Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene...Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene expression and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were analyzed using qRT-PCR,ELISA,and GUS staining.Gene expression of BpPIN genes and IAA levels in the leaves,buds,stems,xylem,and roots of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’and B.pendula as a control were measured.BpPIN1,BpPIN5 and BpPIN6 were upregulated during development in both species,suggesting a dominant role in the development of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’leaves.Moreover,BpPIN1 gene expression was positively associated with IAA levels during leaf,vein and petiole development in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’only.The correlation coefficient of the first three leaves was 0.69(P=0.04),while that of the first three petioles was 0.85(P=0.001).In addition,GUS staining of the pro-DR5::GUS transgenic line of cultivar was correlated with the results of BpPIN1 expression.Overall,these findings suggest that BpPIN1 is associated with the formation of lobed leaves in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’.展开更多
Simple sequence repeats（SSRs） defined as sequence repeat units between 1 and 6 bp occur abundantly in both coding and non-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes and these repeats can affect gene expression. In this st...Simple sequence repeats（SSRs） defined as sequence repeat units between 1 and 6 bp occur abundantly in both coding and non-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes and these repeats can affect gene expression. In this study, ESTs（expressed sequence tags） of Betula pendula（silver birch） were analyzed for in silico mining of ESTSSRs, protein annotation, open reading frames（ORFs）,designing primers, and identifying codon repetitions. In B.pendula, the frequency of ESTs containing SSRs was 7.8 %with an average of 1SSR/4. 78 kb of EST sequences. A total of 188 SSRs was identified by using MISA software and dinucleotide SSR motifs（65.9 %） were found to be the most abundant type of repeat motif followed by tri-（27.1 %）,tetra-（4.8 %）, and penta-（2.2 %） motifs. Based on ORF analysis, 175 of 178 sequences were predicted as ORFs and the most frequent SSRs were detected in 50 UTR（58.43 %）,followed by in ORF（31.46 %） and in 30UTR（8.43 %）. 102 of 178 ESTs were annotated as ribosomal protein, transport protein, membrane protein, carrier protein, binding protein,and transferase protein. For a total of 102 SSRs（57.3 %）with significant matches, a set of 102 primers（100 %） with forward and reverse strands was designed by using Primer 3 software. Serine（Ser, 19.6 %） was predominant in putative encoded amino acids and most of amino acids showed nonpolar（35.3 %） nature. Our data provide resources for B.pendula and can be useful for in silico comparative analyses of Betulaceae species, including SSR mining.展开更多
欧洲白桦各无性系试管苗诱导生根的能力从易到难依次为:2/86、1/86、4N、G 1;以1/2M S为基本培养基。对于无性系4N,单独使用NAA(0.3 m g.L-1)比单独使用IBA和同时使用NAA与IBA更有利于试管苗不定根诱导;0.1 m g.L-1NAA与0.1 m g.L-1IBA...欧洲白桦各无性系试管苗诱导生根的能力从易到难依次为:2/86、1/86、4N、G 1;以1/2M S为基本培养基。对于无性系4N,单独使用NAA(0.3 m g.L-1)比单独使用IBA和同时使用NAA与IBA更有利于试管苗不定根诱导;0.1 m g.L-1NAA与0.1 m g.L-1IBA配合使用,诱导无性系1/86、2/86的试管苗生根,效果最佳。白桦试管苗木质化程度越高,其生根率有下降的趋势。试管苗移栽采用腐殖土∶细沙∶园土(1∶1∶1)或腐殖土∶园土(2∶1)作栽培基质效果较好。试管苗在生根培养基上培养的天数以及生根试管苗的生长状况对移栽成活率影响明显,试管苗不定根伸长最快的时期,移栽成活率最高。展开更多
Based on the genetic inheritance and segregation of random amplified polymorphism DNA(RAPDs) markers,the analysis of linkage groups for birch was performed by using a pseudo-testcross strategy.A segregating population...Based on the genetic inheritance and segregation of random amplified polymorphism DNA(RAPDs) markers,the analysis of linkage groups for birch was performed by using a pseudo-testcross strategy.A segregating population comprising of 79 progenies from the cross between Betula pendula and B.platyphylla was obtained.A set of 1 000 random oligonucleotide primers were screened,and 178 primers were selected to generate RAPD markers within a sample of 79 F\-1 progenies.A total of 296 segregating sites was identified.Among them,273 sites belonged to 1∶1 segregating site,and 36 sites were found distorted from the 1∶1 ratio.The 273 sites segregating 1∶1(testcross configuration) were used to construct parent-specific linkage group,among which 137 sites were found for B.pendula and 136 sites for B.platyphylla.The resulting linkage maps consisted of 117 marker sites in 12 groups(four or more sites per group),2 triples and 3 pairs for B.pendula,which covered the map distance about 1 533.3 cM(Kosambi units),and the average map distance between adjacent markers was 16.4 cM.In the B.platyphylla,162 linked marker sites were integrated into 12 groups(four or more sites per group),2 triples and 4 pairs,which covered the map distance about 1 847.8 cM,and the average map distance between adjacent markers was 19.2 cM.The calculated genome coverage rate of B.pendula and B.platyphylla were respectively 68.5% and 68.9%.Further study is required to integrate the two maps to one density map and to locate important genes on the maps.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFCGrant No.31670673)the 111 Project of China(Grant No.B16010)
文摘Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene expression and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were analyzed using qRT-PCR,ELISA,and GUS staining.Gene expression of BpPIN genes and IAA levels in the leaves,buds,stems,xylem,and roots of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’and B.pendula as a control were measured.BpPIN1,BpPIN5 and BpPIN6 were upregulated during development in both species,suggesting a dominant role in the development of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’leaves.Moreover,BpPIN1 gene expression was positively associated with IAA levels during leaf,vein and petiole development in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’only.The correlation coefficient of the first three leaves was 0.69(P=0.04),while that of the first three petioles was 0.85(P=0.001).In addition,GUS staining of the pro-DR5::GUS transgenic line of cultivar was correlated with the results of BpPIN1 expression.Overall,these findings suggest that BpPIN1 is associated with the formation of lobed leaves in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’.
