Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase and Carbapenamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Causing Urinary Tract Infection among Children in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections (UTI) have developed resistance to the commonly used antibiotics due to emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Carbapenamase producing Enterobactericeae which are a public health problem worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence and characterize ESBLs and carbapenamase producing Enterobactericeae. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Gertrude’s Children’s Hospital, Nairobi. 238 urine samples were collected from patients with urinary symptoms attending the outpatient department within the period 2020-2021. The urine were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done using VITEK® 2 Compact system (BioMérieux). Double disc synergy test and modified hodge tests were done as confirmatory tests for ESBLs and Carbapenamase phenotypes respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used for the detection of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes. Results: From the 238 children sampled the prevalence of UTI caused by Enterobactericeae was 22.3%. The Enterobacteriaceae species isolated were Escherichia coli (84.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.66%), Proteus mirabillis (5.66%), Enterobacter aerogenes (1.89%) and Morganella morganii (1.89%). The isolated species were resistant to ampicillin. Meropenem had the highest susceptibility. Only E. coli species had the ESBLs (26.4%) and carbapenamase (1.9%) phenotypes. 100% had BlaCTX-M while 50% had blaTEM resistant gene. There was a significant association (p Conclusion: Ampicillin resistance resulted to use of alternative drugs and Meropenem was the drug of choice where increased resistance to the recommended drugs was noted. Further research on resistant genes is recommended.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections among Expectant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Ruiru Sub County Hospital, Kenya

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection affecting males and females but is more prevalent in expectant women. ESBLs are bacteria with enzymes that make them resistant to many antibiotics, posing a significant health challenge. This study aims to determine the characteristics of ESBL-producing bacteria causing UTIs in expectant women. Methodology: A self-administered survey was carried out;300 expectant women were recruited using a random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Urine samples were collected in sterile universal bottles and processed at the JKUAT Zoology laboratory. Urine samples were analyzed using urinalysis, microscopy, culture, and sensitivity testing. ESBL-producing bacteria were identified phenotypically using the double-disc synergy test (DDST) and genotyped for specific resistant genes using PCR. Results: UTI prevalence was 32.7% (98/300). UTI was significantly associated with the history of previous UTI (OR = 0.84, p = 0.02) and multigravida (OR = 0.14 p = 0.01). UTI was common in women aged between 28-37 years in their second trimester. Bacteria isolated were E. coli 57.1% (56/98), S. aureus 21.4% (21/98) K. pneumonia 11.2% (11/98) and Proteus spp 10.4% (10/98). Bacteria antibiotic resistance patterns were E. coli-tetracycline (91.1%), sulfamethoxazole (55.4%), cefotaxime (53.4%) and augmentin (53.4%). S. aureus-sulfamethozaxole (100%) and augmentin (71.4%), K. pneumoniae-sulfame-thoxazole (72.2%) cefotaxime (63.6%), chloramphenicol and tetracycline (54.5%). Proteus spp: tetracycline (100%), nitrofurantoin (90%), cefotaxime and chloramphenicol (50%). The proportion of ESBLs bacterial producers was 37.6% (29/77) and 44.8% (13/29) possessed ESBLs resistant genes;Bla CTX-M 53.8% (7/13), Bla SHV and Bla TEM 23.1% (3/13) each, Bla OXA (0%) was not detected. Conclusion: The study revealed a high proportion of ESBLs producing bacteria responsible for UTI in expectant women. ESBLs screening, routine culture and sensitivity testing will guide on proper management and empirical treatment of UTI patients thus reducing multi-drug resistance.

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.

