Molecular Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase and Carbapenemase Genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chickens Consumed Outdoors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of resistance genes in strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from free-range chickens in Ouagadougou, where resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans via faeces or contaminated meat. A total of 280 strains of Escherichia coli and 129 strains of Salmonella spp. resistant to at least one beta-lactam or carbapenem antibiotic were used in this study. PCR analyses revealed the presence of ESBL (extended spectrum beta lactamase) resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates, with 3.21% (9/280) possessing the CTX-M (Cefotaximase) gene, 15.35% (43/280) had the SHV (Sulfhydril Variable) gene, and 11.42% (32/280) had carbapenemase resistance genes, more specifically IMP (Imipenemase metallo-beta-lactamase). As regards Salmonella spp. strains, only the presence of the SHV (Sulfhydril Variable) gene was identified in 2.32% (3/129) of isolates belonging to the ESBL family, while 26.35% (34/129) and 13.95% (18/129) of isolates respectively possessed the IMP (Imipenemase metallo-beta-lactamase) and NDM (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase) genes, both of the carbapenemase type. The significant prevalence of resistance genes in bacterial strains isolated from chickens sold outdoors in Ouagadougou raises major public health concerns, due to the possible transmission of these resistant strains to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat, thus complicating the treatment of bacterial infections.

Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase and Carbapenamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Causing Urinary Tract Infection among Children in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections (UTI) have developed resistance to the commonly used antibiotics due to emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Carbapenamase producing Enterobactericeae which are a public health problem worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence and characterize ESBLs and carbapenamase producing Enterobactericeae. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Gertrude’s Children’s Hospital, Nairobi. 238 urine samples were collected from patients with urinary symptoms attending the outpatient department within the period 2020-2021. The urine were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done using VITEK® 2 Compact system (BioMérieux). Double disc synergy test and modified hodge tests were done as confirmatory tests for ESBLs and Carbapenamase phenotypes respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used for the detection of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes. Results: From the 238 children sampled the prevalence of UTI caused by Enterobactericeae was 22.3%. The Enterobacteriaceae species isolated were Escherichia coli (84.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.66%), Proteus mirabillis (5.66%), Enterobacter aerogenes (1.89%) and Morganella morganii (1.89%). The isolated species were resistant to ampicillin. Meropenem had the highest susceptibility. Only E. coli species had the ESBLs (26.4%) and carbapenamase (1.9%) phenotypes. 100% had BlaCTX-M while 50% had blaTEM resistant gene. There was a significant association (p Conclusion: Ampicillin resistance resulted to use of alternative drugs and Meropenem was the drug of choice where increased resistance to the recommended drugs was noted. Further research on resistant genes is recommended.

Impact of Genetic Diversity of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains on the Dissemination of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactam Resistance Genes in Côte d’Ivoire

The increase and spread of bacterial resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics are reported in many infections and are a real public health problem worldwide. Drug pressure is a factor that favors the emergence of a population of better adapted bacteria. However, there is no literature highlighting the genetic diversity and evolutionary structure of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in an environment with high selection pressure in Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains circulating at the HKB Hospital in Abobo and at the Daloa Regional Hospital and its impact on the dissemination of extended spectrum beta-lactam resistance genes. A total of 39 strains isolated from the urinary tract of infected patients, including 30 strains of E. coli and 9 strains of K. pneumoniae were studied. A total of 39 strains isolated from the urinary tract of infected patients, including 30 strains of E. coli and 9 strains of K. pneumoniae were studied. From genomic DNA extracts, ESBL resistance genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced, in addition to genetic typing by ERIC-PCR. The data obtained were submitted to genetic and bioinformatics analyses. The results have shown a genetic diversity important in E. coli and K. pneumoniae with diversity indexs (SID) ranging from 0.5 to 0.77. The genetic structure of the bacterial species studied has shown a clonal distribution of strains with clones expressing TEM-9 and CTX-M-15 variants. Also, this clonal structure was correlated with the spread of resistance genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The spread of resistant clones is a factor that might limit the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Beta thalassemia syndromes:New insights

Beta thalassemia(β-thalassemia)syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited hemoglobinopathies caused by molecular defects in the beta-globin gene that lead to the impaired synthesis of beta-globin chains of the hemoglobin.The hallmarks of the disease include ineffective erythropoiesis,chronic hemolytic anemia,and iron overload.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic carriers to severe anemia requiring lifelong blood transfusions with subsequent devastating complications.The management of patients with severeβ-thalassemia represents a global health problem,particularly in low-income countries.Until recently,management strategies were limited to regular transfusions and iron chelation therapy,with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation available only for a subset of patients.Better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms ofβ-thalassemia syndromes and associated clinical phenotypes has paved the way for novel therapeutic options,including pharmacologic enhancers of effective erythropoiesis and gene therapy.

Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among <i>Salmonella</i>Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya

Typhoid fever caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes an estimated 25 million illnesses and approximately 200,000 deaths annually mostly in developing countries. Although the management of typhoid fever has been effectively through antibiotic treatment, S. Typhi is increasingly becoming resistant to the currently recommended drugs. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design focusing on archived samples to describe antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. Typhi and determine the genetic basis of resistance to the two most commonly used classes of antimicrobials. A total sample size of 287 isolates of S. Typhi isolates stored in -80°C freezer at the Centre for Microbiology Research was utilized. Isolates were subjected to anti-microbial susceptibility testing to commonly available antimicrobials using disk diffusion method, then analyzed for trends in resistance to fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum beta lactams. Among the 287 isolates 158 (55.5%) were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). This implied that these isolates were resistant to all first line classes of treatment such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethroprim. In addition to this, these isolates were also resistant to at least one of the currently recommended drugs of choice, either a β-lactam or a fluoroquinolone. This study observed resistances at 18.2% and 15.4% to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins respectively. PCR results revealed presence of blaTEM, blaINT and blaCTX-M genes coding for resistance to β-lactams in 80% of the isolates that had combined resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. It is likely that recent heavy use of these classes of antimicrobials is driving resistances to these antimicrobials.

经颅磁声电刺激对健康与帕金森病大鼠神经回路中beta振荡的影响

背景:经颅磁声电刺激是一种基于磁声耦合电效应的无创、高精度脑神经聚焦刺激方法,可调节神经节律振荡活动,从而影响大脑的运动、认知等功能。目的:探究经颅磁声电刺激对健康与帕金森病大鼠神经回路中beta振荡的影响。方法:①动物实验:采用随机数字表法将24只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组6只:正常对照组不进行任何干预;正常刺激组大脑前额叶皮质接受经颅磁声电刺激(空间峰值脉冲平均强度为13.33 W/cm^(2),基波频率为0.4 MHz,基波周期数为1000,脉冲重复频率为200 Hz);模型对照组、模型刺激组通过腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶建立帕金森病模型,造模成功后,模型对照组大脑前额叶皮质接受经颅磁声电假刺激,模型刺激组大脑前额叶皮质接受经颅磁声电刺激,每天刺激时长2.0 min,刺激结束停留8-10 min后,采集大鼠执行T迷宫过程中局部场电位信号并同时记录行为学正确率,对比分析各组局部场电位信号能量的时频分布情况和行为差异,当大鼠正确率连续3 d高于80%后停止刺激实验和T迷宫实验。②建模仿真实验:构建经颅磁声电刺激下皮质-基底神经节回路模型,分别改变超声发射周期(5,10,20 ms)、超声发射占空比(30%,50%,90%)和感应电流密度(20,50,100μA/cm^(2)),比较不同刺激参数下健康与帕金森病大鼠beta振荡的功率谱密度值。结果与结论:①动物实验:正常对照组大鼠的空间学习能力强于模型对照组(P<0.001),正常刺激组大鼠的空间学习能力强于正常对照组(P<0.05),模型刺激组大鼠的空间学习能力强于模型对照组(P<0.01);正常对照组beta振荡能量分布较为集中,正常刺激组较正常对照组beta振荡信号能量有所降低,模型对照组与模型刺激组beta振荡能量广泛分布且能量值显著高于正常对照组、正常刺激组,并且模型刺激组beta振荡信号能量明显低于模型对照组;②建模仿真实验:不加刺激时,健康大鼠beta频段功率谱密度峰值(30 dB)显著低于帕金森病大鼠(55 dB);施加经颅磁声电刺激后,两组大鼠beta频段功率谱密度值普遍降低;beta频段功率谱密度峰值与超声发射周期呈正相关、与感应电流密度呈负相关,当超声发射占空比为50%时功率谱密度峰值最低;③结果表明:经颅磁声电刺激可抑制健康与帕金森病大鼠的beta振荡,进而改善大鼠的运动功能与决策认知功能。

