Comparisons of STRETCH meat grinders based on two different topologies of ICCOS

Inductive energy storage systems （IES）require opening switches which are technically much more difficult to realize than closing switches. Institute of Advanced Technology （ IAT ） puts forward a meat grinder with an inductive pulse power topology called slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid （STRETCH）. In this topology, an integrated gate-commutated thyristor （IGCT） is capable of breaking the charging currents on the order of 4 kA, and it may encounter difficulties in expanding to higher energy systems. German-French Institute of Saint Louis （ISL） has developed a high-power opening switch based on standard high-power thyristors by using their so-called inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices （ICCOS） countercurrent commutation principle. Two topologies of the STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS are analyzed. And they are compared based on the voltage across the main switch, the current multiplication factor and other aspects by u- sing Matlab simulations. The advantages and disadvantages of the two topologies are shown through the comparisons. Therefore a more suitable topology can be chosen for realistic applications accord- ing to their performances.

Influence of Occupational Noise Exposure on Cognitive Ability of Grinders

Purpose: To investigate whether long-term noise exposure affects the cognitive ability of grinders. Methods: Cumulative noise exposure (CNE) and LAeq.8h determination were used to characterize the level of individual noise exposure;the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test (Beijing version) was used to evaluate cognitive function. Results: We compared the basic situation of workers in different groups and individual noise exposure intensity of grinders was monitored. Multiple linear-regression analysis was made and score of MoCA in different group was finally drawn. Conclusion: CNE and total score of MoCA have the relationship of negative correlation (r = -0.303, p < 0.05) which means long-term occupational noise exposure can affect the cognitive ability of grinders.

Meat Grinder放电特性分析

作为电磁轨道炮脉冲功率电源的Meat Grinder电路结构具有储能密度高,体积小等优势。针对Meat Grinder输出性能的影响因素不明确,工程应用困难的问题,对Meat Grinder的基础电路工作原理进行了探究。基于电磁耦合原理,分析了Meat Grinder的放电过程,给出了耦合系数和级数对Meat Grinder电流放大倍数、能量损耗以及能量利用率的影响特性,对比分析了多级Meat Grinder和单级耦合等效电路的输出性能。研究结果表明,耦合系数是影响电路输出性能的最主要因素。此外,单级耦合等效电路能够达到与多级Meat Grinder相同的输出性能,且工程应用更易实现。

Assessment of Asbestos Exposure Associated with a Brake Grinder

The wear patterns for drum-style automotive brakes tend to enlarge internal drum diameters. Such enlargement is most profound when used brake drums are machined to restore the metal friction surfaces. Specialized arc grinding machinery has been used to match replacement shoe-style brake friction materials to enlarged drums. The process of arc grinding removes friction material, thereby producing dust. When organic-style friction materials contained asbestos, use of arc grinding machinery posed an asbestos fiber exposure risk to operators and proximate personnel. The manufacturers of arc grinding machinery have incorporated local exhaust ventilation systems designed to capture and remove this dust at the point of grinding contact and propel this dust into collection bags or other systems. This research was designed to evaluate the dust capture and retention characteristics of a specific arc grinder product, when used to custom grind asbestos-containing brake friction materials. A Bear Model 1420 automotive brake shoe arc grinder was the subject of this study. During two separate but consecutive test sessions, newly relined sets of shoe-style automobile brake friction materials were precision ground. Both area and personal air samples were collected throughout each testing session. This work took place within a closed and unventilated metal building, with total interior volume of 2500 m3. Collected air samples were analyzed using phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of analysis using PCM for personal samples (n = 6) ranged from <0.044 to 0.055 fibers per cc (f/cc) (mean 0.05). Follow-up analysis of these personal samples using TEM indicated asbestos-adjusted PCM exposures ranging from <0.0074 to 0.055 f/cc (mean ≤ 0.041). Area air samples, taken at distances ranging from 1.5 to 9 meters from the arc grinder (n = 12), showed asbestos-adjusted PCM concentrations ranging from <0.0075 to 0.041 f/cc (mean ≤ 0.017). The process of custom arc grinding shoe-style, asbestos-containing brake friction materials can cause exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. However, when done using properly equipped arc grinding machines, such exposures are not expected to exceed the current occupational exposure limits for asbestos of 0.1 f/cc 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) or 1.0 f/cc 30-minute average.

