignoring model selection uncertainty. The resulted estimator is called post-model selectio...It is quite common in statistical modeling to select a model and make inference as if the model had been known in advance;i.e. ignoring model selection uncertainty. The resulted estimator is called post-model selection estimator (PMSE) whose properties are hard to derive. Conditioning on data at hand (as it is usually the case), Bayesian model selection is free of this phenomenon. This paper is concerned with the properties of Bayesian estimator obtained after model selection when the frequentist (long run) performances of the resulted Bayesian estimator are of interest. The proposed method, using Bayesian decision theory, is based on the well known Bayesian model averaging (BMA)’s machinery;and outperforms PMSE and BMA. It is shown that if the unconditional model selection probability is equal to model prior, then the proposed approach reduces BMA. The method is illustrated using Bernoulli trials.展开更多
蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)是陆地水、碳和能量交换的重要组成部分。基于不同模型和不同遥感数据估算的ET,存在不同程度的不确定性。贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian model averaging,BMA)提供了降低不确定性的一种途径。本研究采用中国三...蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)是陆地水、碳和能量交换的重要组成部分。基于不同模型和不同遥感数据估算的ET,存在不同程度的不确定性。贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian model averaging,BMA)提供了降低不确定性的一种途径。本研究采用中国三江源地区水热通量观测数据,以ARTS、PT-JPL、MOD16和SSEBop遥感蒸散发产品为基础,进行了BMA集成研究,生成了三江源地区2003–2015年250 m空间分辨率的年均地表蒸散发数据集。通过验证各输入模型和BMA集成模型结果,发现基于BMA的ET与通量观测数据相关性达0.94,能够解释观测数据季节变化的89%,优于单个模型的性能。说明BMA模型集成能够整合不同模型内在优势,降低结果估算的不确定性,从而获得更可靠的估算结果。本数据集可为三江源区域水热变化研究和生态系统调节功能评估提供更精确的数据支持。展开更多
采用贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging)方法,使用1990-2007年省际数据,对长期影响中国经济增长的诸多因素的有效性和稳健性进行了识别和检验。研究结论表明:高等教育发展阶段、工业化推进速度、对外开放程度、东部区位优势、消...采用贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging)方法,使用1990-2007年省际数据,对长期影响中国经济增长的诸多因素的有效性和稳健性进行了识别和检验。研究结论表明:高等教育发展阶段、工业化推进速度、对外开放程度、东部区位优势、消费能力和对内开放水平等6个解释变量对中国经济增长具有长期、持续和稳健的影响,是中国经济增长的长期决定因素。城市规模、中部区位优势和初始经济条件等3个解释变量对经济增长也具有一定的解释能力。此外,从解释变量对经济增长边际影响的程度来看,工业化推进速度变量对经济增长的边际影响最强,其次是消费能力变量和对外开放程度变量。展开更多
基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报资料及浙江全省自动站降水观测资料,采用贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Average,BMA)方法对2020年浙江超长梅汛期开展降水概率预报订正...基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报资料及浙江全省自动站降水观测资料,采用贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Average,BMA)方法对2020年浙江超长梅汛期开展降水概率预报订正试验。采用平均绝对误差、连续等级概率评分、布莱尔评分B_(S)、Talagrand、概率积分变换(Probability Integral Transform,PIT)直方图及属性图检验方法对本次过程BMA订正前后的概率预报进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)50 d为适用于浙江梅汛期ECMWF集合预报订正的BMA最优训练期,经最优训练期的BMA订正后,预报离散度有所增加,预报误差有所下降;(2)BMA对0.1 mm、10.0 mm和25.0 mm阈值降水的订正效果显著,经BMA订正后3个阈值的降水预报B_(S)下降率分别为25.92%、19.29%、4.76%,但对超过50.0 mm的降水订正效果不明显,且随着降水阈值增加,BMA的订正效果减弱;(3)在强降水个例中,BMA能有效减少各阈值降水预报概率大值落区偏差,使订正后的降水预报概率大值区与观测落区更一致。展开更多
基金supported by The Technology Innovation Team(Tianshan Innovation Team),Innovative Team for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Arid Regions(2022TSYCTD0001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171269)the Xinjiang Academician Workstation Cooperative Research Project(2020.B-001).
