Atmospheric Circulation and Dynamic Mechanism for Persistent Haze Events in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

In this study, regional persistent haze events（RPHEs） in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei（BTH） region were identified based on the Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events for the period 1980–2013. The formation mechanisms of the severe RPHEs were investigated with focus on the atmospheric circulation and dynamic mechanisms. Results indicated that：（1） 49 RPHEs occurred during the past 34 years.（2） The severe RPHEs could be categorized into two types according to the large-scale circulation, i.e. the zonal westerly airflow（ZWA） type and the high-pressure ridge（HPR） type. When the ZWA-type RPHEs occurred, the BTH region was controlled by near zonal westerly airflow in the mid–upper troposphere.Southwesterly winds prevailed in the lower troposphere, and near-surface wind speeds were only 1–2 ms^-1. Warm and humid air originating from the northwestern Pacific was transported into the region, where the relative humidity was 70% to 80%, creating favorable moisture conditions. When the HPR-type RPHEs appeared, northwesterly airflow in the mid–upper troposphere controlled the region. Westerly winds prevailed in the lower troposphere and the moisture conditions were relatively weak.（3） Descending motion in the mid-lower troposphere caused by the above two circulation types provided a crucial dynamic mechanism for the formation of the two types of RPHEs. The descending motion contributed to a reduction in the height of the planetary boundary layer（PBL）, which generated an inversion in the lower troposphere. This inversion trapped the abundant pollution and moisture in the lower PBL, leading to high concentrations of pollutants.

Empirical Study on Effect of Industrial Structure Change on Regional Economic Growth of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region

Based on the data of gross domestic product(GDP),industrial added value and the proportion of industrial employees from 2000 to 2008,this paper studies the effect of industrial structure change on the regional economic growth of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region in China using the shift-share method.The results show that:1) In the 21st century,the industrial output of three industries,namely,primary,secondary,and tertiary,and the GDP grew rapidly in the study period.The tertiary industry grew the fastest;it had the largest contribution to the GDP and mean-while had become the most competitive industry in the metropolitan region.2) The development of cities within the region was not balanced.Firstly,compared with Tianjin,Beijing,as one of the two core cities,was more rational in the industrial structure.Secondly,the surrounding eight cities,which are Shijiazhuang,Qinhuangdao,Tangshan,Langfang,Baoding,Cangzhou,Zhangjiakou,and Chengde,were all uncompetitive than the two core cities.3) There was a great industrial gradient in the region(especially between the two core cities and the cities of Tangshan,Baoding,Zhangjia-kou,Chengde,Cangzhou,and Langfang).As a result,it is foreseeable that the industry transfer in the Bei-jing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region will be one of the trends in regional development,and the industry transfer is inevitably to promote the regional integration.

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region,China

In 2013,China issued ＂Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan（Action Plan）＂ to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei（BTH）region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_（2.5） concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km^2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_（2.5） concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_（2.5） exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay（WTP） method and human capital（HC） method.When the PM_（2.5） concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m^3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.

Decomposition of factors influencing carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,based on the perspective of terminal energy consumption

In order to analyze the factors influencing carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and to explore the pathways to developing a low-carbon economy,this paper begins with the terminal energy consumption of three industries and residential consumption,and constructs an identical equation which is composed of population size,level of economic development,energy intensity,the proportion of energy consumption,energy structure,and the coefficient of carbon emissions.Based on the data of terminal energy consumption during 2000-2012,various factors are analyzed and their contribution is measured by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI).The results show that the levels of population and economy have a positive driving effect while energy intensity,energy structure,and carbon intensity have a negative driving effect;the proportion of energy consumption had a negative driving effect prior to 2006,then changed to positive.Among suggestions for a low-carbon economy are controlling population size,improving the quality of economic development,supporting research into new energy technology,accelerating regional integration and optimizing industrial structure,and enhancing environmental protection and spreading the concept of a low-carbon economy.