Post-appendectomy pelvic abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli : A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyse the degradation of the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins(but without carbapenemase activity), leading to resistance of these bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. Recent increases in incidence of ESBL-producing bacteria have caused alarm worldwide. Proportion estimates of ESBLEnterobacteriaceae hover around 46% in China, 42% in East Africa, 12% in Germany, and 8% in the United States.CASE SUMMARY The impact of ESBL-producing bacteria on appendiceal abscesses and consequent pelvic abscesses are yet to be examined in depth. A literature review using the search words "appendiceal abscesses" and "ESBL Escherichia coli(E. coli)" revealed very few cases involving ESBL E. coli in any capacity in the context of appendiceal abscesses. This report describes the clinical aspects of a patient with appendicitis whodeveloped a postoperative pelvic abscess infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. In this report, we discuss the risk factors for contracting ESBL E. coli infection in appendicitis and post-appendectomy pelvis abscesses. We also discuss our management approach for postappendectomy ESBL E. coli pelvic abscesses, including drainage, pathogen identification, and pathogen characterisation. When ESBL E. coli is confirmed, carbapenem antibiotics should be promptly administered, as was done efficaciously with this patient. Our report is the first one in a developed country involving ESBL E. coli related surgical complications in association with a routine laparoscopic appendectomy.CONCLUSION Our report is the first involving ESBL E. coli and appendiceal abscesses, and that too consequent to laparoscopic appendectomy.

Appendical Perforation by Infection with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>: Case Report

We report the very rare case of a huge appendical abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the pathogen. There have been several reports of appendical infections such as appendicitis and appendical abscess caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in adults. The treatment of ESBL-producing E. coli infection is specific, and ESBL-producing bacteria have recently been reported as pathogens associated appendicitis in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of perforated appendicitis with abscess due to ESBL-producing E. coli. We discuss the diagnostic modalities and treatments for appendical abscess with ESBL-producing E. coli. and propose that the patients with perforated appendicitis and abscess formation due to ESBL-producing E. coli should be administered the antibiotic MEPM within 2 weeks to treat the abscess more effec-tively without producing other multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Diagnostic Validity of Cica Beta Test 1 for the Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram Negative Bacteria by Comparing with Phenotypic Method

Background: Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria is an important issue in the clinical settings. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Cica Beta Test 1 for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Method: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006 for a period of one (01) year. All the patients presented with the clinical features of urinary tract infection and surgical as well as burn wound infection at any age with both sexes were selected as study population. All bacteria were isolated and identified by their colony morphology, staining characters, pigment production, motility and other relevant biochemical tests. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs producing isolates were done by inhibitor potentiated disc diffusion test according to CLSI recommendation. The Cica Beta Test 1 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result: A total number of 288 Gram negative bacteria were isolated. Among these isolates Cica Beta test 1 was positive in 97 strains and phenotypic confirmatory test was positive in 89 strains. The test sensitivity of Cica Beta Test 1 was 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100.0%). Specificity of the test was 96.0% (95% CI 92.2% to 98.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 92.7% (95% CI 84.5% to 95.7%) and 100.0% (95% CI 98.0% to 100.0%) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 97.2% (95% CI 95.1% to 99.1%). Area under ROC curve = 0.980 (95% CI 0.964 to 0.996);p value 0.0001. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cica Beta Test 1 is very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESBL from Gram negative bacteria.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase among Enterobacteria Isolated at National Public Health Laboratory of Brazzaville

The improper use of antimicrobials against infectious diseases has allowed microorganisms to develop defense mechanisms that give them insensitivity to these agents. All bacteria are concerned by this phenomenon. This work aimed to assess prevalence of beta-lactamase produced by enterobacterial isolates. Then, disc diffusion, double disc synergy test (DDST) and combined disc test (CDT) were respectively used for antimicrobial resistance, detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and Metallo-Beta-Lactamases (MBL). bla genes were detected by PCR. A total of 132 enterobacterial strains were studied. Resistance to antibiotic families was observed with a greater frequency than 50%. Gentamicin was the least active beta-lactam antibiotic, with a resistance rate of 88%. 40.9% of strains show an ESBL phenotype and 16.6% were MBL. An overall prevalence of 74% (40/54) and respectively rates of 29.6%, 27.7% and 16.7% for blaSHV, blaCTX and blaTEM genes were observed. SHV, CTX, CTX/SHV/TEM, CTX/TEM, SHV/TEM and CTX/SHV were different ESBL genotypes observed. ESBL-producing enterobacteria isolation worried about the future of antimicrobial therapy in the Republic of Congo. This is a public health problem that requires careful monitoring and implementation of a policy of rational antibiotics use.