文摘Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is a typical inland arid area in China with a sparse and uneven distribution of meteorological stations,limited access to precipitation data,and significant water scarcity.Evaluating and integrating precipitation datasets from different sources to accurately characterize precipitation patterns has become a challenge to provide more accurate and alternative precipitation information for the region,which can even improve the performance of hydrological modelling.This study evaluated the applicability of widely used five satellite-based precipitation products(Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station(CHIRPS),China Meteorological Forcing Dataset(CMFD),Climate Prediction Center morphing method(CMORPH),Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record(PERSIANN-CDR),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA))and a reanalysis precipitation dataset(ECMWF Reanalysis v5-Land Dataset(ERA5-Land))in Xinjiang using ground-based observational precipitation data from a limited number of meteorological stations.Based on this assessment,we proposed a framework that integrated different precipitation datasets with varying spatial resolutions using a dynamic Bayesian model averaging(DBMA)approach,the expectation-maximization method,and the ordinary Kriging interpolation method.The daily precipitation data merged using the DBMA approach exhibited distinct spatiotemporal variability,with an outstanding performance,as indicated by low root mean square error(RMSE=1.40 mm/d)and high Person's correlation coefficient(CC=0.67).Compared with the traditional simple model averaging(SMA)and individual product data,although the DBMA-fused precipitation data were slightly lower than the best precipitation product(CMFD),the overall performance of DBMA was more robust.The error analysis between DBMA-fused precipitation dataset and the more advanced Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Final(IMERG-F)precipitation product,as well as hydrological simulations in the Ebinur Lake Basin,further demonstrated the superior performance of DBMA-fused precipitation dataset in the entire Xinjiang region.The proposed framework for solving the fusion problem of multi-source precipitation data with different spatial resolutions is feasible for application in inland arid areas,and aids in obtaining more accurate regional hydrological information and improving regional water resources management capabilities and meteorological research in these regions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos.2016YFA0602501 and 2018YFA0606004)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.XDA20040301 and XDA20020201)。
文摘Gross primary production(GPP) plays a crucial part in the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems.A set of validated monthly GPP data from 1957 to 2010 in 0.5°× 0.5° grids of China was weighted from the Multi-scale Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project using Bayesian model averaging(BMA).The spatial anomalies of detrended BMA GPP during the growing seasons of typical El Nino years indicated that GPP response to El Nino varies with Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) phases: when the PDO was in the cool phase,it was likely that GPP was greater in northern China(32°–38°N,111°–122°E) and less in the Yangtze River valley(28°–32°N,111°–122°E);in contrast,when PDO was in the warm phase,the GPP anomalies were usually reversed in these two regions.The consistent spatiotemporal pattern and high partial correlation revealed that rainfall dominated this phenomenon.The previously published findings on how El Nino during different phases of PDO affecting rainfall in eastern China make the statistical relationship between GPP and El Nino in this study theoretically credible.This paper not only introduces an effective way to use BMA in grids that have mixed plant function types,but also makes it possible to evaluate the carbon cycle in eastern China based on the prediction of El Nino and PDO.
基金Project supported by the China Special Fund for Meteorological Research in the Public Interest(No.GYHY201306045)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41305066 and41575096)
文摘The choices of the parameterizations for each component in a microwave emission model have significant effects on the quality of brightness temperature (Tb) sim- ulation. How to reduce the uncertainty in the Tb simulation is investigated by adopting a statistical post-processing procedure with the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) ensemble approach. The simulations by the community microwave emission model (CMEM) cou- pled with the community land model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) over China's Mainland are con- ducted by the 24 configurations from four vegetation opacity parameterizations (VOPs), three soil dielectric constant parameterizations (SDCPs), and two soil roughness param- eterizations (SRPs). Compared with the simple arithmetical averaging (SAA) method, the BMA reconstructions have a higher spatial correlation coefficient (larger than 0.99) than the C-band satellite observations of the advanced microwave scanning radiometer on the Earth observing system (AMSR-E) at the vertical polarization. Moreover, the BMA product performs the best among the ensemble members for all vegetation classes, with a mean root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of 4 K and a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.64.
基金supported by the Thousand Youth Talents Plan(Xinjiang Project)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41630859)the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2016QNXZB12)
文摘Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21^(st) century for the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains(TKM) based on the general circulation model(GCM) simulation ensemble from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5(CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) lower emission scenario RCP4.5 and higher emission scenario RCP8.5 using the Bayesian model averaging(BMA) technique. Results show that(1) BMA significantly outperformed the simple ensemble analysis and BMA mean matches all the three observed climate variables;(2) at the end of the 21^(st) century(2070–2099) under RCP8.5, compared to the control period(1976–2005), annual mean temperature and mean annual precipitation will rise considerably by 4.8°C and 5.2%, respectively, while mean annual snowfall will dramatically decrease by 26.5%;(3) precipitation will increase in the northern Tianshan region while decrease in the Amu Darya Basin. Snowfall will significantly decrease in the western TKM. Mean annual snowfall fraction will also decrease from 0.56 of 1976–2005 to 0.42 of 2070–2099 under RCP8.5; and(4) snowfall shows a high sensitivity to temperature in autumn and spring while a low sensitivity in winter, with the highest sensitivity values occurring at the edge areas of TKM. The projections mean that flood risk will increase and solid water storage will decrease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41405083 and 91437220)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.2015JJ3098)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(QYZDY-SSW-DQC012)the Fund Project for The Education Department of Hunan Province(Grant No.16A234)
文摘作为全球能量和水分循环的关键参量,陆地水储量包括土壤水、地表水、地下水、积雪和生物体水等,在水文、气候、农业、生态等众多领域起重要影响。与地面观测和遥感反演相比,陆面模式在刻画陆地水储量的时空变率等方面具有明显优势。然而不同模式参数化方案以及大气强迫驱动导致陆地水储量模拟存在不确定。为了减少陆地水储量模拟不确定性,本研究建立了基于贝叶斯模型平均(BMA)和多强迫多模式集合的陆地水储量模拟系统,获得了中国区域1979–2008年陆地水储量数据集。选取2004–08年的数据与GRACE重力卫星数据比较分析,结果显示BMA集合模拟的陆地水储量异常(Terrestrial water storage anomalies,TWSA)优于所有单个模拟结果,与GRACE观测的TWSA有更高的相关系数和更小的误差。
文摘Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is a non-invasive technique of reconstructing brain activities using EEG data. This technique has been applied to evaluate epilepsy patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, showing encouraging results for mapping interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). However, ESI is underused in planning epilepsy surgery. This is basically due to the wide availability of methods for solving the electromagnetism inverse problem (e-IP) associated to few studies using EEG setups similar to those most commonly used in clinical setting. In this study, we applied six different methods of solving the e-IP based on IEDs of 20 focal epilepsy patients that presented abnormalities in their MRI. We compared the ESI maps obtained by each method with the location of the abnormality, calculating the Euclidian distances from the center of the lesion to the closest border of the method solution (CL-BM) and also to the solution’s maxima (CL-MM). We also applied a score system in order to allow us to evaluate the sensitivity of each method for temporal and extra temporal patients. In our patients, the Bayesian Model Averaging method had a sensitivity of 86% and the shortest CL-MM. This method also had more restricted solutions that were more representative of epileptogenic activities than those obtained by the other methods.
