Genetic Diversity and Classification of Chinese Elite Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] Revealed by Acid-PAGE Prolamin

Arid and semi-arid regions of China account for more than half of the country. Because of drought resistance and high nutritive value, elite foxtail millet (Setaria Italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the most important cereal crops in China. Evaluation of germplasm and genetic diversity of foxtail millet is still in its infancy, but prolamin could play an important role as a protein marker. To investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of foxtail millet from different ecological zones of China, 90 accessions of foxtail millet were collected from three major ecological areas: North, Northwest, and Northeast China. The prolamin contents were examined by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (acid-PAGE). Five to twenty-two prolamin bands appeared in tested varieties, of which were polymorphic, so prolamin patterns of foxtail millet varieties can be used in variety identification and evaluation. Structure analysis identified six groups, which matches their pedigree information but not their geographic origins. This indicated a high degree (87.78%) of consistency with a phylogenetic classification based on SSR. The results showed prolamin banding patterns were an effective method for analyzing foxtail millet genetic variability.

糖蜜草(Melinis minutiflora Beauv.)内生固氮菌分离鉴定

糖蜜草(MelinisminutifloraBeauv.)是热带地区的一种优良牧草。采用选择性培养基在厌氧和好氧两种培养条件下,从糖蜜草根、茎中都可分离得到具有较强固氮酶活性的菌株。通过SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳技术快速聚类分析表明,来源于糖蜜草中的菌株为同一类群。16SrDNA序列分析和总DNA的G+C%含量进一步确定糖蜜草中所分离的菌株属于固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum),与产脂固氮螺菌(Azospirillumlipoferum)亲缘关系较近。BIOLOG板测定结果显示,糖蜜草菌株TMCY243对多种碳源具有很强的适应性,与产脂固氮螺菌(A.lipoferum)的模式菌株DSM1691存在着较大的差异。以上结果表明,糖蜜草内生固氮菌为固氮螺菌属的一个新类群。

增强UV-B辐射与不同水平氮素对谷子(Setaria italica(L．)Beauv．)叶片保护物质及保护酶的影响

研究了生长在1.875 mmol.L-1和15 mmol.L-1硝态氮素水平条件下的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)开花期间在进行强度为7.12 kJ.m-.2d-1增强UV-B辐射处理时叶片类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和保护酶活性变化差异。主要结果表明在开花期无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射处理,较低水平氮素均比较高水平氮素更有利于提高谷子叶片PAL活性;叶片类黄酮含量除在进行增强UV-B处理时较低氮素条件下生长的谷子在开花末期显著高于较高氮素条件下生长的谷子外,受氮素水平影响不甚明显。而在开花期不进行与进行增强UV-B辐射处理,氮素水平对叶片保护酶的影响有所差异:不进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD活性有显著影响而对ASP活性无显著影响,对CAT和POD活性则在开花期部分阶段有显著影响。进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD与CAT活性有显著影响而对ASP、POD活性影响不显著。

毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera P. Beauv)PSII光化学效率对脱水和复水的响应

利用快速叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了毛尖紫萼藓脱水和复水过程中叶绿素荧光变化,结果显示在脱水过程中毛尖紫萼藓PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合机构电子传递的量子产额(ETo/ABS)、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA的其它电子受体的概率(ETo/TRo)、单位叶面积的反应中心的数量(RC/CSo)以及PSⅡ受体库(Area)对叶片含水量的响应等均存在相对含水量阈值。在阈值范围内脱水,对以上荧光参数影响不大,低于阈值后,各荧光参数值迅速下降,直至PSII反应中心完全关闭以及光化学过程结束。再复水后,毛尖紫萼藓光合机构的最大捕光效率、实际光化学效率、PSII反应中心受体侧的电子传递链以及反应中心均能得到快速而有效的恢复。表明一定时间内脱水不会对毛尖紫萼藓的光合器官造成严重伤害,光合系统仍维持在可恢复状态。

山东长岛南4岛狗尾草(Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv)种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了山东省长岛县南部4岛90份狗尾草材料的遗传多样性及遗传结构.13个ISSR引物共扩增出148个位点,多态性位点比率为70.30%,Shannon信息指数在物种水平上为0.344 9.根据Gst值,遗传变异有16.53%发生在种群间.遗传距离分析表明,NCS种群与DHS种群遗传一致度最高,遗传距离与地理距离之间没有相关性.