Regional Economic Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitans in China Based on a Heterogeneity Stochastic Frontier Model

Using a heterogeneity stochastic frontier model(HSFM),we empirically investigated the economic efficiency of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from 2003 to 2016 and its influencing factors.The key findings of the paper lie in:1)in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the overall economic and technological efficiency tended to increase in a wavelike manner,economic growth slowed down,and there was an obvious imbalance in economic efficiency between the different districts,counties and cities;2)the heterogeneity stochastic frontier production functions(SFPFs)of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei were different from each other,and investment was still an important impetus of economic growth in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei;3)economic efficiency was positively correlated with economic agglomeration,human capital,industrial structure,infrastructure,the informatization level,and institutional factors,but negatively correlated with the government role and economic opening.The following policy suggestions are offered:1)to improve regional economic efficiency and reduce the economic gap in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,governments must reduce their intervention in economic activities,stimulate the potentials of labor and capital,optimize the structure of human resources,and foster new demographic incentives;2)governments must guide economic factors that are reasonable throughout Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and strengthen infrastructure construction in underdeveloped regions,thus attaining sustainable economic development;3)governments must plan overall economic growth factors of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and promote reasonable economic factors(e.g.,labor,resources,and innovations)across different regions,thus attaining complementary advantages between Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei.

Analysis on Vapour Field for the Drought Causes in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Districts in Recent Years

The monthly variation,temporal-spatial distribution,transportation characteristics of vapour field at middle and lower atmosphere and their effects on drought in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei districts were studied,which have a guiding significance on predicting climate and arranging agricultural production in the district.

A study on the innovation of regional environmental management mechanism in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei area within the background of ecological civilization

Within the background of the need to promote the construction of ecological civilization and the current confl ict between the economic growth and the constraints of environment and resources, after a review of the theoretical study and practical exploration of ecological civilization, the article makes an analysis of the status quo of ecological civilization development in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei area, sums up the main problems there, and explores the development strategic framework to improve the regional ecological environment. It comes to the following conclusions: as the ecological and environmental problems in the BTH area are mainly the air pollution and so on, we should seek to build a mechanism of environmental management for sustainable development from the different aspects of industrial distribution, energy utilization, institution construction and market participation. We should capitalize on the chance to construct the ecological civilization, promote to change the regional economic growth pattern, improve the quality and effi ciency of development, and fi nally promote the synergetic development of ecological environment in the BTH area.

A Brief Analysis of the Causes and Countermeasures of Fog-Haze in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Since China broke the blockade and opened the country to the outside world, many township enterprises develop quickly. Together with the pollution caused by China’s coal-burning as the main source of national energy, the pollution caused by small and medium-sized enterprises in towns and villages due to their small investment, low technology level and weak environmental awareness, and the pollution caused by a sharp increase in motor vehicle emissions lead to the fact that fog-haze has been rampant in China’s cities and urban agglomerations for nearly two decades, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. This paper sorted out the current situation of fog-haze and analyzed the causes of fog-haze from the two aspects of natural and man-made causes, discussed the harms of fog-haze to human body, environment and life, and put forward the concrete measures to solve the fog-haze problem.

Evaluation on Agricultural Regional Coordination Degree of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei

According to the characteristics of agricultural system in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei,population pressure,resource utilization and construction capability are taken as the first grade indices.And there are a total of 14 second grade indices,such as the per capita cultivated land,per capita grain yield,per capita meat product,per capita aquatic product,per capita fruit,per capita water resource,per capita GDP,multiple cropping index,and proportion of agricultural expenditure in financial expenditure.An evaluation theory system for the coordination degree of agricultural system is established;and the empirical study on the agricultural coordination degree of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is carried out.Result shows that agricultural cooperative development in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is still in its primary stage.It is put forward that ideology is the premise,plan should take the lead,transportation is the foundation,and enhancing the brand is the key.Countermeasures are put forward for the agricultural cooperative development in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei,such as enhancing the sense of strategic positioning during agricultural cooperative development in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei,promoting the agricultural cooperative development planning in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei,establishing a modern and integrated transport network system,strengthening the agricultural science and technology support,and improving the grade of agricultural products.