基于Beta分布的目标搜索概率自适应更新策略及其应用

针对不确定先验信息条件下的目标搜索问题,考虑传感器探测概率和虚警概率,设计了基于Beta分布的目标搜索概率自适应更新策略。首先,通过Beta分布建立了不确定先验环境的概率地图,并提出自适应目标搜索概率更新策略,使得无人机能够根据概率信息图动态更新检测次数;其次,在概率更新策略中引入了拒绝概率修正因子,根据地图概率差动态调整概率变化量,避免了搜索任务中可能存在的误检漏检问题;最后,通过数值仿真实验,验证了提出的目标搜索自适应更新策略可在不影响搜索效率的前提下,有效减小无人机的错误检测概率。

The Effective Catalyst (Cobalt Salt/Lewis Acid) for Beckmann Rearrangement of Cycloalkanone Oximes to Lactams under Mild Conditions

The Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime was achieved by the combined use of cobalt salt and Lewis acids co-catalysts (each 10 mol%). Various combinations of cobalt salts and Lewis acids gave lactams in a satisfactory yield under mild conditions. This method makes it possible to reduce undesirable byproducts.

Post-appendectomy pelvic abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli : A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyse the degradation of the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins(but without carbapenemase activity), leading to resistance of these bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. Recent increases in incidence of ESBL-producing bacteria have caused alarm worldwide. Proportion estimates of ESBLEnterobacteriaceae hover around 46% in China, 42% in East Africa, 12% in Germany, and 8% in the United States.CASE SUMMARY The impact of ESBL-producing bacteria on appendiceal abscesses and consequent pelvic abscesses are yet to be examined in depth. A literature review using the search words "appendiceal abscesses" and "ESBL Escherichia coli(E. coli)" revealed very few cases involving ESBL E. coli in any capacity in the context of appendiceal abscesses. This report describes the clinical aspects of a patient with appendicitis whodeveloped a postoperative pelvic abscess infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. In this report, we discuss the risk factors for contracting ESBL E. coli infection in appendicitis and post-appendectomy pelvis abscesses. We also discuss our management approach for postappendectomy ESBL E. coli pelvic abscesses, including drainage, pathogen identification, and pathogen characterisation. When ESBL E. coli is confirmed, carbapenem antibiotics should be promptly administered, as was done efficaciously with this patient. Our report is the first one in a developed country involving ESBL E. coli related surgical complications in association with a routine laparoscopic appendectomy.CONCLUSION Our report is the first involving ESBL E. coli and appendiceal abscesses, and that too consequent to laparoscopic appendectomy.

草甸草原植物beta多样性高光谱遥感估算方法

目前,全球生物多样性的状态非常堪忧,因此,利用光谱技术估算生物多样性成为了生态学家和遥感学家共同关注的热点。目前关于植物alpha多样性的研究很多,而关于beta多样性的研究较少,仍存在一些问题值得去探索。为了探究利用遥感技术估算植物beta多样性的最佳光谱指数以及最佳影像空间分辨率,以草甸草原为研究区,基于无人机高光谱遥感影像,从光谱距离、光谱角度、生物多样性概念三个方面计算了6种beta多样性估算指数(4种为我们构建的新指数,2种为已有的指数),并采用Mantel tests和相关系数筛选最佳的光谱指数。然后将筛选出来的指数应用于不同空间分辨率的影像,以期得到最佳观测尺度。另外,为了提高指数的估算能力,对比了一阶导数变换和Savitzky-Golay滤波两种光谱变换方法,以及相关系数法、连续投影法、竞争性自适应重加权法三种特征波段选择方法。结果表明,不论是采用亚尺度观测(像元大小<样方大小)还是等尺度观测(像元大小=样方大小),最佳的光谱指数均为光谱距离指数,且光谱距离指数在不同影像空间分辨率下均表现良好。在草原地区,当影像空间分辨率约为0.25 m时,该指数可以取得最佳的估算结果。经一阶导数变换并用相关系数法提取特征波段后构建的光谱距离指数与beta多样性拥有最强的相关性,今后可利用该指数构建估算模型或者直接表征beta多样性。该研究对于科学的选取光谱指数和影像空间分辨率去估算植物beta多样性具有一定的指导意义。