古粟(Setaria italica Beauv.)研究综述

粟于中国北方俗称"谷子",脱壳后称"小米",南方则通称"小米",在古代粮食作物中的地位举足轻重。近世学者对粟的史前考古发现、起源与传播、稷的粟黍之争、生产与文化等方面行了研究,并且已经取得了很多成果,但在某些方面的探索还非常不够,如史前人类生活中粟作的地位与演变;古粟的栽培、储藏、加工与利用技术;历史上粟的生产布局、价格与产量的变动;粟与古代经济、政治、文化的关系等。今后应加强在这些方面的投入,不断拓展粟研究的深度和广度。

施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征,分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系,探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平(0、75、120和150 kg·hm^(-2))对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力,增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率,促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量,其中,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时上述元素含量的增幅最大,氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高,增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%,小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮(150 kg·hm^(-2))不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运,与施氮量75 kg·hm^(-2)比较,两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%;氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量,淀粉形成受限,抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度,影响糊化品质,同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关,但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120kg·hm^(-2),能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。

糖蜜草（Melinis minutiflora Beauv．）幼穗分化发育．及花和果实形态的研究

本文对糖密草（ＭｅｌｉｎｉｓｍｉｎｕｔｉｆｌｏｒａＢｅａｕｖ．）的幼穗分化发育及花和果实的形态作了研究，将幼穗分化发育过程划分为以下九个时期：第一苞原基形成期；第一次枝梗原基形成期；第二、三次枝梗原基形成期；小穗及颖花原基形成期；雌、雄蕊原基形成期；花粉母细胞形成期；花粉母细胞减数分裂期；花粉充实期；花粉成熟期。全过程历时约需４２ｄ．从抽穗到颖果成熟约需５０ｄ。糖蜜草的花序为圆锥花序。每花序有可育花２０００—３０００朵．小穗是由小穗轴、内外颖片、不育花外稃和小花构成。小花包括有内外稃各一片、一鳞被、雄蕊三枚和一枚雌蕊，颖果千粒重为９１ｍｇ。

响应面法优化火绒草中总黄酮与总酚酸的提取工艺研究

为探究野生火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides(Wild.)Beauv)总黄酮与总酚酸最佳提取工艺及抗氧化活性,本试验采用快速溶剂萃取法探索萃取温度、循环次数、加热时间及萃取压力对火绒草总黄酮、总酚酸提取含量的影响,通过单因素试验和响应面设计法确定了活性物质的最佳提取工艺。结果表明:当使用70%乙醇提取火绒草中总黄酮时最佳提取工艺为:萃取温度93℃,循环次数3次,加热时间20 min,萃取压力102 bar,提取含量为(45.45±0.36)mg·g^(-1);总酚酸最佳提取工艺为:萃取温度90℃,循环次数3次,加热时间19 min,萃取压力97 bar,提取含量为(23.52±0.34)mg·g^(-1)。火绒草总黄酮提取液对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的IC_(50)为0.012 mg·mL^(-1)和0.356 mg·mL^(-1),具有一定的还原力。本研究可为火绒草活性物质的提取工艺及加工利用提供可靠的理论依据和详实的科学参考。

基于ISSR数据探讨卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)遗传多样性

卷叶凤尾藓（Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.）是凤尾藓科凤尾藓属植物,该种分布广泛,形态变异强烈。为了解其遗传多样性及种群遗传结构特点,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对采集于浙江、福建、广西、四川、辽宁5个省区的卷叶凤尾藓14个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了评价。结果显示：筛选出的12对引物共扩增出259条清晰、重复性高的条带,其中多态性位点有248个,多态位点百分率为95.75%;种群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.2327,Shannon’s信息指数为0.3701,说明卷叶凤尾藓遗传多样性水平较高;14个种群的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0.7078,种群间的基因流（Nm）为0.1864,表明大部分遗传变异（72.01%）存在于种群间,27.99%的遗传变异存在于种群内,即卷叶凤尾藓种群间遗传分化明显。基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明,在遗传距离50为分组阈值处,14个种群可被分为6组（G1~G6）：G1为来自于浙江省不同采集地点的8个种群（JHBS除外）;G2由浙江金华北山种群（JHBS）组成;G3包括福建武夷山（WYS）和天宝岩种群（TBY）;G4、G5、G6分别由广西龙胜县花坪种群（GX）、四川龙池种群（LC）、辽宁白石砬子保护区种群（BSLZ）组成,表明卷叶凤尾藓种群间的遗传分化主要由地理距离造成,种群内的遗传分化可能与其生境的异质性有关。

Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of a Highly Male-Sterile Gene in Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica L.Beauv.) Using SSR Markers

Breeding of male-sterile lines has become the mainstream for the heterosis utilization in foxtail millet,but the genetic basis of most male-sterile lines used for the hybrid is still an area to be elucidated.In this study,a highly male-sterile line Gao146A was investigated.Genetic analysis indicated that the highly male-sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene a single recessive gene.Using F 2 population derived from cross Gao146A/K103,one gene controlling the highly male- sterility,tentatively named as ms1,which linked to SSR marker b234 with genetic distance of 16.7 cM,was mapped on the chromosome VI.These results not only laid the foundation for fine mapping of this highly male-sterile gene,but also helped to accelerate the improvement of highly male-sterile lines by using molecular marker assisted breeding method.

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv.

[Objectives] To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of L. franchetii Beauv. [Methods] The DPPH and ABTS^+ scavenging rate and reducing power of L. franchetii Beauv. were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. [Results] The 70% ethanol extract of L. franchetii Beauv. had strong antioxidant capacity, and its antioxidant capacity increased with the increase of mass concentration. [Conclusions] The 70% ethanol extract of L. franchetii Beauv. has higher DPPH and ABTS^+ scavenging rate and reducing power.

Determination and Multidimensional Analysis of 22 Kinds of Inorganic Elements in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Production Areas

[Objectives]To determine the content of inorganic elements in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different production areas, and provide a reference for quality control, safety assessment, and clinical application of L. franchetii Beauv.. [Methods] The contents of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Hg, Cr in the sample of L. franchetii Beauv. were determined by the wet digestion and technique of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES), and the principal component analysis was carried out for the determination results. [Results] A total of 20 inorganic elements were detected from the samples of L. franchetii Beauv. from different production areas, among which the contents of Ca, Al, P and Fe were higher. There were significant differences among different elements, and samples of different production areas show similar distribution patterns of main elements. Correlation analysis shows that 17 elements had an extremely significant positive correlation and 19 elements had a significant positive correlation. According to the principal component analysis, B, Ca, K, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sn, Sr, Fe, Ni, Ti, V, Zn, Al, and Cd were characteristic inorganic elements of L. franchetii Beauv. [Conclusions] This method is simple, rapid and accurate, and can be used for the analysis and determination of inorganic elements in L. franchetii Beauv., and provides a theoretical basis for better development and utilization of L. franchetii Beauv.

Identification of Original Plants, Traits, Microstructure and Powder of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv.

[Objectives] This study aimed to provide experimental data for the identification and application of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. [Methods] The original plants, traits, microstructure and powder of L. franchetii Beauv. were identified. [Results] The identification characteristics of L. franchetii Beauv. in the original plants, traits and microstructure were obvious. [Conclusions] This study can provide reference for the identification of original plants and herbs and the development of quality standards of L. franchetii Beauv. and provide a basis for further research and development.

Quality Evaluation of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Localities Based on Moisture,Ash and Extract Contents and Thin-layer Chromatography

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.

少花蒺藜草水浸提液对狗尾草种子萌发的影响

为探究少花蒺藜草的入侵对本地杂草狗尾草的影响,采用培养皿滤纸法,分析少花蒺藜草各部位(凋落物、种子、根、茎、叶)水浸提液(浓度分别为1.25%、2.50%、5.00%、10.00%)对狗尾草种子萌发的影响。结果表明:少花蒺藜草种子、凋落物各浓度下水浸提液和1.25%、2.50%浓度下的根、叶水浸提液均显著抑制狗尾草种子相对萌发率;5.00%、10.00%浓度的少花蒺藜草根水浸提液以及1.25%、10.00%浓度的少花蒺藜草叶水浸提液均显著提高了狗尾草的发芽势;少花蒺藜草根5.00%浓度的水浸提液显著提高了狗尾草的发芽指数,少花蒺藜草凋落物、种子5.00%、10.00%浓度的水浸提液显著降低了狗尾草的发芽指数。