基于RTCP控制算法的叶片加工六轴砂带磨床优化设计

基于叶片型面磨削工艺参数及工艺过程确定机床各坐标轴运动性能和磨削接触压力,进行叶片加工砂带磨床优化设计和频率分析。采用RTCP算法和传动链独立的算法结构模式,建立转轴数学模型、工件传动链算法库以及刀具传动链算法库。对设计的机床伺服速度进行测试,优化机床结构薄弱环节,满足叶片型面及全特征型面磨削要求。通过有限元分析研究X,Y,Z轴的变形量,计算六轴砂带磨床1阶~6阶的固有振动频率,并进行分析和优化,提高了叶片磨削的轮廓精度,加工经济效益显著。

数控磨床电控系统可靠性建模与评估研究

电控系统作为数控磨床关键子系统之一,尚未有学者对其开展可靠性建模与评估研究。文章对北京第二机床厂提供的MKS型数控磨床电控系统故障数据进行预处理,并绘制概率密度散点图,发现图像趋势符合威布尔分布或指数分布,再利用最小二乘法进行参数估计,经模型检验后引入灰关联度进行模型优选,确定电控系统故障数据所属分布模型为指数分布。最后计算了电控系统平均故障间隔时间MTBF、平均维修时间MTTR和固有可用度A_(inh)。评估结果已反馈给厂家并获得认可,对提升数控磨床整机的可靠性水平有重要意义。

数控精密立式磨床空间误差建模及溯源分析

数控精密立式磨床在加工时具有变形量少、圆度更好的优点,广泛应用于机床行业中套筒类、盘类、环类、小型工作台等零件的磨削加工领域。与国外相比,国内机床行业在高端磨床领域存在着生产效率低、加工精度差等问题。以某型号数控精密立式磨床为研究对象,首先通过研究各关键部件之间的运动关系,得出相应的几何误差参数,运用多体系统理论建立了部件之间的变换矩阵,进而得到磨床的精密加工约束方程,从而建立磨床的空间几何误差模型。依据该空间误差模型,建立误差灵敏度模型,得到影响加工精度的关键误差项。最后针对关键误差项进行误差修复,完成对数控立式磨床加工精度的优化,可在立式磨床设计阶段提供一定的设计理论基础。

硅片磨床伺服进给系统仿真模型与分析

在硅片磨削时,硅片加工质量与硅片磨床的进给系统性能密切相关。为了提升硅片磨床进给系统的精度和稳定性,提出了采用上位机、运动控制卡、伺服驱动器、位置传感器进行闭环控制进给的技术方案。研究了伺服系统和机械系统两者之间的相互耦合关系,建立了动力学模型,搭建了基于PID控制的三闭环控制系统,采用MATLAB中Simulink模块对进给系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,磨床进给系统速度波动量在1%以下满足硅片磨削对进给精度的要求。

机械力化学浸出法从氧化锌矿中高效浸出锌

以篮式研磨机为机械力化学活化设备对我国兰坪地区低品位氧化铅锌矿进行研究,提出将研磨与NaOH溶液浸出过程相结合浸出锌的机械力化学浸出(MCL)工艺。研究浸出温度、NaOH浓度、浸出时间、液固比和搅拌速度对锌浸出率的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳浸出条件下,采用MCL工艺锌的浸出率达到92.3%,比常规搅拌浸出(CSL)工艺的高7.2%,且两种工艺的能耗相差不大,证明了MCL工艺的优越性。通过对原矿进行锌物相分析以及对最佳条件下不同工艺浸出渣进行XRD、SEM-EDS、EPMA和粒度等分析,研究机械力化学活化的强化机理。