文摘Simple sequence repeats（SSRs） defined as sequence repeat units between 1 and 6 bp occur abundantly in both coding and non-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes and these repeats can affect gene expression. In this study, ESTs（expressed sequence tags） of Betula pendula（silver birch） were analyzed for in silico mining of ESTSSRs, protein annotation, open reading frames（ORFs）,designing primers, and identifying codon repetitions. In B.pendula, the frequency of ESTs containing SSRs was 7.8 %with an average of 1SSR/4. 78 kb of EST sequences. A total of 188 SSRs was identified by using MISA software and dinucleotide SSR motifs（65.9 %） were found to be the most abundant type of repeat motif followed by tri-（27.1 %）,tetra-（4.8 %）, and penta-（2.2 %） motifs. Based on ORF analysis, 175 of 178 sequences were predicted as ORFs and the most frequent SSRs were detected in 50 UTR（58.43 %）,followed by in ORF（31.46 %） and in 30UTR（8.43 %）. 102 of 178 ESTs were annotated as ribosomal protein, transport protein, membrane protein, carrier protein, binding protein,and transferase protein. For a total of 102 SSRs（57.3 %）with significant matches, a set of 102 primers（100 %） with forward and reverse strands was designed by using Primer 3 software. Serine（Ser, 19.6 %） was predominant in putative encoded amino acids and most of amino acids showed nonpolar（35.3 %） nature. Our data provide resources for B.pendula and can be useful for in silico comparative analyses of Betulaceae species, including SSR mining.
文摘欧洲白桦各无性系试管苗诱导生根的能力从易到难依次为:2/86、1/86、4N、G 1;以1/2M S为基本培养基。对于无性系4N,单独使用NAA(0.3 m g.L-1)比单独使用IBA和同时使用NAA与IBA更有利于试管苗不定根诱导;0.1 m g.L-1NAA与0.1 m g.L-1IBA配合使用,诱导无性系1/86、2/86的试管苗生根,效果最佳。白桦试管苗木质化程度越高,其生根率有下降的趋势。试管苗移栽采用腐殖土∶细沙∶园土(1∶1∶1)或腐殖土∶园土(2∶1)作栽培基质效果较好。试管苗在生根培养基上培养的天数以及生根试管苗的生长状况对移栽成活率影响明显,试管苗不定根伸长最快的时期,移栽成活率最高。
文摘Based on the genetic inheritance and segregation of random amplified polymorphism DNA(RAPDs) markers,the analysis of linkage groups for birch was performed by using a pseudo-testcross strategy.A segregating population comprising of 79 progenies from the cross between Betula pendula and B.platyphylla was obtained.A set of 1 000 random oligonucleotide primers were screened,and 178 primers were selected to generate RAPD markers within a sample of 79 F\-1 progenies.A total of 296 segregating sites was identified.Among them,273 sites belonged to 1∶1 segregating site,and 36 sites were found distorted from the 1∶1 ratio.The 273 sites segregating 1∶1(testcross configuration) were used to construct parent-specific linkage group,among which 137 sites were found for B.pendula and 136 sites for B.platyphylla.The resulting linkage maps consisted of 117 marker sites in 12 groups(four or more sites per group),2 triples and 3 pairs for B.pendula,which covered the map distance about 1 533.3 cM(Kosambi units),and the average map distance between adjacent markers was 16.4 cM.In the B.platyphylla,162 linked marker sites were integrated into 12 groups(four or more sites per group),2 triples and 4 pairs,which covered the map distance about 1 847.8 cM,and the average map distance between adjacent markers was 19.2 cM.The calculated genome coverage rate of B.pendula and B.platyphylla were respectively 68.5% and 68.9%.Further study is required to integrate the two maps to one density map and to locate important genes on the maps.
