Accurately calculating detachment capacity is the most fundamental issue when establishing a soil erosion process model.Colluvial deposits of Benggang are typical soil-gravel mixtures,whereas the understanding of the ...Accurately calculating detachment capacity is the most fundamental issue when establishing a soil erosion process model.Colluvial deposits of Benggang are typical soil-gravel mixtures,whereas the understanding of the soil detachment of colluvial deposits is limited.This work investigated the effects of the gravel contents on the soil detachment capacity of colluvial deposits and its hydrodynamic mechanism.The colluvial sample was collected in Anxi County,Fujian Province,Southeast China,and a small-sample scouring test was used.The slope steepness ranged from 18%to 84%,unit discharge ranged from 0.56×10^(-3)to 2.22×10^(-3)m^(2)s^(-1),and gravel content ranged from 0%to 70%.The results indicated that the gravel content is the primary factor that influences the detachment capacity,followed by the discharge and then the slope.The detachment capacity trend with the gravel content varied over different slopes and discharges.Stream power represents the best hydrodynamic parameter for modelling the detachment capacity of colluvial deposits and can be used to establish a fitting equation for the colluvium together with the mean weight diameter(MWD)(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)=0.96).As the gravel content increased,the soil erodibility parameters increased several folds,in some cases more than 10 folds,mainly because the soil shear strength decreased gradually.Meanwhile,as the gravel content increased,the gravel specific surface area increased,the obstruction of gravel to runoff increased,and the energy needed for runoff to overcome gravel obstruction increased,leading to 2-3 folds higher critical shear stress of runoff for soilgravel mixtures compared with pure soil.In summary,gravel can influence the detachment capacity by changing the soil properties,and the gravel content also affects the relationship between soil detachment capacity and the hydrodynamic parameters.These findings deepen the understanding of the influence of gravel on soil erosion and provide a basis for establishing a soil erosion process model in colluvial deposits.展开更多
Soil shrinkage is an important factor in slope destabilization in granitic areas, which is also one of the most important conditions for the formation of permanent gullies. This study explored the effect of soil shrin...Soil shrinkage is an important factor in slope destabilization in granitic areas, which is also one of the most important conditions for the formation of permanent gullies. This study explored the effect of soil shrinkage on permanent gullies, and Benggang erosion in granitic areas in southeastern China was used as an example. Three types of Benggang in granitic area were selected to examine the soil shrinkage of three soil layers(the lateritic, transitional and sandy layers) and their effect on the development of Benggang erosion was studied. The results show that the maximum values of COLEH and COLEV(coefficient of linear extensibility in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively) are 3.09% and 1.60% in the laterite layers, 2.71% and 2.13% in transition layers, and 1.10% and 1.82% in sandy layers, indicating that the shrinkage potential of the soil layers exhibits the following order, from highest to lowest: the laterite layer, transition layer, and sandy layer. With a decreasing volumetric water content, the linear shrinkage ratio increases gradually and eventually stabilizes, and in the laterite, transition and sandy layers, the average values of the maximum linear shrinkage are 1.50%, 2.09%, and 1.74%, respectively. Axial shrinkage is most obvious in the transition layers, in which the volume change in the form of subsidence is greater than that in other layers. The soil shrinkage curves fit the trilinear model(R2>0.9), and the soil shrinkage characteristic curves were divided into structural, basic, and residual sections. The correlation analysis shows that the soil shrinkage rate is positively correlated with clay and Fe2 O3 content and negatively correlated with sand content. Clay and sand contents are the most important factors influencing soil shrinkage. Soil oxides can influence soil shrinkage by affecting the particle composition of the soil, so soil shrinkage is closely related to soil clay minerals. Our findings can provide a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of Benggang erosion and its control.展开更多
