Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollutio...Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.展开更多
The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic d...The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic development.So far,there is still no regional long-term mechanism for coordinated governance of air pollution.Ecological compensation theory is becoming an effective guiding theory to coordinate economic and environmental benefits.There is relatively little research on ecological compensation mechanism in the coordinated control of regional air pollution.Ecological compensation mechanism is an effective tool to promote air pollution control.At the same time,regional cooperation can realize the efficient control of air pollution.Scientifically constructing the cross regional cooperative control model of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is a favorable way to implement comprehensive control of air pollution.This paper discusses the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism for regional coordinated control of air pollution.Referring to practical experience of provinces and cities that have implemented the ecological compensation mechanism for air pollution control,and the effective way to distribute the compensation amount,compensation subject and compensation standard determination method that can be implemented in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are analyzed,further proposing an effective way to establish an ecological compensation mechanism for regional air pollution collaborative control according to its reality.展开更多
In recent years,China has implemented several measures to improve air quality.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region is one area that has suffered from the most serious air pollution in China and has undergone huge chan...In recent years,China has implemented several measures to improve air quality.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region is one area that has suffered from the most serious air pollution in China and has undergone huge changes in air quality in the past few years.How to scientifically assess these change processes remain the key issue in further improving the air quality over this region in the future.To evaluate the changes in major air pollutant emissions over this region,this paper employs ensemble Kalman filtering(EnKF)for integrating the national ground monitoring pollutant observation data and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System(NAQPMS)simulation data to inversely estimate the emission rates of SO_(2),NOX,CO,and primary PM_(2.5)over BTH region in February from 2014 to 2019.The results show that SO_(2),NOX,CO,and primary PM_(2.5)emissions in the BTH region decreased in February from 2014 to 2019 by 83%,37%,41%,and 42%,while decreases in Beijing during this period were 86%,67%,59%,and 65%,respectively.Compared with the prior emission inventory,the inversion emission inventory reduces the uncertainty of multi-pollutant simulation in the BTH region,with simulated root mean square errors of the monthly average concentrations of SO_(2),NOX,PM_(2.5),and CO reduced by 41%,30%,31%,and 22%,respectively.The average uncertainties of SO_(2),NOX,PM_(2.5),and CO inversion emissions in2014-19 are±14.03%yr^(-1),±28.91%yr^(-1),±126.15%yr^(-1),and±43.58%yr^(-1).Compared with the uncertainty of MEIC emission,the uncertainties of all species changed by+2%yr^(-1),-2%yr^(-1),-26%yr^(-1),and-4%yr^(-1),respectively.The spatial distribution results illustrate that air pollutant emissions are mainly distributed over the eastern and southern BTH regions.The spatial gap between the inversion emissions and MEIC emissions was further closed in 2019 compared to 2014.The results of this paper can provide a new reference for assessing changes in air pollution emissions over the BTH region in recent years and validating a bottom-up emission inventory.展开更多
Air pollution poses a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability globally, and Nigeria is no exception. Despite significant economic growth and urban development, Nigeria faces substantial air q...Air pollution poses a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability globally, and Nigeria is no exception. Despite significant economic growth and urban development, Nigeria faces substantial air quality challenges, particularly in urban centers. While outdoor air pollution has received considerable attention, the issue of indoor air quality remains underexplored yet equally critical. This study aims to develop a reliable, cost-effective, and user-friendly solution for continuous monitoring and reporting of indoor air quality, accessible from anywhere via a web interface. Addressing the urgent need for effective indoor air quality monitoring in urban hospitals, the research focuses on designing and implementing a smart indoor air quality monitoring system using Arduino technology. Employing an Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and MQ135 gas sensor, the system collects real-time air quality data, transmits it to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, and visualizes it through a user-friendly web interface. This project offers a cost-effective, portable, and reliable solution for monitoring indoor air quality, aiming to mitigate health risks and promote a healthier living environment.展开更多
Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulftLrization (FGD) systems have the co-benefi...Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulftLrization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg^2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg^0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%, and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.展开更多
China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China....China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.展开更多
Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control (APC) residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy me...Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control (APC) residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.展开更多
With the rapid development of industry and energy,the emission of a large number of SO2 has brought serious harm to the global environment.This paper introduces several main SO2 control technologies and describes the ...With the rapid development of industry and energy,the emission of a large number of SO2 has brought serious harm to the global environment.This paper introduces several main SO2 control technologies and describes the progress of the advanced desulfurization technologies at home and abroad.At last,higher requirements on desulfurization technology are raised.展开更多
At present,China’s atmospheric environmental protection work has achieved initial results,but environmental protection is facing increasing pressure,and the environmental situation is still not optimistic.In response...At present,China’s atmospheric environmental protection work has achieved initial results,but environmental protection is facing increasing pressure,and the environmental situation is still not optimistic.In response to the call of the state,efforts have been intensified in environmental protection and ecological civilization construction,and supply-side structural reform has been actively promoted,and the Implementation Plan for Tianjin’s Comprehensive Discharge of Industrial Pollution Sources to Meet Standards has been promoted.When the total amount of pollutants discharged in key areas far exceeds the environmental capacity,regional heavy pollution weather will still occur once adverse meteorological conditions are encountered.In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution,when the deterioration of air quality to a certain extent,to protect public health,key gas related industries should carry out emergency emission reduction in accordance with the local emergency plan while the local government starts the emergency response of heavy pollution weather.Direct economic loss of emergency response to heavy pollution weather is enormous.On the basis of meeting the total amount of emissions required by the state,the project aims to achieve the effect of"emission reduction and production increase"by precise emission reduction according to local characteristics.展开更多
Man made activities are changing environment of our planet earth.Various methods are used to reduce the environmental pollution.In this paper the methods of air/water/soil pollution mitigation/reduction using electrom...Man made activities are changing environment of our planet earth.Various methods are used to reduce the environmental pollution.In this paper the methods of air/water/soil pollution mitigation/reduction using electromagnetic fields is discussed.Air/water/soil contains ions and the energy transfer for living organisms takes place by ion exchange processes.Ions are affected by electric/magnetic fields.Many investigators展开更多
Since the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control , all regions of China have steadily promoted the prevention and control of air pollution and achieved results continuously. However...Since the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control , all regions of China have steadily promoted the prevention and control of air pollution and achieved results continuously. However, the atmospheric environment in key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and Fenwei Plain is still severe, and especially during the heating period heavy pollution occurs frequently, which has become the focus and difficulty of improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and is also the weakest link of China s air pollution control at present. How to alleviate air pollution, how to win the battle of pollution prevention and control, how to hold the fruits of the blue sky defense war, energy consumption is key.展开更多
Air pollution is a critical environmental issue for California, which has some of the nation’s most polluted air basins and also the nation’s most stringent set of state and local air quality standards. This paper r...Air pollution is a critical environmental issue for California, which has some of the nation’s most polluted air basins and also the nation’s most stringent set of state and local air quality standards. This paper reviews my previous work in Lin (2011), in which I examine the effects of agriculture-related local regulations in California on air quality, as measured by the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards, by exploiting the natural variation in policy among the different air districts in California. Agricultural burning policies and penalty fees reduce the pollution from CO. Other policies such as the prohibition on visible emission, fugitive dust, particulate matter, nitrogen and the reduction of animal matter are correlated with higher levels of CO. Regulations on orchard and citrus heaters have no significant effect on the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards.展开更多
Air pollution is a hot issue studied by scholars all over the world.Academic circles generally believe that socio-economic factors such as extensive economic growth,unbalanced proportion of industrial structure and un...Air pollution is a hot issue studied by scholars all over the world.Academic circles generally believe that socio-economic factors such as extensive economic growth,unbalanced proportion of industrial structure and unreasonable energy consumption structure are the main"culprits"of serious air pollution in China.Therefore,the relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth has very important theoretical and practical significance for air pollution prevention and control and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of cities.Through literature research and summary methods,this paper studies the severity and harmfulness of air pollution in China,and deeply studies the research progress of socio-economic influencing factors of air pollution,environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis of air pollution,decoupling relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth,so as to provide useful reference for the prevention and control of air pollution.展开更多
