CO and Particle Pollution of Indoor Air in Beijing and Its Elemental Analysis

Three representative types of houses in Beijing were selected and, in each type, smoking and nonsmoking households were compared. IP, RP. and CO concentrations in the living room and kitchen were monitored during each season. and the level of COHb in the heads of the households were measured. The study showed that indoor air pollution was rather severe, especially during winter. when paniculate concentrations markedly exceeded the standard and CO concentration was as high as 47 ppm. Indoor air pollution was closely related to the type of house, particularly to the mode of heating. In houses. of the same type, pollution improved greatly after central heating facilities were installed. Analysis of 30 elements revealed that pollution was typically caused by coal burning. aggravated by dusty wind, but high indoor Pb levels were probably due to the use of LPG for cooking. In our study the effect of cigarette smoking was sometimes masked by the severe indoor pollution. (C)1990 Academic Press, Inc.

Air pumping for alleviation of heavy smog in Beijing

Beijing often suffers under heavy smog.During such events which occur mostly in autumn and winter,people are desperate for fresh air.The formation of heavy smog is due to foremost human induced air pollution,but geographic and meteorological conditions,especially below a surface inversion,play an important role.We propose to destroy the inversion by pumping air from above the inversion layer to the surface layer to alleviate the severity of the smog.While long-term air quality improvement depends on the reduction of air pollution emission,air pumping may provide relief in the interim for the Beijing citizens.We estimate that an air pumping at a rate 2×10~7m^3s^(–1)can lead to significantly improved air quality in Beijing,due to(1)direct clean air input;(2)increased instability and vertical mixing and(3)a positive radiation-mixing feedback.The pumping requires an energy input of 10 GW,comparable with the energy consumption in Beijing for air conditioning in summer.We propose to use wind energy from Inner Mongolia for the pumping,which has currently an installed wind energy capacity of 70GW.

Impact of emission control on regional air quality: An observational study of air pollutants before, during and after the Beijing Olympic Games

An observational study on trace gases and PM2.5 was conducted at three sites in and around Beijing, during the Olympic season from 2007 to 2009. Air quality improved significantly during the Olympic Games due to the special emission control measures. However, concentrations of the primary pollutants and PM were found to have risen significantly after the Games. Although the major O3 precursors （NOx and VOCs） were well controlled during the Olympic season, O3 was still found to be the highest in 2008, based on the data of ground-based observation. All this information suggests that while control of regional emissions for the Beijing Olympic Games did improved the air quality in Beijing, more efforts will be needed for the continuous improvement of regional air quality, especially for significant reductions of O3 and fine particulate pollution, and not only in Beijing, but also in the B eijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region,China

In 2013,China issued ＂Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan（Action Plan）＂ to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei（BTH）region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_（2.5） concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km^2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_（2.5） concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_（2.5） exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay（WTP） method and human capital（HC） method.When the PM_（2.5） concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m^3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.

Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM_(2.5) from Beijing during 2006

Normal （n）-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in PM2.5 were collected from Beijing in 2006 and analyzed using a thermal desorption-GC/MS technique. Annual average concentrations of n-alkanes and PAHs were 282 ±96 and 125 ± 150ng/m^3, respectively： both were highest in winter and lowest in summer. C19-C25 compounds dominated the n-alkanes while benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, and phenanthrene were the most abundant PAHs. The n-alkanes exhibited moderate correlations with organic carbon （OC） and elemental carbon （EC） throughout the year, but the relation- ships between the PAHs, OC and EC differed between the heating and non-heating seasons. The health risks associated with PAHs in winter were more than 40 times those in spring and summer even though the PM2.5 loadings were comparable. Carbon preference index values （〈1.5） indicated that the n-alkanes were mostly from fossil fuel combustion. The ratios of indeno[123-cd]pyrene to benzo[ghi]pyrelene in summer and spring were 0.58 ± 0.12 and 0.63 ± 0.09, respectively, suggesting that the PAHs mainly originated from motor vehicles, but higher ratios in winter reflected an increased infuence from coal, which is extensively burned for domestic heating. A comprehensive comparison showed that PAH pollution in Beijing has decreased in the past 10 years.