Assessing performance of cross-administrative environment governance based on PSR model:An empirical analysis of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

As an effective environment governance tool,environment governance performance evaluation is an important content and method to promote the modernization of environment governance system and governance ability.The environmental pollution of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has typical cross-administrative characteristics.Based on the analysis of the major environmental pollution problems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,according to the international environment governance PSR model,a performance evaluation system that applies to the environment governance of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is established.Meanwhile,the principal component analysis method is applied to conduct an empirical analysis of the environmental governance panel data for the 13 major cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2014 to 2016.The results show that most of the cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region attach great importance to reduction of emission and pollutants,continuously alleviating the stress of environmental governance.However,the overall improvement of the environment governance performance in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has presented a polarization imbalance.There is a clear tendency for subjective biases in the implementation of environment governance and a lack of comprehensive and systematic governance.According to the environment governance performance evaluation result of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the cross-administrative regional environment governance should improve the environment governance performance evaluation system as soon as possible,strengthen the consistency of the environment governance objectives,and implement comprehensive and systematic governance for the regional environment.

Measurement of Urban Economic Gravity of China’s Three Major Agglomerations and Its Implications for the Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

This paper adopts the perspective of urban economic linkage and the modified urban economic gravity model to conduct a comparative analysis of the economic gravity among cities in China’s three major urban agglomerations,including the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the Yangtze River Delta,and the Pearl River Delta.The results show that,despite the ever-tightening economic linkages among cities in the urban agglomerations,the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region falls behind that of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta in terms of coordination,closeness,and balance.The economic linkages among cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are not as cohesive as they could be and display a significant“siphon effect”through Beijing and Tianjin as well as a prominently unidirectional economic flow.This study suggests that efforts should be put into directing the orderly flow of resources from Beijing and Tianjin to cities in Hebei and promoting a balanced economic flow among cities,thus facilitating the coordination of regional development.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Beijing and Tianjin region: Vertical distribution, correlation with TOC and transport mechanism

The contents and distribution of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （HAHs） were investigated in 16 soil profiles of Beijing and Tianjin region. Transport of high molecular weight PAHs （HMWPAHs） and the correlation between total organic carbon （TOC） and their concentrations were also discussed. The results indicated that highly contaminated sites were located at urban or wastewater irrigation areas and pollutants mainly accumulated in topsoil （〈 40 cm）, with a sharp content decrease at the vertical boundary of 30-40 cm. Total PAHs/HAHs concentrations in soils from Tianjin were markedly greater than those from Beijing. Even the contents at bottoms of soil profiles in Tianjin were higher than those in topsoils of Beijing soil profile. HMWPAHs dominated the PAH profiles, exhibiting a uniform distribution of pyrogenic origin between topsoils and deep layers. Furthermore, the percentages of HMWPAHs remained relative constant with the depth of soil profiles, which were consistent with the distribution of particulate matter-associated PAHs in the local atmospheric environments. Therefore, HMWPAHs transport with particulates might be the predominant source found in soil profiles.

Diagnostic Analysis of a Snowfall Weather in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei in 2010

[ Objective] The research aimed to analyze a local snowstorm weather process which happened in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during I - 4 January, 2010. [ Method] Based on routine meteorological observation data and NCEP/NCAR 2.5° ×2.5° grid data （four times every day）, a lo- cal snowstorm weather process which happened in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 1 -4 January, 2010 was carried out diagnostic analysis by using composite analysis method. [Result] Circumfluence on the ground and strong cold advection in the rear of upper trough were the main weath- er system of the snowfall. The deep thick wet layer and strong water vapor convergence provided sufficient water vapor for snowfall. The divergence field of low-level convergence and high^level divergence, dynamic coupling effect of vorticity provided favorable dynamic condition upwardly for the occurrence of strong snowfall. The steep dense area of Oso, low temperature at the ground layer and inversion temperature at the high layer provided certain energy condition for the development of snowfall weather. [ Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for snowfall forecast in future.