The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollu...The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.展开更多
Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health,particularly in urban areas with high levels of industrial activities.In China,the government plays a crucial role in managing air quality through the Air Pollu...Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health,particularly in urban areas with high levels of industrial activities.In China,the government plays a crucial role in managing air quality through the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan.The government provides direct financial support and guides the investment direction of social funds to improve air quality.While government investment has led to improvements in air quality across China,concerns remain regarding the efficiency of such large-scale investments.To address this concern,we conducted a study using a three-stage data envelopment analysis(DEA)-Malmquist model to assess the efficiency of government investment in improving air quality in China.Our analysis revealed regional disparities and annual dynamic changes.Specifically,we focused on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei areas as a case study,as the investment primarily targeted industrial activities in urban areas with the goal of improving living conditions for urban residents.The results demonstrate significant differences in investment efficiency between regions.Beijing exhibits relatively high investment efficiency,while cities in Hebei Province require improvement.We identified scale inefficiency,which refers to the ratio of air pollutant reduction to financial investment,as the main factor contributing to regional disparities.However,we found that increasing the total investment scale can help mitigate this effect.Furthermore,our study observed positive but fluctuating annual changes in investment efficiency within this city cluster from 2014 to 2018.Investment-combined technical efficiency,which represents the investment strategy,is the main obstacle to improving yearly investment efficiency.Therefore,in addition to promoting investment strategies at the individual city level,it is crucial to enhance coordination and cooperation among cities to improve the investment efficiency of the entire city cluster.Evaluating the efficiency of government investment and understanding its influencing factors can guide future investment measures and directions.This knowledge can also support policymaking for other projects involving substantial investments.展开更多
This study combined the real-time monitoring and investigation of traffic flows to comprehensively analyze the road traffic flow and vehicle structure in downtown Beijing.A dynamic emission inventory of motor vehicle ...This study combined the real-time monitoring and investigation of traffic flows to comprehensively analyze the road traffic flow and vehicle structure in downtown Beijing.A dynamic emission inventory of motor vehicle air pollutants in downtown Beijing in 2021 was established,and the impact of these emissions on air quality was simulated and quantified,and different emission reduction control scenarios were proposed to evaluate their environmental improvement effects and explore measures to mitigate the impact of pollution emissions.The results show that the high traffic flow and the structure of the motor vehicle emissions in downtown Beijing are the main causes of severe motor vehicle pollution.Monitoring data shows that traffic flow in central Beijing is dominated by small passenger vehicles,while the vehicle mix is better than in other regions,with 72.0%of vehicles meeting"National V"or higher emission standards.However,to achieve higher air quality goals,further reducing vehicle emissions is necessary.Based on dynamic traffic flow,the average daily emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOX),particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and volatile organic compounds(VOC)from motor vehicles in central Beijing are 17.7 tons,0.6 tons and 14.0 tons,respectively,accounting for 23.0%of the city’s average daily motor vehicle emissions.If a zero-emission zone for motor vehicles were implemented in central Beijing,the annual average emission level of pollutants will be reduced by 10.4%to 21.0%.The designation of ultra-low emission zones for motor vehicles could be effective in improving the air quality in the center of Beijing.展开更多
Various methods are used to reduce the environmental pollution.In this paper the methods of air/water/soil pollution mitigation/reduction using electromagnetic fields is discussed.Air/water/soil contains ions and the ...Various methods are used to reduce the environmental pollution.In this paper the methods of air/water/soil pollution mitigation/reduction using electromagnetic fields is discussed.Air/water/soil contains ions and the energy transfer for living organisms take place by ion exchange processes.Ions are affected by electric/magnetic fields.Many investigators are working on improving environment by applying electromagnetic fields,which affect展开更多
The increased occurrence of smoggy days in major Chinese cities is of major concern to the general public. This paper explores the major sources of PM2.5 pollutants, a key contributor to the smog in Beijing, one of Ch...The increased occurrence of smoggy days in major Chinese cities is of major concern to the general public. This paper explores the major sources of PM2.5 pollutants, a key contributor to the smog in Beijing, one of China’s largest cities. Evidence indicates that the secondary PM2.5 particles formed through NOx, SOx, NH3, VOCs, etc. have a strong impact on human health. As a result, PM2.5 pollution control should not simply focus on controlling particulate emission, but should involve adopting an integrated multi-pollutant control strategy. In addition to identifying the major sources of PM2.5, this paper explores its impact on environmental and human health. Although the intention of this research is not to provide solutions for reducing PM2.5 pollution, the paper analyzes the United States’ experience with establishing PM2.5 standards and mandates. Specifically, this paper focuses on the air quality control strategies adopted in California since the 1940s and draws parallels with present-day China. The research suggests that adequate government regulation, public awareness, regional collaboration and industrial compliance are keys to successfully controlling PM2.5 pollution.展开更多