Benggang is a special type of soil erosion,which widely distributes in the granite residual soil area of southern China.Owing to the influence of local climate and topography,shallow cracks having different morphologi...Benggang is a special type of soil erosion,which widely distributes in the granite residual soil area of southern China.Owing to the influence of local climate and topography,shallow cracks having different morphological characteristics are easily formed on the slope surface.These shallow cracks damage the surface structure of the slope and accelerate water infiltration,making it easier to cause severe soil and water loss.However,the mechanism of Benggang process is still unclear,especially for slopes with different shallow crack characteristics.In this study,granite residual soil was collected from Benngang erosion area in Yudu County,Jiangxi Province,southern China.Three experimental treatments with slope surface crack rates of 0%,5.23%,and 11.70%were performed.Simultaneous monitoring of moisture content and soil temperature in the slope were carried out during rainfall,and the characteristics of preferential flow were monitored with different crack rates.Morphological development and evolution process of Benggang with different crack rates were studied.Results show that high surface crack rate of the shallow surface on the slope accelerated the development of shallow gully erosion,leading to premature occurrence of gully erosion.As the shallow crack rate increased from 0%to 5.23%and 11.70%,the width-depth ratio of the rills at the slope bottom increased from 0.69 to 1.02 and 1.16,respectively.At the same time,a correlation between moisture and temperature data was observed for the process of water-heat coupled migration.The upper soil temperature of slope decreased quickly due to preferential flow.The simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture and temperature can effectively track preferential flow and indicate the water movement.Temperature data was a more sensitive indicator of the seepage paths of preferential flow compared to moisture data.展开更多
不同环境因子组合和负样本选取策略对崩岗易发性评价结果存在较多不确定性。为探究其对评价结果的影响,该研究以江西省兴国县花岗岩区为例,利用地理探测器探测17个环境因子的统计量q值,根据累计q值百分比大小依次选择4、7、10和17个环...不同环境因子组合和负样本选取策略对崩岗易发性评价结果存在较多不确定性。为探究其对评价结果的影响,该研究以江西省兴国县花岗岩区为例,利用地理探测器探测17个环境因子的统计量q值,根据累计q值百分比大小依次选择4、7、10和17个环境因子进行组合;利用单随机欠采样、频率比法及改进频率比法等负样本选取策略构建与正样本等量的负样本数据集;采用随机森林模型进行易发性评价,并对评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)3种负样本选取策略下的模型精度随着因子数量的增加先下降再上升,考虑4个环境因子的模型AUC(area under curve)值分别为0.729、0.909和0.909,较最优环境因子组合仅相差0.020~0.038,说明考虑主控环境因子,即可得到较为理想的精度;2)通过频率比法选取的负样本数据集更具合理性;3)研究区内高和极高易发区主要分布在兴国县西南部,而极低易发区主要分布在兴国县北部及东部,这与实际情况较吻合。该研究通过探究不同环境因子组合和负样本选取策略对崩岗易发性评价的影响,可为花岗岩区崩岗的防灾减灾提供科学依据。展开更多
探究不同栅格分辨率下崩岗易发性评价对崩岗防控具有重要意义.为开展相关研究,以赣州市石城县为例,利用地理探测器选取降雨侵蚀力、可蚀性、岩石种类、植被高度、叶面积指数、高程、坡度、归一化植被指数指标作为评价指标,划分出15、30...探究不同栅格分辨率下崩岗易发性评价对崩岗防控具有重要意义.为开展相关研究,以赣州市石城县为例,利用地理探测器选取降雨侵蚀力、可蚀性、岩石种类、植被高度、叶面积指数、高程、坡度、归一化植被指数指标作为评价指标,划分出15、30、60、90、120 m 5种分辨率的栅格单元,以频率比(FR)为联接方法,构建频率比-随机森林(FR-RF)模型开展崩岗易发性评价.结果显示:栅格单元空间分辨率对崩岗易发性评价有一定影响,5种不同栅格分辨率下易发性结果的AUC值依次为0.840、0.830、0.830、0.820、0.810,基于随机森林模型下15 m分辨率栅格单元更适用于研究区的崩岗易发性评价(AUC值为0.840);研究区较高易发区以及高易发区主要分布在北部区域.研究结果可以为赣南地区的崩岗易发性评价提供重要参考.展开更多