晶种辅助蒸气转化Al-SBA-15合成Beta纳米晶团聚体

采用晶种辅助蒸气转化(SASC)策略,将有序介孔分子筛Al-SBA-15颗粒直接转化为Beta纳米晶团聚体(BNA).除规则微孔外,BNA含有2种多级介孔结构.研究了骨架组装与多级孔结构的关系.通过调节热分解条件,将P123胶束选择性分解成碳颗粒并分散于Al-SBA-15介孔中,在颗粒内部构建了均匀的三维纳米空间网格.通过浸渍Beta晶种和四乙基铵阳离子(TEA+)强化分子筛成核,采用蒸气处理方法,将Al-SBA-15无定形孔壁在纳米空间中缓慢转化为Beta纳米晶体.通过调节合成参数,使纳米晶体沿Al-SBA-15孔壁方向规则排列,形成有序介观结构.此外,经高温焙烧去除碳颗粒后,BNA内部生成了穴状介孔.实验结果表明,低的溶剂用量可显著降低传质速度,提高骨架组装质量,从而使BNA酸性增强.优异的多级孔结构和较强的酸性使BNA在大分子反应中具有应用潜力.

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.

Resistance to Beta Lactam Antibiotics of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Isolated in Community Infections within HIV Infected Persons in Lomé-Togo

Objective: Describe resistance to beta lactam antibiotics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in community infection within HIV-1 infected persons. Methods: We have studied prospectively from June 15th to December 31st 2013 inthe Clinic Hotel-Dieu and NGO VISA of Lomé, adult HIV-1 infected patients under anti retroviral therapy combining tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz for at least one year. The technique of agar diffusion susceptibility using discs of Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid is used to study the β-lactamase production. The diagnosis of species was performed by the chloroform test and the test for sensitivity to kanamycin and colistin. Results: Thirty five strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained. The T-lymphocytes CD4 mediane was 575 cells/mm3 of blood. Urine represented 15 cases, skin abscesses 11 cases, externa suppurate otitis 7 cases and vaginal swab for 2 cases. The phenotypes were: wild phenotypes 23 cases (65.7%), resistant phenotypes 12 cases. Among resistant phenotypes, 4 were complex phenotype;5 were ESBL phenotypes;2 were hyper productive cephalosporinases phenotypes and 1 was a specific phenotype with impermeability to imipenem. Conclusion: The acquisition of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to beta lactam antibiotics in community infections among HIV-1 infected person incentives controls and promotes the rational use of antibiotics.

Synthesis of Some New Spiro <i>β</i>-Lactams and Thiazolidinones Compounds Containing Sulfur Incorporating Quinon Compounds

A series of spiro, β-Lactams, and thiazolidinones incorporating compounds 4 have been synthesized by cycloaddition reaction of, chloroacetyl chloride and mercaptoacetic acid with the synthesized Shiff,s bases 5a-c to give new spiro β- Lactam 6a-c and spiro thiazolidinone 7a-c the cycloaddition were characterized by spectral data including HNMR, 13C-NMR, IR and elemental analysis.

Beta@ZIF-67复合材料的制备及对聚乳酸塑料的催化降解性能

以聚乳酸(PLA)为代表的可降解塑料被认为是传统石油基塑料的合适替代品.然而,PLA自然降解的时间较长,同时伴随着CO_(2)的排放.因此,升级回收PLA更有利于实现可持续发展.本文通过将沸石咪唑酯骨架(ZIF-67)生长在Beta沸石表面,制备了一种Beta@ZIF-67复合材料.该材料可以实现废弃PLA塑料的高效催化降解,在180℃下反应4 h即可将日常生活中所用PLA塑料完全转化为乳酸甲酯(产率高达76.4%).这种高催化效率得益于复合材料开放的孔道结构和较大的比表面积,以及ZIF-67(Lewis酸/碱)与Beta分子筛(Brønsted酸)所提供活性位点的协同作用.本研究为沸石分子筛复合催化剂的设计合成及用于聚乳酸塑料催化降解提供了新的途径.

高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物物种和功能性状beta多样性的影响

采用野外空间多点同步取样,分析了高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物物种beta多样性和植物功能性状beta多样性的影响,确定了高原鼠兔干扰下高寒草甸植物物种和功能性状beta多样性的变化途径,分别提出了高原鼠兔干扰区域内,基于植物物种多样性和功能性状多样性的高寒草甸植物多样性维持策略。结果表明,高原鼠兔干扰使高寒草甸植物物种相似性显著降低了28.1%,植物功能相似性降低了28.7%。尽管高原鼠兔干扰没有改变高寒草甸植物物种和功能性状beta多样性的变化途径,且对植物物种和功能性状的嵌套组分不存在显著影响,但高原鼠兔干扰显著降低了植物物种和功能性状周转组分所占的比例,降幅分别为36.6%和34.3%。高原鼠兔干扰区域内,高寒草甸植物物种beta多样性的变化以周转为主导(周转占比81.4%;嵌套占比:18.6%),植物功能性状beta多样性的变化以嵌套为主导(嵌套占比64.9%;周转占比35.1%)。因此,针对划定的高原鼠兔干扰区,需要同时保护区域内所有高原鼠兔栖息地(多位点保护),以达到维持植物物种多样性的目的,而可以仅通过保护该区域内植物功能性状丰富的位点,即可维持较高的植物功能多样性。

