Study on the Effect of Behavioral Interventions Based on the Theory of“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice”on Tuberculosis Cognitive Level of Close Contacts

Objective:Based on the theory of“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice,”health education was carried out for close contact with tuberculosis(TB)at a university in Beijing,and its impact on the students’awareness of TB was studied.This study could provide a reference for effective health education interventions among close contacts of TB in undergraduates.Methods:102 undergraduates who had close contact with one confirmed case of pulmonary TB in April 2021 at a university were randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group.The intervention group was given the“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice”health education intervention by professionally trained doctors,and were asked to complete a self-designed TB-related questionnaire before and after the intervention.Both groups performed the Tuberculin Skin Test(TST)and chest X-ray(CR)examination.Results:The rate of the TST test was 18.6%,and CR examination showed 0 cases of pulmonary TB.The survey results showed that the TB awareness rate(96.1%,49/51)in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group(51.0%,26/51),and the differences in awareness rate between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Regarding the attitude/skills toward TB,the prevalence rate of tuberculosis-related attitude/behavior in the intervention group(94.1%,47/51)was significantly higher than that of the control group(60.8%,31/51),and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Both self-controlled and parallel-controlled studies showed that the health education intervention of“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice”improved the awareness of TB among close contacts of TB in undergraduates.

Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention on Plasma Cortisol in Patients with Breast Cancer PTSD

Objective: To investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral intervention on plasma cortisol in patients with breast cancer PTSD before surgery. Methods: SCL-90, EPQ-N and cognitive behavior intervention were performed on 30 patients with PTSD, 30 patients without PTSD and 30 normal subjects, and their fasting blood was collected to analyze cortisol in the morning. Results: The scores of SCL-90 and EPQ-N in patients with breast cancer PTSD were significantly higher than those in non-PTSD patients and normal subjects (P < 0.01). After cognitive behavioral intervention, the plasma cortisol level of breast cancer PTSD patients was significantly decreased (P Conclusion: Compared with non-PTSD breast cancer patients and normal control group, breast cancer PTSD patients had more serious psychological problems, worse emotional stability and higher plasma cortisol level. Cognitive-behavioral intervention can effectively reduce plasma cortisol levels in breast cancer patients with PTSD.

Behavioral Intervention Reduces Unhealthy Eating Behaviors in Preschool Children via a Behavior Card Approach

Many eating behaviors form in childhood,and some unhealthy behaviors may persist into adulthood and have potential impacts on people＇s health.This study evaluated the effectiveness of behavioral intervention in reducing consumption of Western fast food,sweetened beverages,fried food in preschool children,and changing parents＇ rewarding behaviors that encourage the consumption of the unhealthy foods.The research was a cluster randomized trial of seven kindergartens,involving 1138 children aged 3–6 years and their parents in Beijing,China.Parents and children allocated to the intervention group received two lectures and printed resources,including behavior cards,educational sheets.Children＇s behavior cards,applied with behavior-changing techniques,were used to intervene,and monitor behavior changes over time.Children in the control group just followed their usual health education curriculum in kindergartens.Intervention effects on food consumption behaviors were assessed by examining pre-and post-questionnaires.Of the 1138 children screened at baseline,880（77.3%） were measured at the end of the intervention period.The intervention lasted from March to June in 2010.The results showed that consumption of Western fast food,sweetened beverages,and fried food was decreased among the intervention group（P〈0.001）.Proportions of parents using Western fast food as rewards for their children were decreased（P=0.002）.From March to June 2010,the frequency of each target behavior in children tended to decrease over the intervention period（P〈0.001）.Most parents favored regularly-delivered behavior cards or materials for behavioral intervention.In conclusion,the behavioral intervention encourages the healthier eating behaviors of children and reduces the parents＇ practice of using unhealthy foods as reward.