Benggang is a typical fragmented erosional landscape in southern and southeastern China,posing sig-nificant risk to the local residents and economic development.Therefore,an efficient and accurate fine-grained segment...Benggang is a typical fragmented erosional landscape in southern and southeastern China,posing sig-nificant risk to the local residents and economic development.Therefore,an efficient and accurate fine-grained segmentation method is crucial for monitoring the Benggang areas.In this paper,we propose a deep learning-based automatic segmentation method for Benggang by integrating high-resolution Digital Orthophoto Map(DOM)and Digital Surface Model(DSM)data.The DSM data is used to extract slope maps,aiming to capture primary morphological features.The proposed method consists of a dual-stream convolutional encoder-decoder network in which multiple cascaded convolutional layers and a skip connection scheme are used to extract morphological and visual features of the Benggang areas.The rich discriminative information in the DOM and slope data is fused by a channel exchanging mechanism that dynamically exchanges the most discriminative features from either the DOM or DSM stream ac-cording to their importance at the channel level.Evaluation experiments were conducted on a chal-lenging dataset collected from Guangdong Province,China,and the results show that the proposed channel exchanging network based deep fusion method achieves 84.62%IoU in Benggang segmentation,outperforming several existing unimodal or multimodal baselines.The proposed multimodal segmen-tation method greatly improves the efficiency of large-scale discovery of Benggang,and thus is important for the management and restoration of Benggang in southern and southeastern China,as well as the monitoring of other similar erosional landscapes.展开更多
不同侵蚀条件下崩积体的侵蚀产沙特性是阐明崩积体侵蚀机理的关键。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒的变化特征。结果表明：随着雨强和坡度的增大,泥沙粗颗粒含量及粗颗粒的富集率均增加;侵蚀物...不同侵蚀条件下崩积体的侵蚀产沙特性是阐明崩积体侵蚀机理的关键。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒的变化特征。结果表明：随着雨强和坡度的增大,泥沙粗颗粒含量及粗颗粒的富集率均增加;侵蚀物质随降雨过程逐渐变粗,后趋于稳定,大雨强条件下细沟侵蚀阶段表现为对供试土壤的＂整体搬运＂;侵蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径（Mean weight diameter,MWD）随雨强的增大而增大,1.00 mm min-1和1.33 mm min-1雨强下,细沟间及细沟侵蚀泥沙的MWD随坡度变化均存在临界坡度（30°-35°之间）,其他雨强条件下则无此种情况;雨强对侵蚀泥沙MWD的影响大于坡度。展开更多
基金funded primarily by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2021J01120)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977071)。
文摘Accurately calculating detachment capacity is the most fundamental issue when establishing a soil erosion process model.Colluvial deposits of Benggang are typical soil-gravel mixtures,whereas the understanding of the soil detachment of colluvial deposits is limited.This work investigated the effects of the gravel contents on the soil detachment capacity of colluvial deposits and its hydrodynamic mechanism.The colluvial sample was collected in Anxi County,Fujian Province,Southeast China,and a small-sample scouring test was used.The slope steepness ranged from 18%to 84%,unit discharge ranged from 0.56×10^(-3)to 2.22×10^(-3)m^(2)s^(-1),and gravel content ranged from 0%to 70%.The results indicated that the gravel content is the primary factor that influences the detachment capacity,followed by the discharge and then the slope.The detachment capacity trend with the gravel content varied over different slopes and discharges.Stream power represents the best hydrodynamic parameter for modelling the detachment capacity of colluvial deposits and can be used to establish a fitting equation for the colluvium together with the mean weight diameter(MWD)(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)=0.96).As the gravel content increased,the soil erodibility parameters increased several folds,in some cases more than 10 folds,mainly because the soil shear strength decreased gradually.Meanwhile,as the gravel content increased,the gravel specific surface area increased,the obstruction of gravel to runoff increased,and the energy needed for runoff to overcome gravel obstruction increased,leading to 2-3 folds higher critical shear stress of runoff for soilgravel mixtures compared with pure soil.In summary,gravel can influence the detachment capacity by changing the soil properties,and the gravel content also affects the relationship between soil detachment capacity and the hydrodynamic parameters.These findings deepen the understanding of the influence of gravel on soil erosion and provide a basis for establishing a soil erosion process model in colluvial deposits.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,(Grant No.42007055,41630858)。