响应面模型用于Beta分子筛催化剂蜂窝状整体式成型的研究

Beta分子筛由于具有独特的三维十二元环孔道结构,可提供更多活性组分附着位点,是在实际应用中具有优异性能的工业催化剂。在工业使用中,蜂窝整体式催化剂具有通量高、流场均匀、压降小、不易堵塞的优点,是气固或者液固催化反应的最优解决方案。但由于Beta分子筛吸水率高,收缩率大,导致蜂窝成型困难,严重限制了Beta分子筛的工业应用。基于此,选择拟薄水铝石(SB粉)为黏结剂、硝酸为胶溶剂、田菁粉为助挤剂,在水粉比为0.6的条件下制备一系列蜂窝整体式成型Beta分子筛催化剂,基于响应面法,评价了各原料的配比对蜂窝整体式催化剂机械强度的影响,得到了催化剂的机械强度与3个因素(黏结剂用量、胶溶剂用量、助挤剂用量)之间关系的二阶多项式近似模型函数。将试验结果与预测值进行对比,证明了预测模型的可靠性,并利用该模型找到最优的Beta分子筛蜂窝成型条件为SB粉质量分数36.1%、硝酸质量分数8.4%、田菁粉质量分数4.7%。

Aztreonam Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity Cross Reactivity with Beta Lactam Antibiotics: The Possibility That It Exists

A 61-year-old female with past medical history of maculopapular rash reaction to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin being treated for diverticulitis develops the same rash with administration of piperacillin/tazobactam and aztreonam. A diffuse maculopapular rash developed after the administration of piperacillin. It resolved with discontinuation of the drug and the patient was switched to aztreonam and a very similar rash developed subsequently. In a review of the literature, there are no documented cases of a patient with an allergy to both aztreonam and piperacillin/tazobactam despite in vivo cross-reactivity. Unfortunately, there are no standardized allergy tests for aztreonam or piperacillin. This case, however, does offer the possibility that aztreonam may not always be the right alternative to persons with beta-lactam antibiotic allergies.

Diagnostic Validity of Cica Beta Test 1 for the Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram Negative Bacteria by Comparing with Phenotypic Method

Background: Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria is an important issue in the clinical settings. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Cica Beta Test 1 for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Method: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006 for a period of one (01) year. All the patients presented with the clinical features of urinary tract infection and surgical as well as burn wound infection at any age with both sexes were selected as study population. All bacteria were isolated and identified by their colony morphology, staining characters, pigment production, motility and other relevant biochemical tests. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs producing isolates were done by inhibitor potentiated disc diffusion test according to CLSI recommendation. The Cica Beta Test 1 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result: A total number of 288 Gram negative bacteria were isolated. Among these isolates Cica Beta test 1 was positive in 97 strains and phenotypic confirmatory test was positive in 89 strains. The test sensitivity of Cica Beta Test 1 was 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100.0%). Specificity of the test was 96.0% (95% CI 92.2% to 98.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 92.7% (95% CI 84.5% to 95.7%) and 100.0% (95% CI 98.0% to 100.0%) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 97.2% (95% CI 95.1% to 99.1%). Area under ROC curve = 0.980 (95% CI 0.964 to 0.996);p value 0.0001. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cica Beta Test 1 is very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESBL from Gram negative bacteria.

La掺杂改性Co-Beta催化丙烷脱氢

钴基催化剂在高温反应中易团聚烧结,且对其活性中心认识不足。为此设计了一种新型CoLa双金属催化剂,通过稀土金属La隔离并稳定钴物种,从而提高催化剂的反应活性。通过调控La在材料中的掺杂量,建立不同分散度与催化性能之间的构-效关系,以深入了解活性中心。采用XRD、XPS、化学吸附、探针分子红外等表征手段对催化剂中Co物种的存在形式、化学环境和尺寸大小等催化相关性质进行分析。结果表明,La的掺杂可以促进Co物种的分散,并增强Co物种与载体之间的相互作用。