An Exploratory Investigation of Difficulties in Applying Functional Behavior Assessment and Implementing Behavioral Intervention Plans in ADHD Programs in Saudi Arabia

Functional behavior assessment(FBA)and behavioral intervention plans(BIPs)can be effective for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD);however,teachers may face difficulties when implementing FBA procedures and,in turn,BIPs because of lack of time,insufficient training,and multiplicity of beliefs.Thus,it is important to identify the difficulties teachers may face and the obstacles that can deter them from implementing intervention plans.This is a worthwhile endeavor because nearly all classrooms will have students with behavioral problems who will benefit from specifically designed educational interventions.This study aimed to identify the difficulties in applying FBA and the barriers in implementing BIPs among Saudi teachers in specialized ADHD programs.Using the descriptive-analytical approach,a questionnaire targeting difficulties and barriers was admi-nistered to 209 public school teachers from specialized ADHD programs in Saudi Arabia.The results revealed that the difficulty level of applying FBA in ADHD programs was high.The level of barriers in implementing BIPs was moderate.Finally,the study indicated that barriers in implementing BIPs could be predicted by the difficulties of applying FBA.The results suggest the importance offinding better practices,restructuring the provision of ADHD programs,training teachers,improving assessment tool availability,and ensuring cooperation between school administrators and teachers.

Effect of Montessori method on the cognitive and behavioral intervention of senile dementia patients:a meta-analysis

Background:To evaluate the effect of Montessori method on cognitive and behavioral function in patients with senile dementia by meta-analysis.Methods:The randomized controlled trials of the effect of Montessori method on cognitive and behavioral functions of Alzheimer’s patients in PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Excerpt Medica Database,The Cumulative Index to Nursing&Allied Health Literature,Chinese BioMedical Literature Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Weipu Information Chinese Periodical Service Platformdatabase and Wanfang database were searched by computer,and the references of relevant literatures were traced.Two researchers independently conducted literature screening,data extraction,evaluation and inclusion in the literature,using RevMan 5.4.1 software for meta-analysis.Results:A total of 11 literatures were included and 936 patients were enrolled.Meta analysis shows that compared with routine nursing,Montessori method is helpful to improve the overall cognitive function(standardized mean difference=1.53,95%confidence interval(1.32,1.73),P<0.01),activities of daily living and reduce the incidence of adverse events(relative risk=0.37,95%confidence interval(0.21,0.63),P<0.01)in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Conclusion:Montessori method is helpful to improve the overall cognitive function,activities of daily living and reduce the incidence of adverse events in patients with senile dementia.Affected by the included study,it still needs to be confirmed by multi center and large sample randomized controlled study.

Non-pharmacological management of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders:Current evidence and future perspectives

Functional abdominal pain disorders(FAPDs) are an important and prevalent cause of functional gastrointestinal disorders among children, encompassing the diagnoses of functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine, and the one not previously present in Rome Ⅲ, functional abdominal pain not otherwise specified. In the absence of sufficiently effective and safe pharmacological treatments for this public problem, non-pharmacological therapies emerge as a viable means of treating these patients, avoiding not only possible side effects, but also unnecessary prescription, since many of the pharmacological treatments prescribed do not have good efficacy when compared to placebo. Thus, the present study provides a review of current and relevant evidence on non-pharmacological management of FAPDs, covering the most commonly indicated treatments, from cognitive behavioral therapy to meditation, acupuncture, yoga, massage, spinal manipulation, moxibustion, and physical activities. In addition, this article also analyzes the quality of publications in the area, assessing whether it is possible to state if non-pharmacological therapies are viable, safe, and sufficiently well-based for an appropriate and effective prescription of these treatments. Finally, it is possible to observe an increase not only in the number of publications on the non-pharmacological treatments for FAPDs in recent years, but also an increase in the quality of these publications. Finally, the sample selection of satisfactory age groups in these studies enables the formulation of specific guidelines for this age group, thus avoiding the need for adaptation of prescriptions initially made for adults, but for children use.