文摘Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation Project(9192002)Key Projects of Beijing Social Science Foundation(19YJA002)。
文摘The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic development.So far,there is still no regional long-term mechanism for coordinated governance of air pollution.Ecological compensation theory is becoming an effective guiding theory to coordinate economic and environmental benefits.There is relatively little research on ecological compensation mechanism in the coordinated control of regional air pollution.Ecological compensation mechanism is an effective tool to promote air pollution control.At the same time,regional cooperation can realize the efficient control of air pollution.Scientifically constructing the cross regional cooperative control model of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is a favorable way to implement comprehensive control of air pollution.This paper discusses the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism for regional coordinated control of air pollution.Referring to practical experience of provinces and cities that have implemented the ecological compensation mechanism for air pollution control,and the effective way to distribute the compensation amount,compensation subject and compensation standard determination method that can be implemented in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are analyzed,further proposing an effective way to establish an ecological compensation mechanism for regional air pollution collaborative control according to its reality.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.41875164 and 92044303)。
文摘In recent years,China has implemented several measures to improve air quality.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region is one area that has suffered from the most serious air pollution in China and has undergone huge changes in air quality in the past few years.How to scientifically assess these change processes remain the key issue in further improving the air quality over this region in the future.To evaluate the changes in major air pollutant emissions over this region,this paper employs ensemble Kalman filtering(EnKF)for integrating the national ground monitoring pollutant observation data and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System(NAQPMS)simulation data to inversely estimate the emission rates of SO_(2),NOX,CO,and primary PM_(2.5)over BTH region in February from 2014 to 2019.The results show that SO_(2),NOX,CO,and primary PM_(2.5)emissions in the BTH region decreased in February from 2014 to 2019 by 83%,37%,41%,and 42%,while decreases in Beijing during this period were 86%,67%,59%,and 65%,respectively.Compared with the prior emission inventory,the inversion emission inventory reduces the uncertainty of multi-pollutant simulation in the BTH region,with simulated root mean square errors of the monthly average concentrations of SO_(2),NOX,PM_(2.5),and CO reduced by 41%,30%,31%,and 22%,respectively.The average uncertainties of SO_(2),NOX,PM_(2.5),and CO inversion emissions in2014-19 are±14.03%yr^(-1),±28.91%yr^(-1),±126.15%yr^(-1),and±43.58%yr^(-1).Compared with the uncertainty of MEIC emission,the uncertainties of all species changed by+2%yr^(-1),-2%yr^(-1),-26%yr^(-1),and-4%yr^(-1),respectively.The spatial distribution results illustrate that air pollutant emissions are mainly distributed over the eastern and southern BTH regions.The spatial gap between the inversion emissions and MEIC emissions was further closed in 2019 compared to 2014.The results of this paper can provide a new reference for assessing changes in air pollution emissions over the BTH region in recent years and validating a bottom-up emission inventory.
文摘Air pollution poses a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability globally, and Nigeria is no exception. Despite significant economic growth and urban development, Nigeria faces substantial air quality challenges, particularly in urban centers. While outdoor air pollution has received considerable attention, the issue of indoor air quality remains underexplored yet equally critical. This study aims to develop a reliable, cost-effective, and user-friendly solution for continuous monitoring and reporting of indoor air quality, accessible from anywhere via a web interface. Addressing the urgent need for effective indoor air quality monitoring in urban hospitals, the research focuses on designing and implementing a smart indoor air quality monitoring system using Arduino technology. Employing an Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and MQ135 gas sensor, the system collects real-time air quality data, transmits it to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, and visualizes it through a user-friendly web interface. This project offers a cost-effective, portable, and reliable solution for monitoring indoor air quality, aiming to mitigate health risks and promote a healthier living environment.
基金supported by the U.S.Agency for International Development (USAID) cooperation agreement(No.486-A-00-06-000140-00)
文摘Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulftLrization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg^2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg^0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%, and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.
