Discussion on the Green Tax Stimulation Measure of Nitrogen Fertilizer Non-Point Source Pollution Control-Taking the Dongting Lake Area in China as a Case

A study on designing the tax of nitrogen fertilizer can provide a new method for controlling nitrogen fertilizer non-point source pollution. The tax design of nitrogen fertilizer was discussed by utilizing the external theory and the demand elasticity theory. The results indicated that the coefficient of price elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer demand is -0.21, which instructed that the market demand is in lack of elasticity in the short period and the impact of nitrogen fertilizer manufacturers is subtle. The 11 counties （cities and boroughs） in the Dongting Lake area in China, where the farmland nitrogen application surpassed the average ecological fertilization dosage, is listed to the taxation scope of nitrogen fertilizer tax. The environment loss will reduce 0.07 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.89 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The loss, which was brought by the decreasing food supplies production, will be 0.58 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.38 hundred million RMB yuan following revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.49%. The variation scope of the income of farmers will range from -8.41 to 6.44%. The 5 areas, Yunxi Borough, Junshan Borough, Hanshou County, Jinshi City, and Ziyang Borough, had an increase in food supplies production after the revenue collection. The environment loss will reduce 0.01 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.16 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The economic benefits, which was brought by the increasing cereals production, will be 0.67 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.84 hundred million RMB yuan after revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.06%. The variation scope of the increasing income of farmers will range from 0.69 to 6.44%. Considering the entire social welfare, taxation of nitrogen fertilizer will have more advantages than disadvantages in the Dongting Lake area.

Study on Control Scheme for Nonpoint Source Pollution in Dahe Reservoir Water Source Protection Area of Dianchi Lake Basin

[ Objective] The research aimed to study control scheme for nonpoint source pollution in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin.[ Method] On the basis of the SPOT5 satellite remote sensing imagery in 2010 and field investigation of GPS record, ecological design for nonpoint source pollution control in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin was conducted. Then, the effects of optimization measures were evaluated by the reductions of N and P outputs on different land-use types. E Resultl Control functions of the water source protection area on soil erosion and the emissions of N, P and other pollutants would be promoted after optimization. The optimization meas- ures had a significant effect for prevention and control of the non-point source pollution in the water source protection area. [ Conclusion] The re- search provided scientific basis for promoting ecological construction of the small green basin in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Di- anchi Lake basin.

Isotope analysis of nitrate pollution sources in groundwater of Dong’e geohydrological unit

As nitrate pollution in groundwater has become increasingly serious in recent years, nitrogen isotope was adopted in this paper to define its sources in a typical agricultural area of Dong5e hydrogeological unit. The results show that: Higher content of NO3^- detected in shallow groundwater is 27.77 mg/L on average and δ^15N content ranges from 7.8‰ to 12 ‰, indicating that shallow groundwater is mainly contaminated by sewage or feces. In contrast, less NO3^- in deep groundwater (karst water) has an average value of 12.81 mg/L and δ^15N content is between 7.2‰ and 14.3‰, which is closely related to human disturbance as mentioned above. In addition, considering relatively low groundwater quality at some monitoring sites, reasonable fertilization is a better choice in the study area to reduce nitrate source in groundwater.

Dynamic assessment of pollution risk of groundwater source area in Northern China

Based on the dynamic analysis and research of pollution risk of groundwater sources, this paper creates the dynamic assessment method of pollution risk of groundwater source area under the theory of "source-pathway-receptor", and applies this method to one typical fissure karst groundwater source area in northern China. Following the 30-year petroleum pollutant migration simulation and pollution risk assessment of groundwater source area, this study finds that the very high risk zone is mainly located in Q Petrochemical Company and the surrounding area and the area adjacent to River Z. Within this period of thirty years, the pollution risk of groundwater source area has showed a dynamic trend that features an inverted "V" shape. The ratio of very high risk zone to the total area will be 18.1%, 17.47% and 16.62% during the tenth year, the twentieth year and the thirtieth year separately, and will reach the highest level of 19.45% during the fifteenth year. Meanwhile, the vertical migration distance of pollutant centre concentration changed from the surface soil at the outset to the deepest point of about 250 meters underground during the tenth year. The results of this risk assessment indicate the dynamic feature of pollution risk. The dilution, degradation and migration of petroleum pollutants in groundwater system contribute to an ultimate decline in pollution risk.

Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

Fractal Analysis on the Spatial Structure of Land Use Patterns in a Non-Point Source Polluted Area in Southern China

Based on the TM remote sensing interpretation of land use data of a non-point source polluted area in southern China in 2015, supported by ArcGIS and the fractal theory, this paper established the perimeter-area fractal equation of the spatial structure of land use types, quantitatively calculated the fractal dimension and stability index of various land use types in this non-point source polluted area in 2015, and analyzed the spatial structure characteristics of land use types. The results showed that the fractal dimension values of the different land use types in the research area ranged 1.141–1.657, and the whole fractal dimension of the research area was 1.206. To be specific, the fractal dimension values of unused land, grass land and rural residential land were high, and the fractal dimension values of dry land, paddy filed and waters were low, and the fractal dimension values of urban land, industrial traffic construction land and forest land were moderate. The area of the land use types whose stability index values were 0.2–0.4 accounted for 89.5% of total area, suggesting that the stability of the spatial structure of land use types of Beibei District in 2015 was not high generally. The rural residential land and urban land of the research area should be planned and managed more properly from now on.

Water Pollution Situation and Impacts in Rural China

With the development of national economics, water pollution is becoming a critical problem in rural China. This research presented a brief view of water pollution situation in rural areas of China in terms of water shortage, water-pollutant sources, eutrophication of water bodies and pollution development in temporal scale. Analysis was conducted on the negative effects of water pollution on human health, agricultural plantation and animal husbandry. Subsequently, some suggestions were proposed for wastewater treatment in rural areas.

Application of a Stereo Constructed Wetland Mode to the Treatment of Slightly Polluted Source Water

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the application of a stereo constructed wetland to the treatment of slightly polluted source water. [Method] In this study, a new stereo constructed wetland mode was put forward, and a pilot project of water ecological purification in Xinsheng River, the diversion channel of Shijiuyang Waterwork in Jiaxing City, were analyzed. Afterwards, the impact factors of water purification by the technology were discussed from water quality and quantity, season and climate, species configuration, management and maintenance. [Result] Under three different hydraulic loading conditions, the pilot project effectively improved water SD and DO level, and reduced SS, CODCr, NH3-N, TN and TP significantly in summer and autumn, so that effluent water quality reached surface water standard at Grade III. [Conclusion] The stereo constructed wetland mode composed of constructed wetland and underwater forest used to treat slightly polluted source water is feasible and has a good promotion prospect.

Non-Point-Source Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loadings from a Small Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point-source pollution has become a major threat to the water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR);however,nutrient loadings from terrestrial sources are unclear due to a lack of in situ monitoring.A representative small watershed in the central part of the TGR area was selected to monitor the loss of nitrogen(N) and phosphorous(P) continuously along with the runoff from 2007 through 2009 to understand the exact sources and loadings.Results show that the non-point-source nitrogen and phosphorus comes mainly from the storm runoff from residential areas,citrus orchards and sloping croplands,which contributes up to 76% of the loadings in this watershed.Thus,a crucial measure for controlling non-point-source pollution is to intercept storm runoff from the three sources.Paddy fields provide a sink for non-point-source N and P by intercepting the runoff and sediment along with their different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus.The N and P removal efficiency by paddy fields from residential areas is within the range of 56% to 98%.Paddy fields are an important land-use option for reducing the non-point-source loading of N and P in the TGR area.