The role of behavioral changes and prompt treatment in the control of STIs

In this paper,we study general recovery functions and treatment in the dynamics of an SIS model for sexually transmitted infections with nonzero partnership length.It is shown how partnership dynamics influences the predicted prevalence at the steady state and the basic reproduction number.Sobol's indices are used to evaluate the contribution of model parameters to the overall variance of R 0.The recovery functions studied here take into account that society's capacity to provide treatment is limited when the number of infected individuals is large.Bifurcation analysis is used to establish a relationship between an alert level of prevalence and the minimum recovery time that guarantees the eradication of the disease.We also show that a backward bifurcation can occur when there are delays in the treatment of infected individuals.

Evidence-based practices in sustainable travel behavior intervention: A knowledge graph-based systematic review

Sustainable travel behavior intervention is an essential strategy to promote the development of urban transportation.The interventions offer personalized strategies based on certain scenario and participants to promote its effectiveness over hard travel restrictions.However,personalized strategies may also bring about difficulties to identify the actual effect of the measures.Furthermore,based on current practice,to make full use of travel behavior interventions,it is necessary to construct a unified methodological evidencebased framework to assess the reliability and effectiveness of travel behavior intervention studies.In response to these issues,we applied evidence-based knowledge graph to the field of sustainable travel behavior interventions to help decision supporters design sustainable travel behavior interventions wisely and in turn avoid excessive use of hard travel restrictions.We introduced concept of evidence-based practice to conduct a systematic analysis concerning reliability and validity of current full volume empirical studies by dimensions of scenarios,types of interventions and targets.In addition,we took advantage of high extensivity and integrability of knowledge graph to organize evidence-based related elements.Result of the systematic analysis shows that in terms of reliability of evidence,school intervention is the best scenario,knowledge incentive is the best intervention type and promoting public transit and walking proportion are the best targets.Oppositely,the reliability of interventions in workplace,belonging to reward and threat along with aiming at changing travel patterns generally and lowering travel carbon emission need to be enhanced.From the study,various research prospects are raised to promote evidence quality in the field of travel behavior intervention implementation.As a pioneer study,our research contributes to the field of urban transportation in introducing concepts of evidence-based practice and enabling optimization and extension of our achievement via the usage of knowledge graph,enhancing reliability and objectivity in urban transportation decision-making.

Current complementary and alternative therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)is a widely prevalent gastrointestinal disorder,affecting13.3%of the global population.There are shortages and limitations of current GERD treatment modalities,and complementary and alternative therapy(CAT)is a promising option to fill in the gap.Dietary and lifestyle modifications might play an important and complementary role in alleviating GERD symptoms.Traditional Chinese medicine and brain–gut behavior therapy,particularly transcutaneous electrical acustimulation and diaphragmatic breathing therapy were shown to be useful adjuncts or alternatives in treating GERD.CAT may help to relieve GERD symptoms,minimize medication dosage,and slow the demand for surgery.The aim of this review was to summarize the existing evidence of some common CATs in treating symptomatic GERD,including dietary modification,lifestyle change,traditional Chinese medicine,and brain–gut behavior therapy.

社会生态视角下街道步行影响因素的作用机理——基于深圳的实证分析

The health significance of walking has become increasingly prominent.To better understand how factors influence behavior is a necessary basis for effective behavioral intervention.In view of the complexity of human behavior,this paper explores the influencing factors of pedestrian walking and their influencing mechanism under different behavioral purposes from the socio-ecological perspective,based on the empirical data of Shenzhen.The analysis reveals that:factors in each dimension interact to have a joint influence on walking activities,among which the influences of behavioral habit,physical environment,and policy environment are more prominent;the differentiation of influencing factors under different behavioral purposes is relatively obvious in physical environment dimension;the comprehensive performance of factors is more prominent in physical environment dimension,which is effective,especially under the intervention of policy environment factors;behavioral intervention practices should be integrated with the respective characteristics of behavior psychology,social environment,physical environment,and policy environment,so as to maximize the intervention effects.