高精度工具磨床摆轴模糊自整定控制方法研究

针对精加工刀具刃磨过程所需工具磨床摆轴回转运动的高精度要求,设计了新型的高精度工具磨床摆轴及其控制系统。首先,根据已设计的摆轴机械结构建立系统数学模型;其次,为了满足工程中不同刃磨需求下摆轴回转运动的平稳性要求,解决常规PI控制无法实现此类时变系统回转速度精准控制的问题,引入了模糊控制策略对PI控制参数进行整定;最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink模块对摆轴系统进行了仿真验证。结果表明,采用模糊PI控制的摆轴系统速度跟随效果好,超调量低于1%,且具有良好的鲁棒性,能满足工程中对高精度工具磨床摆轴运动控制精度的要求。

数控轧辊磨床圆柱度三点测量原理及仿真分析

针对数控轧辊磨床圆柱度离线式两点法不能参与程序运算,难以将测量过程中产生的多种误差分离出来的问题,提出一种三点圆柱度误差分离的方法。该方法将误差分离技术(EST)应用到轧辊圆柱度测量上,并基于MATLAB平台建立了该方法的数学模型。为验证该三点法的优势,预设10个轧辊截面轮廓进行误差分离仿真并分析。结果表明,三点圆柱度测量法能参与程序运算,有效分离出轧辊各截面圆度误差、各截面之间的半径差、各截面最小二乘圆心初始位置同时还可以分离出回转轴的回转误差和直行导轨的直行运动误差,为进一步实现轧辊圆柱度的精密测量打下基础。

大尺寸圆锥滚子3MZ4250球基面磨床支承结构的改进

针对原3MZ4250球基面磨床加工风电轴承大尺寸圆锥滚子存在的支承尺寸小以及支承结构不稳定问题,提出以下改进措施:增大支承尺寸,将支承硬质合金面由方形改进为圆柱形;增大支承安装槽与支承座表面的距离。实际加工表明,改进支承后加工的大尺寸圆锥滚子球基面曲率半径、端面跳动、表面粗糙度均满足技术要求。

基于超导储能电感的meat-grinder脉冲电源

为了探索高温超导储能用于线圈型同步感应电磁推进脉冲电源的可行性，研究了超导电感和电容混合型meat-grinder脉冲电源电路。设计并研制了一个小型的高温超导储能脉冲变压器，提出了高温超导储能脉冲变压器使用meat-grinder电路拓扑结构的脉冲成形方案，并以3个电感线圈作模拟同步感应电磁推进系统负载，进行了仿真分析和实验验证。在77K和储能电流96A的情况下，实验得到了2．35～3．04kA的电流脉冲输出，并有望在20K温度下满足线圈型电磁推进的应用要求。结果表明，提出的脉冲电源模式是可行的。因负载电流脉冲受负载阻抗影响较大，在实际电磁推进应用中，需要减小线路电阻和常导电感的内阻。

高速精密数控轧辊磨床中心架液压润滑系统的设计及其优化

中心架作为轧辊磨床的重要部分之一,起着支承和卸荷的重要作用。文中以某型高速精密数控轧辊磨床为依据,设计了其中心架的液压润滑系统,基于AMESim软件建立该液压润滑系统模型并进行仿真计算,分析得出侧瓦和底瓦静压固定活塞直径、静压固定活塞杆径及调速阀设定流量对系统中静压腔油压特性具有显著影响。采用遗传算法对影响系统静压腔油压特性的3个参数进行优化,结果表明:优化后的中心架液压润滑系统中,静压腔油压稳定性得到了显著的改善,达到稳定状态的时间明显缩短,验证了优化方案的合理性,其结果可为轧辊磨床液压润滑系统的设计及优化研究提供理论依据。

复合磨床砂轮架模态分析与试验研究

基于赫兹接触理论建立了轴承滚动结合部接触模型,采用弹簧阻尼单元代替轴承滚子结合部,在ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立复合磨床砂轮架转塔有限元模型,对转塔结构进行模态分析。利用LMS结构试验系统对转塔结构进行模态测试与分析。试验表明,采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟轴承滚动结合部的有限元模态分析与动态试验结果吻合,验证了该方法的可行性。弹簧阻尼单元替代轴承可以减小建模难度,并为砂轮工作转频和转塔结构优化提供参考依据。