Petroleum Pollution of Groundwater in Zibo and Its Prevention Measures

The source of ground water supply in Dawu is an extremely huge one in Shandong province. Now it is faced with serious pollution of petroleum in Hougao area. Aiming at this problem, the petroleum pollution in aeration zone and in groundwater was analyzed. The result shows that the contaminant of groundwater comes from the leaching of petroleum in the soil horizon of aeration zone through precipitation, and the quick flow of groundwater makes the convection dominate themigration of contaminant. So movement of groundwater controls the distribution of petroleum contaminant, which is consistent with the direction of ground flow. Building a groundwater closure zone in Hougao is an effective method to stop the contaminated groundwater flowing toward the water supply source of Dawu. The petroleum contaminant can be effectively reduced through using the aeration, biological and oxidation technologies.

Mechanism of nitrogen loss driven by soil and water erosion in water source areas

Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation forests.The catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were determined.The main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation forests.Establishing well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking water.This preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.

DITCHES AND PONDS CAN BE THE SOURCES OR SINKS OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION:OBSERVATIONS IN AN UPLAND AREA IN THE JINGLINXI CATCHMENT,CHINA

As the common features of agroecosystems,ditches and ponds benefit the irrigation and drainage,as well as intercepting non-point source pollutants.However,most ditch-pond studies have been conducted in lowland areas.To test this source-sink assumption in upland areas,this study made observations on the ecological function of the ditch and pond system in a typical catchment in China.First,the changes in ponds in the catchment were analyzed using high-resolution remote sensing data.Then,the migration of agricultural pollutants in ditches and ponds were analyzed by field sampling and laboratory detection.The results showed that over the past 15 years the length of ditches in the catchment and the number of small ponds(<500 m2)have increased by 32%and 75%,respectively.The rate of change in nutrient concentrations in the ditches and ponds were mostly from-20%to 20%,indicating ditches and ponds can be both sources and sinks for agricultural pollutants.Lastly,the contributing factors were explored and it was found that ditches and ponds are important sinks in dry season.However,during the rainy season,ditches and ponds become sources of pollutants,with the rapid drainage of ditches and the overflow of ponds in upland areas.The results of this study revealed that the ditches and ponds could be used for ecological engineering in upland catchments to balance drainage and intercept pollutants.

Identification of the ＂source＂ and ＂sink＂ patterns influencing non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source pollution is one of the primarily ecological issues affecting the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In this paper, landscape resistance and motivation coefficient, which integrated various landscape elements, such as land use, soil, hydrology, topography, and vegetation, was established based on the effects of large-scale resistance and motivation on the formation of non-point source pollution. In addition, cost models of the landscape re- sistance and motivation coefficients were constructed based on the distances from the land- scape units to the sub-basin outlets in order to identify the ＂source＂ and ＂sink＂ patterns af- fecting the formation of non-point source pollution. The results indicated that the changes in the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients of the 16 sub-basins exhibited inverse relationships to their spatial distributions. The landscape resistance and motivation cost curves were more volatile than the landscape resistance and motivation coefficient curves. The landscape resistance and motivation cost trends of the 16 sub-basins became increas- ingly apparent along the flow of the Yangtze River. The landscape resistance and motivation cost models proposed in this paper could be used to identify large-scale non-point source pollution ＂source＂ and ＂sink＂ patterns. Moreover, the proposed model could be used to de- scribe the large-scale spatial characteristics of non-point source pollution formation based on ＂source＂ and ＂sink＂ landscape pattern indices, spatial localization, and landscape resistance and motivation coefficients.