Non-pharmacological management of abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children

Background:Abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorder(AP-FGID)comprises of 4 main conditions:functional dyspepsia,irritable bowel syndrome,abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain.AP-FGIDs are diagnosed clinically based on the Rome IV criteria for FGIDs of childhood.There is limited evidence for pharmacological therapies.Data sources:This review article discusses non-pharmacological management of AP-FGID based on the current literature including systematic reviews,randomized controlled trials,cohort and case control studies.We aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the available evidence for the pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists involved in managing children with AP-FGID.Results:Managing AP-FGIDs can be challenging.This should follow a stepwise approach with focused history,identification of“red flag”signs and symptoms,physical examination and investigations done following initial consultation.Family needs explaining that there is nothing seriously wrong with the child’s abdomen.This explanation and reassurance can achieve symptom control in large number of cases.Non-pharmacological interventions are delivered through lifestyle and dietary changes and bio-psychosocial therapies.Dietary interventions vary depending on the type of AP-FGID.Bio-psychosocial therapies such as hypnotherapy,cognitive behavioral therapy and yoga aim at stress reduction.Conclusion:There is increasing evidence for use of non-pharmacological interventions in children with AP-FGID.

Review of habit reversal training for tic disorders

Tic disorders(TD)is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is often first recognized in children and adolescents and is characterized mainly by motor and phonic tics.Drug treatment of TD has been criticized because of serious side effects,and TD treatment emphasizes behavioral psychotherapy.This study reviewed the most common behavioral psychotherapy for TD:habit reversal training(HRT).We examined the contents,variation,curative effects,and premonitory urge control of HRT and other behavioral psychotherapies.The findings suggest that current understanding of HRT is insufficient and further studies are needed.First,studies of online guidance training are needed to implement technology that can help more patients.Second,the future integration of HRT and other technologies is important.Third,imaging techniques could be used to further explore the brain mechanisms underlying HRT.Research on HRT for TD in China is insufficient.We call on more Chinese researchers to study,investigate,and develop technology to promote the development of behavioral psychotherapy for TD in China.

Analyzing the inconsistency in driving patterns between manual and autonomous modes under complex driving scenarios with a VR-enabled simulation platform

Purpose–With the aid of naturalistic simulations,this paper aims to investigate human behavior during manual and autonomous driving modes in complex scenarios.Design/methodology/approach–The simulation environment is established by integrating virtual reality interface with a micro-simulation model.In the simulation,the vehicle autonomy is developed by a framework that integrates artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms.Humansubject experiments are carried,and participants are asked to virtually sit in the developed autonomous vehicle(AV)that allows for both human driving and autopilot functions within a mixed traffic environment.Findings–Not surprisingly,the inconsistency is identified between two driving modes,in which the AV’s driving maneuver causes the cognitive bias and makes participants feel unsafe.Even though only a shallow portion of the cases that the AV ended up with an accident during the testing stage,participants still frequently intervened during the AV operation.On a similar note,even though the statistical results reflect that the AV drives under perceived high-risk conditions,rarely an actual crash can happen.This suggests that the classic safety surrogate measurement,e.g.time-tocollision,may require adjustment for the mixed traffic flow.Research limitations/implications–Understanding the behavior of AVs and the behavioral difference between AVs and human drivers are important,where the developed platform is only the first effort to identify the critical scenarios where the AVs might fail to react.Practical implications–This paper attempts to fill the existing research gap in preparing close-to-reality tools for AV experience and further understanding human behavior during high-level autonomous driving.Social implications–This work aims to systematically analyze the inconsistency in driving patterns between manual and autopilot modes in various driving scenarios(i.e.multiple scenes and various traffic conditions)to facilitate user acceptance of AV technology.Originality/value–A close-to-reality tool for AV experience and AV-related behavioral study.A systematic analysis in relation to the inconsistency in driving patterns between manual and autonomous driving.A foundation for identifying the critical scenarios where the AVs might fail to react.