基金the National Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC0208901 and 2017YFC0212100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71722003 and 71690244)。
文摘China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.
基金The Key Project of Shanghai Council of Science and Technology(No. 032312043)
文摘Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control (APC) residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.
文摘With the rapid development of industry and energy,the emission of a large number of SO2 has brought serious harm to the global environment.This paper introduces several main SO2 control technologies and describes the progress of the advanced desulfurization technologies at home and abroad.At last,higher requirements on desulfurization technology are raised.
文摘At present,China’s atmospheric environmental protection work has achieved initial results,but environmental protection is facing increasing pressure,and the environmental situation is still not optimistic.In response to the call of the state,efforts have been intensified in environmental protection and ecological civilization construction,and supply-side structural reform has been actively promoted,and the Implementation Plan for Tianjin’s Comprehensive Discharge of Industrial Pollution Sources to Meet Standards has been promoted.When the total amount of pollutants discharged in key areas far exceeds the environmental capacity,regional heavy pollution weather will still occur once adverse meteorological conditions are encountered.In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution,when the deterioration of air quality to a certain extent,to protect public health,key gas related industries should carry out emergency emission reduction in accordance with the local emergency plan while the local government starts the emergency response of heavy pollution weather.Direct economic loss of emergency response to heavy pollution weather is enormous.On the basis of meeting the total amount of emissions required by the state,the project aims to achieve the effect of"emission reduction and production increase"by precise emission reduction according to local characteristics.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 42077204)the National Key Research and Development Project(Grant number 2017YFC0210103)with data support provided by the National Earth System Science Data Center,National Science&Technology Infrastructure of China(http://www.geodata.cn).
文摘Man made activities are changing environment of our planet earth.Various methods are used to reduce the environmental pollution.In this paper the methods of air/water/soil pollution mitigation/reduction using electromagnetic fields is discussed.Air/water/soil contains ions and the energy transfer for living organisms takes place by ion exchange processes.Ions are affected by electric/magnetic fields.Many investigators
基金Supported by Special Project for Research on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution from Fire Coal in 2018 of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China(2018A030)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771498)
文摘Since the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control , all regions of China have steadily promoted the prevention and control of air pollution and achieved results continuously. However, the atmospheric environment in key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and Fenwei Plain is still severe, and especially during the heating period heavy pollution occurs frequently, which has become the focus and difficulty of improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and is also the weakest link of China s air pollution control at present. How to alleviate air pollution, how to win the battle of pollution prevention and control, how to hold the fruits of the blue sky defense war, energy consumption is key.
文摘Air pollution is a critical environmental issue for California, which has some of the nation’s most polluted air basins and also the nation’s most stringent set of state and local air quality standards. This paper reviews my previous work in Lin (2011), in which I examine the effects of agriculture-related local regulations in California on air quality, as measured by the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards, by exploiting the natural variation in policy among the different air districts in California. Agricultural burning policies and penalty fees reduce the pollution from CO. Other policies such as the prohibition on visible emission, fugitive dust, particulate matter, nitrogen and the reduction of animal matter are correlated with higher levels of CO. Regulations on orchard and citrus heaters have no significant effect on the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards.
基金Supported by Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Ministry of Education“Relationship between Haze Pollution and Socio-economic Growth:Research on Three Dimensions Spatial-temporal Feature,Decoupling Effect and Collaborative Governance”(21YJCZH016).
文摘Air pollution is a hot issue studied by scholars all over the world.Academic circles generally believe that socio-economic factors such as extensive economic growth,unbalanced proportion of industrial structure and unreasonable energy consumption structure are the main"culprits"of serious air pollution in China.Therefore,the relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth has very important theoretical and practical significance for air pollution prevention and control and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of cities.Through literature research and summary methods,this paper studies the severity and harmfulness of air pollution in China,and deeply studies the research progress of socio-economic influencing factors of air pollution,environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis of air pollution,decoupling relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth,so as to provide useful reference for the prevention and control of air pollution.
文摘The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.
基金the Beijing Social Science Foundation Project Key Project of the Social Science Program of the Beijing Education Commission(Grant No.SZ202011232024)Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund Project(Grant No.20YJAZH129).