安徽矾矿土壤重金属污染源解析模型对比与优选

矿区资源开采导致土壤污染日益严重,直接影响周边土壤、水体环境的稳定性,精准预测重金属污染源解析对矿山修复、治理具有重要指导作用。在前期研究基础上,为提升土壤介质模型的解释度,进一步选取了土壤重金属源解析评价中成熟度高且精准性好的正定矩阵因子分析法(positive matrix factorization, PMF)及绝对因子分析-多元线性回归(absolute factor analysis-multiple linear regression, APCS-MLR)模型,以充实前期UNMIX多元受体模型分析矾矿土壤重金属污染来源及源贡献率的结果,结合生态风险评价方法,对比定量条件下最适宜解析研究区域源的模型。结果表明:1)生态高风险区域主要集中在研究区南部和东部,Cd是矿山主要风险元素,地累积指数(index of geoaccumulation)均值3.75与潜在生态风险指数(potential ecological risk index)均值731.22解析结果高度一致,但潜在生态危害指数的结果综合性更好。2)对比3种模型的污染源解析结果,PMF模型解析出4个污染源:分别为燃煤源、自然-交通综合源、自然源和大气沉降源,源贡献率分别为38.15%、20.62%、24.28%、16.95%。3)PMF模型的总体变量拟合优度R2达到了0.96,拟合效果最好。PMF模型模拟数据会集中采样点误差,确定最适污染源数目及相应污染物贡献率,使得源解析结果更精准,更适用于复杂的矿山污染土壤情况,符合实际研究情况。该研究结果可为后续矿区开采后污染土壤的修复治理工作提供溯源依据参考。

南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治现状分析与对策建议

为进一步明晰当前南水北调中线水源区污染来源,精准开展水源地水质保护,采用2017—2023年长系列水质资料,分析丹江口水库及入库河流水质特征,采用资料收集、文献调研及模型计算等方法,估算总氮、总磷污染负荷组成,采用实证分析方法分析了南水北调中线水源区面源污染治理存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果表明:丹江口水库总体水质良好,整体可达到Ⅱ类水质目标(湖库水质标准),但汛期水量较大时因总磷浓度升高会引起超标断面个数明显增加,以2021年和2023年丹江口水库实现170 m正常蓄水位的年份最为典型,而此时汉江、丹江等主要入库河流水质也下降,由以往Ⅱ类下降为Ⅲ类(河流水质标准)。无论是枯水年、丰水年,农田面源污染均已成为影响丹江口水库水质主导因素,总氮贡献率分别达到85.16%和57.73%,总磷贡献率分别达到77.74%和57.17%。当前水源区农田面源污染治理存在农田面源底数不清、农民减施化肥农药积极性不高、生态产品价值实现机制不顺等问题,迫切需要加强南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治。提出建立“天空地”一体化面源污染监测预警体系,研究新型高效生物农药、生物肥料,开展沟塘水系面源阻控体系建设,研究生态产品价值实现机制等对策建议。

水稻灌区面源污染治理研究进展

水稻生育期与雨热同期导致灌排机率高,也导致化肥中的氮磷伴随地表径流产生大量流失成为稻作区农业面源污染的主要来源。通过对水稻高效节水灌溉制度、农田退水污染迁移转化机理和灌区退水污染协同调控技术等方面国内外研究动态系统分析,并结合国家和学科发展需求,从退水污染机理解析、灌区水资源调配模拟、灌区面源水污协同调控等方面提出了稻作区面源污染治理研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题,以期为我国农业面源污染防控提供借鉴。