文摘Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is a popular and powerful statistical method of taking account of uncertainty about model form or assumption. Usually the long run (frequentist) performances of the resulted estimator are hard to derive. This paper proposes a mixture of priors and sampling distributions as a basic of a Bayes estimator. The frequentist properties of the new Bayes estimator are automatically derived from Bayesian decision theory. It is shown that if all competing models have the same parametric form, the new Bayes estimator reduces to BMA estimator. The method is applied to the daily exchange rate Euro to US Dollar.
文摘It is quite common in statistical modeling to select a model and make inference as if the model had been known in advance;i.e. ignoring model selection uncertainty. The resulted estimator is called post-model selection estimator (PMSE) whose properties are hard to derive. Conditioning on data at hand (as it is usually the case), Bayesian model selection is free of this phenomenon. This paper is concerned with the properties of Bayesian estimator obtained after model selection when the frequentist (long run) performances of the resulted Bayesian estimator are of interest. The proposed method, using Bayesian decision theory, is based on the well known Bayesian model averaging (BMA)’s machinery;and outperforms PMSE and BMA. It is shown that if the unconditional model selection probability is equal to model prior, then the proposed approach reduces BMA. The method is illustrated using Bernoulli trials.
文摘蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)是陆地水、碳和能量交换的重要组成部分。基于不同模型和不同遥感数据估算的ET,存在不同程度的不确定性。贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian model averaging,BMA)提供了降低不确定性的一种途径。本研究采用中国三江源地区水热通量观测数据,以ARTS、PT-JPL、MOD16和SSEBop遥感蒸散发产品为基础,进行了BMA集成研究,生成了三江源地区2003–2015年250 m空间分辨率的年均地表蒸散发数据集。通过验证各输入模型和BMA集成模型结果,发现基于BMA的ET与通量观测数据相关性达0.94,能够解释观测数据季节变化的89%,优于单个模型的性能。说明BMA模型集成能够整合不同模型内在优势,降低结果估算的不确定性,从而获得更可靠的估算结果。本数据集可为三江源区域水热变化研究和生态系统调节功能评估提供更精确的数据支持。
文摘采用贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging)方法,使用1990-2007年省际数据,对长期影响中国经济增长的诸多因素的有效性和稳健性进行了识别和检验。研究结论表明:高等教育发展阶段、工业化推进速度、对外开放程度、东部区位优势、消费能力和对内开放水平等6个解释变量对中国经济增长具有长期、持续和稳健的影响,是中国经济增长的长期决定因素。城市规模、中部区位优势和初始经济条件等3个解释变量对经济增长也具有一定的解释能力。此外,从解释变量对经济增长边际影响的程度来看,工业化推进速度变量对经济增长的边际影响最强,其次是消费能力变量和对外开放程度变量。
文摘基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报资料及浙江全省自动站降水观测资料,采用贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Average,BMA)方法对2020年浙江超长梅汛期开展降水概率预报订正试验。采用平均绝对误差、连续等级概率评分、布莱尔评分B_(S)、Talagrand、概率积分变换(Probability Integral Transform,PIT)直方图及属性图检验方法对本次过程BMA订正前后的概率预报进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)50 d为适用于浙江梅汛期ECMWF集合预报订正的BMA最优训练期,经最优训练期的BMA订正后,预报离散度有所增加,预报误差有所下降;(2)BMA对0.1 mm、10.0 mm和25.0 mm阈值降水的订正效果显著,经BMA订正后3个阈值的降水预报B_(S)下降率分别为25.92%、19.29%、4.76%,但对超过50.0 mm的降水订正效果不明显,且随着降水阈值增加,BMA的订正效果减弱;(3)在强降水个例中,BMA能有效减少各阈值降水预报概率大值落区偏差,使订正后的降水预报概率大值区与观测落区更一致。