谷子产量与降雨量及其主要农艺性状的关系

根据谷子(Setaria italica Beauv.)品种豫谷18在河南省南阳市近5年的田间表现,研究降雨量与谷子产量的关系,通过相关性分析和主成分分析法分析谷子产量的影响因素,以期为南阳市谷子的高产栽培技术提供科学依据。结果表明,影响谷子产量的因子从大到小依次为降雨量、穗粒质量、单穗质量、穗粗、穗长、千粒质量、生育期、日照时数、出谷率、株高、穗数;其中产量与降雨量、千粒质量、生育期和株高呈负相关,与降雨量的相关性达显著水平(P<0.05),产量与其他指标呈正相关,与穗粒质量和单穗质量的相关性达显著水平(P<0.05)。降雨量与单穗质量、穗粒质量、穗长、穗粗等谷子主要农艺性状呈负相关;降雨量多时,单穗质量、穗粒质量、穗长、穗粗等农艺性状变小,且谷瘟病、细菌性褐条病等病害发生重,最终导致产量降低。因此,在南阳市种植谷子时应选择地势高、地势平坦、不易积水的地块或丘陵岗坡地;降雨量多的年份要防治谷瘟病和细菌性褐条病。

几种改良剂对煤矸石基质水分特征及狗尾草萌发的影响

煤矸石基质保水性差是影响植物定居的主要障碍因子,为提高煤矸石基质的保水性,以土壤(土矸比)、保水剂、生物炭和生物菌肥为改良剂,采用四因素三水平L(3^(4))正交试验,研究4者不同配比对煤矸石基质水分特征及狗尾草萌发和早期生长的影响。结果表明,土壤、保水剂、生物炭的施用极显著地降低了煤矸石基质的容重和累积入渗速率(P<0.01),而生物菌肥对二者的影响不显著,4种改良剂的处理效果依次为土矸比>保水剂>生物炭>生物菌肥;土壤、保水剂、生物炭和生物菌肥显著提高了煤矸石基质的田间持水量(P<0.05),处理效果表现为土矸比>保水剂>生物炭>生物菌肥;施用改良剂后,狗尾草萌发数量差异不明显,但狗尾草的萌发开始时间由14 d提前到7~12 d,且狗尾草的干重积累显著增长(P<0.05),对照组的狗尾草干重仅为19.7 mg·盆^(-1),施用改良剂后狗尾草干重在28.3~71.2 mg·盆^(-1),最高增加2.61倍。正交试验统计分析结果表明,适宜的改良剂配合比例为土矸比2∶1+保水剂0.1%+生物炭1%+生物菌肥1%,该比例可显著提高煤矸石基质的保水性,促进狗尾草萌发与早期生长,结果可为煤矸石基质改良提供理论参考。

双稃草对水稻生长和产量性状的影响及其生态经济阈值

为了解双稃草[Diplachne fusca(L.)Beauv.]对水稻的危害特性,采用杂草-作物竞争试验测定了双稃草敏感种群和抗性种群不同密度对水稻生长发育的影响。结果表明,双稃草对水稻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,水稻茎蘖数随双稃草密度的增加而显著减少,且时间越长影响越大。水稻的穗长、有效穗数、结实率、千粒重及产量均随双稃草密度的增加而降低。用指数函数模型拟合双稃草敏感种群密度与水稻有效穗数的关系较好,用二次曲线模型拟合双稃草抗性种群与水稻有效穗数的关系较好;2个种群与水稻穗长、结实率、千粒重和产量之间的关系均以二次曲线模型拟合较好。双稃草引起的水稻产量损失均以幂函数描述最好,其中敏感种群的为y=2.0917x^(0.6070),抗性种群的为y=2.2387x^(0.5625)。在相同的除草成本时,用10%恶唑酰草胺EC防除双稃草敏感和抗性种群,经济危害允许水平分别为2.24%~2.91%和2.63%~3.42%,敏感种群的生态经济阈值(1.12~1.72株/m^(2))低于抗性种群(1.33~2.13株/m^(2))。

卷柏化学成分研究

目的 研究中药卷柏 (Selaginellatamariscina (Beauv .)Spring)水提物中的化学成分。方法 利用SephadexLH 2 0及硅胶等色谱技术进行分离纯化 ,根据理化性质、光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果 得到 4个化合物 ,分别鉴定为 1 羟基 2 [2 羟基 3 甲氧基 5 (1 羟基乙基 ) 苯基 ] 3 (4 羟基 3 ,5 二甲氧基苯基 ) 丙烷 1 O β D 葡糖苷 (卷柏苷B ,I) ,腺苷 (II) ,鸟苷 (III) ,熊果苷 (IV)。结论 卷柏苷B为新化合物 ,腺苷、熊果苷。