基于SWAT模型的武强溪流域非点源污染关键源区界定与控制策略

随着点源污染的控制与处理技术日趋完善,非点源污染成为重要的水污染源。武强溪作为流入千岛湖的第二大支流,量化武强溪流域非点源污染负荷,解析非点源污染时空分布特征,提出适合削减武强溪流域污染物的最佳管理措施(best management practices,BMPs)对千岛湖水污染高效治理至关重要。该研究基于土壤水分评估工具(Soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)分析了武强溪流域径流量、总氮输出负荷量的时空分布特征,探究了不同管理措施及组合的削减效果,提出了武强溪流域非点源污染针对性的治理措施。结果表明:1)SWAT模型对于武强溪流域径流量和总氮输出负荷量的模拟具有较好的适用性,径流量校准期和验证期的决定系数(coefficient of determination,R^(2))分别为0.86、0.97,纳什系数(nash-sutcliffe coefficient,NSE)分别为0.83、0.96,百分比偏差(percent bias,PBIAS)分别为15.8%、-6.3%,总氮校准期和验证期的决定系数分别为0.87、0.74,纳什系数分别为0.63、0.66,百分比偏差分别为31.6%、21.2%;2)该流域径流量和总氮负荷主要集中在3—7月,分别占全年输出量的71.67%和75.76%。综合考虑氮的来源和流失途径,将耕地和林地面积占比大、坡度陡的子流域设置为总氮的关键污染源区。考虑调整化肥施用量/配方、改变耕作方式和设置植被缓冲带等削减非点源污染的手段,进行总氮输出负荷削减效率的情景模拟,表明10 m植被缓冲带是减少总氮输出负荷的最佳单一控制策略,总氮削减率可达到69.90%;实施综合管理措施对总氮的污染削减效果更佳,10 m植被缓冲带与施肥量减少20%可使总氮削减率达到74.79%。研究结果可为千岛湖水质管理与控制提供理论基础。

2019~2022年华北平原典型地区不同污染等级和污染持续时间下的O_(3)污染规律及来源

选取地势复杂的日照市莒县为研究区域,基于2019~2022年莒县省控站点的O_(3)监测数据,按照不同O_(3)污染等级与不同O_(3)污染持续时间对莒县的O_(3)污染天进行分类,探究其污染规律,并采用后向轨迹模型(HYSPLIT)、潜在源分析(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT)识别不同O_(3)污染事件下的O_(3)来源.结果显示:2019~2021年莒县O_(3)轻度污染天数由72d下降到38d,2022年反弹,而中度污染天数变化不大;轻微污染天在轻度污染天中占比较高(21.4%~39.5%),表明轻度污染天的改善空间很大,强化轻微污染天管控措施,将有利于将轻度污染天转化为优良天,提高当地空气质量优良率.O_(3)污染过程持续时间越长(如≥3d),污染发生的频率越低,而O_(3)浓度随污染持续时间的增加而升高.HYSPLIT模拟结果显示不同O_(3)污染等级和不同O_(3)污染持续时间的气团轨迹均以莒县东南方向为主,且以中、短距离传输为主,其中中度污染期间来自东南地区的O_(3)-8h-90%浓度最高[(250.0±65.9)µg/m^(3)].PSCF和CWT结果显示,O_(3)潜在源区主要分布在莒县东南方向,长江三角洲地区是莒县O_(3)污染的主要的潜在源区.研究结果对于指导莒县及周边区域的大气污染联防联控具有重要意义.

典型有色金属冶炼区重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为分析我国典型有色金属冶炼区重金属污染特征,全面了解其潜在生态风险和重金属污染来源,以云南省会泽县者海镇典型有色金属冶炼区为例,通过野外实地采样和室内重金属含量检测分析,运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、水质指数评价法、相关性和主成分分析法,对土壤、河道底泥和河道水质中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn 8种重金属元素进行污染特征和潜在生态风险评价,并解析其来源。结果表明:研究区土壤和底泥的内梅罗综合污染指数(PN)平均值分别为84.1和215.5,均处于重度污染水平,重金属综合潜在生态危害风险指数(RI)平均值分别为3562.3和8907.0,均处于极高风险水平。研究区土壤和底泥中所有重金属元素含量均存在超过云南省土壤背景值的情况,并显著高于国家农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。其中,Cd是污染最严重的元素,土壤和底泥中Cd含量分别是国家农用地土壤污染风险管制值的8.2倍和15.8倍,其对土壤和底泥的RI贡献率分别达到94.34%和96.78%,应重点关注。研究区河道水质等级处于良好至很差水平,分别有56.25%和6.25%的采样点水体中Ni和Zn超过Ⅲ类水限值,其他重金属元素均未超标。研究区土壤以及底泥中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu和Zn主要来源于当地矿业污染,Cr和Ni主要来源于燃料燃烧。总体来看,研究区Cd污染严重,存在极高的潜在风险,应采取安全利用和修复等措施降低其风险水平。