文摘Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health,particularly in urban areas with high levels of industrial activities.In China,the government plays a crucial role in managing air quality through the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan.The government provides direct financial support and guides the investment direction of social funds to improve air quality.While government investment has led to improvements in air quality across China,concerns remain regarding the efficiency of such large-scale investments.To address this concern,we conducted a study using a three-stage data envelopment analysis(DEA)-Malmquist model to assess the efficiency of government investment in improving air quality in China.Our analysis revealed regional disparities and annual dynamic changes.Specifically,we focused on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei areas as a case study,as the investment primarily targeted industrial activities in urban areas with the goal of improving living conditions for urban residents.The results demonstrate significant differences in investment efficiency between regions.Beijing exhibits relatively high investment efficiency,while cities in Hebei Province require improvement.We identified scale inefficiency,which refers to the ratio of air pollutant reduction to financial investment,as the main factor contributing to regional disparities.However,we found that increasing the total investment scale can help mitigate this effect.Furthermore,our study observed positive but fluctuating annual changes in investment efficiency within this city cluster from 2014 to 2018.Investment-combined technical efficiency,which represents the investment strategy,is the main obstacle to improving yearly investment efficiency.Therefore,in addition to promoting investment strategies at the individual city level,it is crucial to enhance coordination and cooperation among cities to improve the investment efficiency of the entire city cluster.Evaluating the efficiency of government investment and understanding its influencing factors can guide future investment measures and directions.This knowledge can also support policymaking for other projects involving substantial investments.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2022YFC3800403)the Foundation of Beijing Municipal Research Institute of EcoEnvironmental Protection (No.Y2022-007)。
文摘This study combined the real-time monitoring and investigation of traffic flows to comprehensively analyze the road traffic flow and vehicle structure in downtown Beijing.A dynamic emission inventory of motor vehicle air pollutants in downtown Beijing in 2021 was established,and the impact of these emissions on air quality was simulated and quantified,and different emission reduction control scenarios were proposed to evaluate their environmental improvement effects and explore measures to mitigate the impact of pollution emissions.The results show that the high traffic flow and the structure of the motor vehicle emissions in downtown Beijing are the main causes of severe motor vehicle pollution.Monitoring data shows that traffic flow in central Beijing is dominated by small passenger vehicles,while the vehicle mix is better than in other regions,with 72.0%of vehicles meeting"National V"or higher emission standards.However,to achieve higher air quality goals,further reducing vehicle emissions is necessary.Based on dynamic traffic flow,the average daily emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOX),particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and volatile organic compounds(VOC)from motor vehicles in central Beijing are 17.7 tons,0.6 tons and 14.0 tons,respectively,accounting for 23.0%of the city’s average daily motor vehicle emissions.If a zero-emission zone for motor vehicles were implemented in central Beijing,the annual average emission level of pollutants will be reduced by 10.4%to 21.0%.The designation of ultra-low emission zones for motor vehicles could be effective in improving the air quality in the center of Beijing.
文摘Various methods are used to reduce the environmental pollution.In this paper the methods of air/water/soil pollution mitigation/reduction using electromagnetic fields is discussed.Air/water/soil contains ions and the energy transfer for living organisms take place by ion exchange processes.Ions are affected by electric/magnetic fields.Many investigators are working on improving environment by applying electromagnetic fields,which affect
文摘The increased occurrence of smoggy days in major Chinese cities is of major concern to the general public. This paper explores the major sources of PM2.5 pollutants, a key contributor to the smog in Beijing, one of China’s largest cities. Evidence indicates that the secondary PM2.5 particles formed through NOx, SOx, NH3, VOCs, etc. have a strong impact on human health. As a result, PM2.5 pollution control should not simply focus on controlling particulate emission, but should involve adopting an integrated multi-pollutant control strategy. In addition to identifying the major sources of PM2.5, this paper explores its impact on environmental and human health. Although the intention of this research is not to provide solutions for reducing PM2.5 pollution, the paper analyzes the United States’ experience with establishing PM2.5 standards and mandates. Specifically, this paper focuses on the air quality control strategies adopted in California since the 1940s and draws parallels with present-day China. The research suggests that adequate government regulation, public awareness, regional collaboration and industrial compliance are keys to successfully controlling PM2.5 pollution.