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens in YaoundéCapital City of Cameroon

Background: Escherichia coli are ubiquitous bacteria colonising both humans and animals. Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli has been selected as a suitable indicator for the monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Death due to resistant bacteria is continuously rising in Cameroon, but the contribution of the aviary sector is not well studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the resistance profile of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli strains, isolated from faeces of broiler chickens in Yaoundé, capital city of Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from February to June 2020. Escherichia coli were isolated from samples of broilers in poultry farms in Yaoundé and submitted to the extended spectrum β-lactamase screening. The logistic regression was used to assess the statistical association of a significance threshold p-value of 0.05. Results: Out of 385 faecal samples collected in broiler farms, 114 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained out of which 30 (26.32%) were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli. These isolates revealed high resistance to all antibiotic families. Poor storage conditions for feeds and the proximity to latrines, the troughs on the ground, the lack of foot bath and uniforms, the inadequate treatment of faeces, the poor usage of preventive antibiotics and the lack of water treatment have been identified as risk factors to faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. Conclusion: This work reveals the emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in poultry farms in Yaoundé and the failure in the biosecurity system. As such, the awareness of poultry breeders on the respect of biosecurity measures may be an effective tool to tackle antimicrobial resistance, specifically in livestock industries using a One Health approach.

Activity of Fosfomycin in Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Klebsiella pneumonae from Hospital Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

Treatment of hospital acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-Lactamases producing Klebsiella pneumonae is a major problem. This organism expresses a high level of resistance to many groups of antibiotics. Fosfomycin is an agent which is recommended for treatment of UTIs caused by ESBLs producers. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity pattern of ESBLs producing urinary K. pneumonae to antimicrobial agents including fosfomycin in patients of MUHs and determine the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance mediated by plasmid mediated fosfomycin modifying enzymes fosA, fosB and fosA3. Methods: Klebsiella pneumonae urinary isolates were collected from patients with hospital acquired UTIs in Mansoura University Hospitals (MUHs). The susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirby Baur method. Isolates resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins were tested for ESBLs production by double disc diffusion method. Fosfomycin resistance was determined by broth dilution method. Isolates resistant to fosfomycin were tested for fosA, fosB and fosA3 by PCR. Results: A total of 128 ESBLs producing K. pneumonae isolates were collected. The highest sensitivity was to imipenem (94.5%). The lowest was to trimethoprime-sulphamethoxazole (21.8%). Co-resistance of ESBLs isolates with fosfomycin was 23.2%. Eighteen fosfomycin resistant isolates (18/30) were positive to fosA. Conclusion: ESBLs producing urinary Klebsiella pneumonae express moderate sensitivity to fosfomycin. Resistance is mainly mediated by plasmid mediated fosfomycin modifying enzymes fosA.

