In the Lake Zone of Tanzania, Behavioral Determinants Are Associated with Hygiene but Not Sanitation Practice

Understanding why individuals do or do not adopt optimal water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices is critical to designing successful behavior change interventions. However, policy makers and program implementers often fail to obtain the context-specific information on behavioral determinants of WASH practices. This two-stage, randomized survey among 5000 female primary caregivers in the Lake Zone of Tanzania assessed associations between behavioral determinants and a range of hygiene and sanitation practices. Behavioral determinants of hygiene were almost always significantly associated with cleaning one’s own hands after cleaning the baby’s bottom and being able to show at least one place where family members wash their hands. In regression models, those who knew when to wash their own hands (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.1) and their child’s hands (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3, 1.7) and mothers who thought that their female friends washed their hands after cleaning the baby’s bottom (OR = 5.5, 95% CI: 4.5, 6.7) were significantly more likely to frequently clean their own hands after cleaning the baby’s bottom. This research suggests that in the Lake Zone of Tanzania, numerous determinants are associated with hygiene practices. Identifying context-specific determinants of WASH behaviors is the first step toward developing effective interventions.

Criminological Analysis of Determinants of Criminal behavior

Understanding the essence of the criminogenic contamination of the person and the ways and possibilities of influencing it is a key to increasing the effectiveness of preventive activities of society and the state in order to reduce the likelihood of committing a criminal offense.This article analyzes the process of determination of criminal conduct.The empirical basis of the scientific article was the provisions of normative legal acts of Ukraine,the provisions of international law,in particular,regarding the determinants of criminal behavior of a person.During the study,general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis,a historical and systemic approach were used.The authors argue that the reasons for criminal conduct are individual and can vary significantly on a case-by-case basis.Its dependence on both biological and social factors is stated.The combination of pathological heredity,social environment,and political and economic factors can cause criminal behavior.At the same time,the psychological aspects of illegal acts are taken into account within almost all criminological theories to a greater or lesser extent.As a result,it is possible to answer a number of questions about the determination and nature of criminal behavior,the reasons for the commission of criminal offenses,the peculiarities of the functioning of the mental sphere,psychological problems,complexes,etc.This research can be useful when improving the methods of crime prevention,identifying offenders,and investigating criminal cases.It was concluded that the processes and phenomena of the own organism and the surrounding reality are perceived and refracted through the psyche of the person himself,that is,subjective.