The spatial-temporal differentiation of green land use in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land's green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-TianjinHebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding.There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc.

Evaluation and Comparative Study of Industrial Competitiveness in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area

With the industrial competitiveness in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area in 2013 as the object of study,this paper uses principal component analysis to evaluate and compare the industrial competitiveness in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area,in order to provide reference for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei joint development. The results show that in terms of industrial structure competitiveness,Beijing > Tianjin > Hebei; in terms of agricultural competitiveness,Tianjin > Beijing > Hebei; in terms of industrial competitiveness,Tianjin > Beijing > Hebei; in terms of service industry competitiveness,Tianjin > Beijing > Hebei; in terms of high-tech industry competitiveness,Beijing > Tianjin > Hebei. It is suggested that Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei should further optimize industrial structure,and develop modern service industry. In the Beijing-TianjinHebei joint development,Hebei should focus on the development of agriculture,Tianjin should focus on the development of industry,and Beijing should focus on the development of high-tech industry.

Innovation Research on Collabora/ve Governance System of theAir Pollution 2 Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from the Cost-effectiveness Perspective

论文以京津冀大气污染协同治理的成本构成为基础,分析阐述了由于跨区域协同治理的法律法规不完善,有关三地信息共享、利益补偿、监督管理等相关制度、机制不健全,加大了京津冀协同治理的交易成本,使协同治理的效率降低.为此,应加快完善京津冀协同治理的制度与机制创新,重点加强京津冀区域内生态补偿和排污权交易等经济激励机制建设,以实现京津冀协同治理的长效目标.

Problems and Countermeasures of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei's location

Regional economic integration is the main trend in the world,the region participate inthe international competition as a whole.China has formed Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta region which have showed strong competitive and plays an important role in enhancing theoverall competitiveness of a country.As the third largest area,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei'slocation is very important,Beijing,Tianjin and regional development has also attracted great attention of national leaders,China will enhance the economic development of Beijing,Tianjin region to the national strategic level,However,the process of economic integration in Beijing,Tianjin and regional development has been relatively slow,Hebei Province in Beijing and the day Tianjin two big cities have been developing weak,Beijing City,but also faced with the problem of excessive development,This paper points out the problems faced by the integration of Beijing,Tianjin,and puts forward some countermeasures,hoping to discuss how to promote the integration process.

O nthe Collaborative Development Mechanism of Mineral Resources in Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei

京津冀矿产资源协同开发是京津冀区域经济协同发展的客观需要、京津冀差异化工业化进程的必然要求,也是加强矿山生态环境治理的必然要求.论文以京津冀矿产资源协同开发的必要性为切入点,探讨协同开发机制的内容和实施协同开发机制的措施,认为协同开发机制包括协同开发监管主体和实施主体、协同规划机制、协同激励机制、协同监管机制和协同保障机制.实施协同开发机制需要整合引导激励政策、协同联动监管,并处理好矿产资源开发与城镇化、环境恢复治理、交通运输的关系.

Research on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Integration Higher EducationResource Optimization Configuration Status and Evaluation System

京津冀协同发展对于京津冀三地的高等教育是一个极好的发展契机,但是三地的高等教育发展水平呈现了不平衡的态势,资源拥有量的差距较大D 因此,高等教育资源的优化配置是当下高等教育发展亟待解决的问题.在分析京津冀高等教育资源配置现状的基础上,立足于协同发展的视角,从影响高等教育资源配置的背景、师资资源、教育经费、教育基础设施、教育质量及成就等方面构建了京津冀高等教育资源配置评价指标体系.