经颅磁声电刺激对健康与帕金森病大鼠神经回路中beta振荡的影响

背景:经颅磁声电刺激是一种基于磁声耦合电效应的无创、高精度脑神经聚焦刺激方法,可调节神经节律振荡活动,从而影响大脑的运动、认知等功能。目的:探究经颅磁声电刺激对健康与帕金森病大鼠神经回路中beta振荡的影响。方法:①动物实验:采用随机数字表法将24只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组6只:正常对照组不进行任何干预;正常刺激组大脑前额叶皮质接受经颅磁声电刺激(空间峰值脉冲平均强度为13.33 W/cm^(2),基波频率为0.4 MHz,基波周期数为1000,脉冲重复频率为200 Hz);模型对照组、模型刺激组通过腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶建立帕金森病模型,造模成功后,模型对照组大脑前额叶皮质接受经颅磁声电假刺激,模型刺激组大脑前额叶皮质接受经颅磁声电刺激,每天刺激时长2.0 min,刺激结束停留8-10 min后,采集大鼠执行T迷宫过程中局部场电位信号并同时记录行为学正确率,对比分析各组局部场电位信号能量的时频分布情况和行为差异,当大鼠正确率连续3 d高于80%后停止刺激实验和T迷宫实验。②建模仿真实验:构建经颅磁声电刺激下皮质-基底神经节回路模型,分别改变超声发射周期(5,10,20 ms)、超声发射占空比(30%,50%,90%)和感应电流密度(20,50,100μA/cm^(2)),比较不同刺激参数下健康与帕金森病大鼠beta振荡的功率谱密度值。结果与结论:①动物实验:正常对照组大鼠的空间学习能力强于模型对照组(P<0.001),正常刺激组大鼠的空间学习能力强于正常对照组(P<0.05),模型刺激组大鼠的空间学习能力强于模型对照组(P<0.01);正常对照组beta振荡能量分布较为集中,正常刺激组较正常对照组beta振荡信号能量有所降低,模型对照组与模型刺激组beta振荡能量广泛分布且能量值显著高于正常对照组、正常刺激组,并且模型刺激组beta振荡信号能量明显低于模型对照组;②建模仿真实验:不加刺激时,健康大鼠beta频段功率谱密度峰值(30 dB)显著低于帕金森病大鼠(55 dB);施加经颅磁声电刺激后,两组大鼠beta频段功率谱密度值普遍降低;beta频段功率谱密度峰值与超声发射周期呈正相关、与感应电流密度呈负相关,当超声发射占空比为50%时功率谱密度峰值最低;③结果表明:经颅磁声电刺激可抑制健康与帕金森病大鼠的beta振荡,进而改善大鼠的运动功能与决策认知功能。

Detection of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Two Hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

In this study, the prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates from the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and the National Hospital was determined. A total of two hundred and fifteen (215) clinical isolates were examined, of which 60% were E. coli and 40% K. pneumoniae respectively. The isolates were collected from various samples namely: Stool, Urine, Pus, High Vagina Swab, Sputum and Wound swab. Out of these isolates, 54 of K. pneumoniae were screened to be ESBL negative and 32 as ESBL positive isolates, while 88 and 40 E. coli were also screened as ESBL negative and ESBL positive isolates respectively. These represent 37.9% of all K. pneumoniae isolates and 31.25% of E. coli isolates respectively. The prevalence of ESBL among the species was not however statistically different (p > 0.05). Multiple resistance in these isolates was common and there is the need for routine screening of ESBL in our hospitals to guide rational and effective use of antibiotics.

Antimicrobial Resistance and β-Lactamase Production among Hospital Dumpsite Isolates

Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamses (ESBLs) have emerged world-wide as a significant source of β-lactam resistance. The emergence of MBLs and ESBLs encoded on plasmids among Gram-negative pathogens in hospital dumpsites was investigated. Soils of different government and private hospitals were collected and processed following standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disk-diffusion technique using Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefuroxime (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), Cefixime (5 μg), Trimethprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), Gentamycin (100 μg) Amoxicillin-Clavunalate (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Ofloxacin (5 μg), Nitrofurantoin (300 μg) and Imipenem (10 μg). The role of plasmids in resistance was evaluated by subjecting isolates to curing using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). ESBLs production by Double-Disk Synergy Test (DDST) was carried out. Isolates resistant to Imipenem were subjected to a confirmatory test using Modified Hodge’s test and to MBLs production by DDST. Eighty-two Gram-negative isolates comprising of 32 (39.02%) Escherichia coli, 20 (24.39%) Serratia marcescens, 14 (17.07%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 10 (12.28%) Proteus mirabilis and 6 (7.32%) Enterobacter aerogenes were obtained. Susceptibility results revealed a 100% resistance of all isolates to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Amoxycillin-clavulanate and Cefotaxime. A total of 66 (80.48%) isolates harboured plasmids out of which 26 (31.71%) isolates were ESBL producers. MBLs production was observed in 8 (25.00%) E. coli, 2 (2.41%) Klebsiella pneumonia and 2 (2.41%) Proteus mirabilis isolates. All MBLs producing isolates were ESBLs producers. The finding of highly resistant isolates producing ESBLs and MBLs in a hospital environment is quite disturbing and should be addressed urgently.