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofiber(CNF)from Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus)Bast through the Chemo-Mechanical Process

The present work emphasizes the isolation of cellulose nanofiber(CNF)from the kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus)bast through a chemo-mechanical process.In order to develop high CNF yield with superior properties of CNF for improving compatibility in varied applications this method is proposed.The fiber purification involved pulping and bleaching treatments,whereas mechanical treatment was performed by grinding and high-pressure treatments.The kraft pulping as a delignification method followed by bleaching has successfully removed almost 99%lignin in the fiber with high pulp yield and delignification selectivity.The morphology of the fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,which showed a smooth surface,fiber bundles,gel-shaped nanofiber,and an average size of 94.05 nm with 69%of CNF in 34–100 nm size.The chemo-mechanical process exhibited a more crystalline nature in CNF than pulp kenaf.The low zeta potential values exhibit the distribution of fibrils and colloidal suspension stability without any further agglomeration.A lower concentration of CNF is less stable exhibiting the product agglomeration.Therefore,the chemo-mechanical process for the isolation of CNF(Hibiscus cannabinus)from kenaf involves sustainable,low-cost,non-toxic,and cheap alternatives than other traditional methods.

镶片式叶根精铣刀结构设计及制造工艺分析

针对传统整体式叶根精铣刀加工成本高、效率低的问题,提出一种镶片式结构的叶根精铣刀设计。根据某叶根型线对镶片式叶根精铣刀进行结构设计,利用ANSYS软件进行刀具的静态受力分析,得出成型后角对刀具结构的影响关系并进行结构优化;利用NUMROTO plus软件编制刀具精加工工艺流程及编程处理;采用SAACKE UWIF五轴刀具磨床进行加工实验验证。试验件经检测,满足刀具设计的精度要求,验证了该结构刀具的可行性,通过对比实验,验证了该刀具可以降低生产成本。

锤式粉碎机的关键部件研究

生物质能作为重要的可再生能源,对其进行有效利用有助于废弃物处理、碳减排和土壤改良,可以促进环境保护和农业可持续发展,推动绿色工业发展。在生物质加工利用过程中,粉碎工艺是将较大的生物质原料粉碎为更为细小的碎屑,以供下一步制粒工序使用。生物质粉碎的方式有很多,涉及不同种类的生物质粉碎机,其中锤式粉碎机是最为常见的粉碎机,因此文章以锤式粉碎机为例,分析生物质粉碎机的工作原理及关键部件——锤片。针对锤片在工作过程中易受到磨损导致其使用寿命缩短的问题,提出针对性的锤片加强处理的方法。实验证明,经过加强处理,锤片的使用寿命可达1000h,相较于未进行加强处理的锤片使用寿命增加了7~8倍。

唐宋时期川渝地区研磨器的用途初论

川渝地区唐宋遗址中出土的一类常见器物(少数也见于墓葬),极相似于共出的碗、盏,但其内壁均密布戳刺锯齿状研磨面或刻划有细且密的浅刻线或篦划纹,可称之为研磨器。研磨器的用途至今仍没有定论,本文通过考古材料与文献记载,针对研磨器的用途进行研究,认为研磨器的功能主要有研磨茶饼和研磨姜蒜类调味品两大类。

恒力磨床液压控制系统研究

为提高某恒力磨床设备的压力精度,增加对位置偏差干扰的抵抗能力,根据设备输出数据指标设计研究液压控制系统。根据设计的液压原理图在AMESim仿真软件中完成系统仿真建模,进行闭环压力控制系统分析研究,最终采用前馈补偿与压力闭环反馈结合的复合PID控制方案,具有最佳控制效果,并能够实现在工作过程中遇到位置偏差时具有一定抗干扰能力,保证输出精度在目标压力精度范围内。