文摘Soil shrinkage is an important factor in slope destabilization in granitic areas, which is also one of the most important conditions for the formation of permanent gullies. This study explored the effect of soil shrinkage on permanent gullies, and Benggang erosion in granitic areas in southeastern China was used as an example. Three types of Benggang in granitic area were selected to examine the soil shrinkage of three soil layers(the lateritic, transitional and sandy layers) and their effect on the development of Benggang erosion was studied. The results show that the maximum values of COLEH and COLEV(coefficient of linear extensibility in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively) are 3.09% and 1.60% in the laterite layers, 2.71% and 2.13% in transition layers, and 1.10% and 1.82% in sandy layers, indicating that the shrinkage potential of the soil layers exhibits the following order, from highest to lowest: the laterite layer, transition layer, and sandy layer. With a decreasing volumetric water content, the linear shrinkage ratio increases gradually and eventually stabilizes, and in the laterite, transition and sandy layers, the average values of the maximum linear shrinkage are 1.50%, 2.09%, and 1.74%, respectively. Axial shrinkage is most obvious in the transition layers, in which the volume change in the form of subsidence is greater than that in other layers. The soil shrinkage curves fit the trilinear model(R2>0.9), and the soil shrinkage characteristic curves were divided into structural, basic, and residual sections. The correlation analysis shows that the soil shrinkage rate is positively correlated with clay and Fe2 O3 content and negatively correlated with sand content. Clay and sand contents are the most important factors influencing soil shrinkage. Soil oxides can influence soil shrinkage by affecting the particle composition of the soil, so soil shrinkage is closely related to soil clay minerals. Our findings can provide a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of Benggang erosion and its control.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41962015)。
文摘Benggang is a special type of soil erosion,which widely distributes in the granite residual soil area of southern China.Owing to the influence of local climate and topography,shallow cracks having different morphological characteristics are easily formed on the slope surface.These shallow cracks damage the surface structure of the slope and accelerate water infiltration,making it easier to cause severe soil and water loss.However,the mechanism of Benggang process is still unclear,especially for slopes with different shallow crack characteristics.In this study,granite residual soil was collected from Benngang erosion area in Yudu County,Jiangxi Province,southern China.Three experimental treatments with slope surface crack rates of 0%,5.23%,and 11.70%were performed.Simultaneous monitoring of moisture content and soil temperature in the slope were carried out during rainfall,and the characteristics of preferential flow were monitored with different crack rates.Morphological development and evolution process of Benggang with different crack rates were studied.Results show that high surface crack rate of the shallow surface on the slope accelerated the development of shallow gully erosion,leading to premature occurrence of gully erosion.As the shallow crack rate increased from 0%to 5.23%and 11.70%,the width-depth ratio of the rills at the slope bottom increased from 0.69 to 1.02 and 1.16,respectively.At the same time,a correlation between moisture and temperature data was observed for the process of water-heat coupled migration.The upper soil temperature of slope decreased quickly due to preferential flow.The simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture and temperature can effectively track preferential flow and indicate the water movement.Temperature data was a more sensitive indicator of the seepage paths of preferential flow compared to moisture data.