对比黏液型肺克超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表达和毒力基因分布的相关性并对其耐药性进行分析

目的分析黏液型肺克(MT-KPN)的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表达、耐药性、毒力基因分布情况。方法收集郑州市第一人民医院2021年3月至2022年3月非重复性KPN 725株,黏液丝试验分离出123株MT-KPN,对其ESBLs表达、耐药性使用CITEK 2 Compact系统分析,毒力基因分布情况使用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)实验分析。结果肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)检出率最高的科室是重症医学科;同一科室检出KPN类型差异较大的是重症医学科、全科医学科、神经外科,肾内科只检出cKPN;123株MT-KPN包括ESBLs阳性菌34株、ESBLs阴性菌89株。ESBLs阳性菌耐药性高达100.00%的7种药物(头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢西丁、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸),ESBLs阴性菌对上述药物耐药性显著低于ESBLs阳性菌(P<0.05);妥布霉素、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药性ESBLs阳性菌>ESBLs阴性菌(P<0.05);庆大霉素、美罗培南、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药性ESBLs阳性菌>ESBLs阴性菌(P>0.05);MT-KPN的荚膜血清型基因检出率wzyK2最高;荚膜血清型基因检出率ESBLs阳性菌、ESBLs阴性菌相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MT-KPN毒力基因检出率最高的是mrkD;aerobactin、iroN、wcaG检出率相比ESBLs阳性菌<ESBLs阴性菌(P<0.05);其他毒力基因检出率ESBLs阳性菌、ESBLs阴性菌相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论MT-KPN携带毒力基因检出率较高,临床需结合其耐药性和毒力基因分布情况合理用药。

黄芩苷抑制beta淀粉样蛋白诱导的海马COX-2蛋白表达

目的探讨中药单体黄芩苷对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)大鼠的脑保护作用及其可能的作用机制。方法将36只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组、AD组、黄芩苷组,每组12只。AD组及黄芩苷组采用双侧海马内注射beta淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-40),建立AD大鼠模型。对照组采用相同方法行假手术,双侧海马内仅注射等量的0.9%氯化钠溶液。黄芩苷组术前、术后连续腹腔注射黄芩苷[40mg/(kg.d)],每天1次,连续7天。AD组和对照组也经相同时间相同步骤给予相同体积的缓冲液腹腔注射。采用免疫印迹法测定海马环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表达,T迷宫实验观察大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,HE染色观察神经元组织学改变。结果 T迷宫实验结果显示:AD组[(28.33±7.50)%]和黄芩苷组[(38.33±7.50)%]大鼠自发交替选择率减小,与对照组[(61.67±7.50)%]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示:与黄芩苷组比较,AD组皮层、海马神经元变性坏死改变更明显。免疫印迹法分析显示:AD组COX-2表达明显增高,黄芩苷组COX-2表达明显降低(P<0.05)。结论黄芩苷能减轻beta淀粉样蛋白所致的脑损伤,可能与抑制COX-2的表达有关。

四种Beta钛-正畸弓丝合金成分及力学性能的比较研究

目的比较四种Beta-钛正畸弓丝的合金成分及力学性能,为临床选择提供参考。方法选用EDAX X-射线能谱分析仪,联合SUPRATM55热场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析弓丝的合金元素成分。采用纳米压痕技术测定弓丝纳米弹性模量及硬度;采用三点弯曲试验方法测定弓丝负荷-形变曲线,比较弓丝的力学性能。结果四种Beta-钛丝合金成分中均含有Ti、Zr、Mo、Sn四种元素,Ti在四种Beta-钛丝中所占比重均高于70%。Ormco和Masel公司的Beta-钛丝弹性模量小于Smart与GAC公司的Beta-钛丝。GAC的Beta-钛丝硬度最大。当形变3mm的负荷完全去除时,四种Beta-钛丝均有残余形变,Smart和Ormco大于GAC和Masel公司的Beta-钛丝残余形变。结论四种Beta-钛丝合金成分基本相同,力学性能有一定差异,可根据临床实际情况选取合适弓丝。

Pt/Beta、Pt/SO_4^(2-)/ZrO_2和Pt/WO_3/ZrO_2催化剂上的正己烷异构化

通过引入钾(K)的方法调节Beta分子筛的酸性,考察了K负载量对Beta分子筛酸性的影响。制备了Pt/Beta、Pt/SO42-/ZrO2与Pt/WO3/ZrO23种不同类型的催化剂,考察了它们的正己烷异构化催化活性及酸性与孔道结构对其催化活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂的异构化催化活性与其酸强度和酸量有关,其中酸强度对异构化活性的影响更明显。而异构体产物的分布可能与催化剂的孔道结构及正己烷转化率有关,而与催化剂酸性无直接关联。具有合适孔径的催化剂对多支链烷烃的生成更有利,异构化反应可能是受动力学限制的择形反应。

Beta介孔沸石负载CHCA用于MALDI-TOF-MS分析恩诺沙星小分子化合物的初探

考察了Beta沸石材料负载传统有机基质α-氰基-4-羟基肉桂酸(CHCA)应用于基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析恩诺沙星药物小分子的效果。实验中,分别制备了质子、钠离子及银离子交换的Beta沸石,并在相同质谱条件下进行了比较研究,考察了不同离子交换的Beta沸石以及CHCA/Beta Na不同混合比例对恩诺沙星药物小分子的检测效果。实验结果表明,使用金属离子交换的Beta沸石作为基质材料,能够实现恩诺沙星药物小分子的选择性离子化,同时,Beta Na沸石负载CHCA新型复合基质用于恩诺沙星药物小分子的分析中,具有较理想的抑制干扰碎片离子、提高恩诺沙星质谱峰强度等效果。此外,结合前期研究认为,沸石表面活性位点与恩诺沙星药物小分子存在相互作用关系,进而影响MALDI-TOF-MS质谱分析的离子化效率。

Molecular Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase and Carbapenemase Genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chickens Consumed Outdoors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of resistance genes in strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from free-range chickens in Ouagadougou, where resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans via faeces or contaminated meat. A total of 280 strains of Escherichia coli and 129 strains of Salmonella spp. resistant to at least one beta-lactam or carbapenem antibiotic were used in this study. PCR analyses revealed the presence of ESBL (extended spectrum beta lactamase) resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates, with 3.21% (9/280) possessing the CTX-M (Cefotaximase) gene, 15.35% (43/280) had the SHV (Sulfhydril Variable) gene, and 11.42% (32/280) had carbapenemase resistance genes, more specifically IMP (Imipenemase metallo-beta-lactamase). As regards Salmonella spp. strains, only the presence of the SHV (Sulfhydril Variable) gene was identified in 2.32% (3/129) of isolates belonging to the ESBL family, while 26.35% (34/129) and 13.95% (18/129) of isolates respectively possessed the IMP (Imipenemase metallo-beta-lactamase) and NDM (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase) genes, both of the carbapenemase type. The significant prevalence of resistance genes in bacterial strains isolated from chickens sold outdoors in Ouagadougou raises major public health concerns, due to the possible transmission of these resistant strains to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat, thus complicating the treatment of bacterial infections.

Beta与收益的条件关系分析——基于上海股市的实证检验:1997-2001

许多实证研究表明,单个股票的Beta和其收益之间并没有显著的相关关系,由此否认传统GAPM模型所揭示的风险-收益关系。但在所用模型中的预期收益和实证检验中运用的已实现收益是两个不同的概念,本文运用Pettengill et al提出的条件CAPM模型对上海股市重新作检验,研究发现在牛市中Beta和收益呈现出显著的正相关关系,在熊市中Beta和收益呈现出显著的负相关关系,且两者显示出一定的对称性。研究结果表明,在上海股市中条件CAPM模型具有相当的应用空间。

离子液体中Beta分子筛催化果糖产5-羟甲基糠醛

以离子液体氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([C_4mim]Cl)为溶剂,考察了Beta分子筛对果糖脱水转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)的催化性能,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂投加量和底物投加量对果糖转化率和HMF产率的影响,并进行了反应动力学分析.结果表明:以0.200 g果糖为底物,当催化剂投加量为0.140 g时,在100°C下反应4 h后,HMF产率可达78.2%.对体系的回用研究表明,该催化体系经5次回用后仍具有较高活性.动力学分析结果表明,此体系下果糖脱水的活化能为53.9 kJ·mol^(-1).