文摘不同环境因子组合和负样本选取策略对崩岗易发性评价结果存在较多不确定性。为探究其对评价结果的影响,该研究以江西省兴国县花岗岩区为例,利用地理探测器探测17个环境因子的统计量q值,根据累计q值百分比大小依次选择4、7、10和17个环境因子进行组合;利用单随机欠采样、频率比法及改进频率比法等负样本选取策略构建与正样本等量的负样本数据集;采用随机森林模型进行易发性评价,并对评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)3种负样本选取策略下的模型精度随着因子数量的增加先下降再上升,考虑4个环境因子的模型AUC(area under curve)值分别为0.729、0.909和0.909,较最优环境因子组合仅相差0.020~0.038,说明考虑主控环境因子,即可得到较为理想的精度;2)通过频率比法选取的负样本数据集更具合理性;3)研究区内高和极高易发区主要分布在兴国县西南部,而极低易发区主要分布在兴国县北部及东部,这与实际情况较吻合。该研究通过探究不同环境因子组合和负样本选取策略对崩岗易发性评价的影响,可为花岗岩区崩岗的防灾减灾提供科学依据。
文摘探究不同栅格分辨率下崩岗易发性评价对崩岗防控具有重要意义.为开展相关研究,以赣州市石城县为例,利用地理探测器选取降雨侵蚀力、可蚀性、岩石种类、植被高度、叶面积指数、高程、坡度、归一化植被指数指标作为评价指标,划分出15、30、60、90、120 m 5种分辨率的栅格单元,以频率比(FR)为联接方法,构建频率比-随机森林(FR-RF)模型开展崩岗易发性评价.结果显示:栅格单元空间分辨率对崩岗易发性评价有一定影响,5种不同栅格分辨率下易发性结果的AUC值依次为0.840、0.830、0.830、0.820、0.810,基于随机森林模型下15 m分辨率栅格单元更适用于研究区的崩岗易发性评价(AUC值为0.840);研究区较高易发区以及高易发区主要分布在北部区域.研究结果可以为赣南地区的崩岗易发性评价提供重要参考.
基金funded by Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,China under grant 2021BAA186the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 41601298.
文摘Benggang is a typical fragmented erosional landscape in southern and southeastern China,posing sig-nificant risk to the local residents and economic development.Therefore,an efficient and accurate fine-grained segmentation method is crucial for monitoring the Benggang areas.In this paper,we propose a deep learning-based automatic segmentation method for Benggang by integrating high-resolution Digital Orthophoto Map(DOM)and Digital Surface Model(DSM)data.The DSM data is used to extract slope maps,aiming to capture primary morphological features.The proposed method consists of a dual-stream convolutional encoder-decoder network in which multiple cascaded convolutional layers and a skip connection scheme are used to extract morphological and visual features of the Benggang areas.The rich discriminative information in the DOM and slope data is fused by a channel exchanging mechanism that dynamically exchanges the most discriminative features from either the DOM or DSM stream ac-cording to their importance at the channel level.Evaluation experiments were conducted on a chal-lenging dataset collected from Guangdong Province,China,and the results show that the proposed channel exchanging network based deep fusion method achieves 84.62%IoU in Benggang segmentation,outperforming several existing unimodal or multimodal baselines.The proposed multimodal segmen-tation method greatly improves the efficiency of large-scale discovery of Benggang,and thus is important for the management and restoration of Benggang in southern and southeastern China,as well as the monitoring of other similar erosional landscapes.
文摘不同侵蚀条件下崩积体的侵蚀产沙特性是阐明崩积体侵蚀机理的关键。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒的变化特征。结果表明：随着雨强和坡度的增大,泥沙粗颗粒含量及粗颗粒的富集率均增加;侵蚀物质随降雨过程逐渐变粗,后趋于稳定,大雨强条件下细沟侵蚀阶段表现为对供试土壤的＂整体搬运＂;侵蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径（Mean weight diameter,MWD）随雨强的增大而增大,1.00 mm min-1和1.33 mm min-1雨强下,细沟间及细沟侵蚀泥沙的MWD随坡度变化均存在临界坡度（30°-35°之间）,其他雨强条件下则无此种情况;雨强对侵蚀泥沙MWD的影响大于坡度。
