Differences and similarities in radial growth of Betula species to climate change

Betula platyphylla and Betula costata are important species in mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forests.However,the specific ways in which their growth is affected by warm temperatures and drought remain unclear.To address this issue,60 and 62 tree-ring cores of B.platyphylla and B.costata were collected in Yichun,China.Using dendrochronological methods,the response and adaptation of these species to climate change were examined.A“hysteresis effect”was found in the rings of both species,linked to May–September moisture conditions of the previous year.Radial growth of B.costata was positively correlated with the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index(SPEI),the precipitation from September to October of the previous year,and the relative humidity in October of the previous year.Growth of B.costata is primarily restricted by moisture conditions from September to October.In contrast,B.platyphylla growth is mainly limited by minimum temperatures in May–June of both the previous and current years.After droughts,B.platyphylla had a faster recovery rate compared to B.costata.In the context of rising temperatures since 1980,the correlation between B.platyphylla growth and monthly SPEI became positive and strengthened over time,while the growth of B.costata showed no conspicuous change.Our findings suggest that the growth of B.platyphylla is already affected by warming temperatures,whereas B.costata may become limited if warming continues or intensifies.Climate change could disrupt the succession of these species,possibly accelerating the succession of pioneer species.The results of this research are of great significance for understanding how the growth changes of birch species under warming and drying conditions,and contribute to understanding the structural adaptation of mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forests under climate change.

温度和水分对寒温带典型森林类型土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过室内模拟试验,分析寒温带典型森林土壤有机碳矿化随温度和水分的变化特征,揭示土壤有机碳矿化影响机制,以期深入探讨气候变暖背景下,温度和水分对寒温带典型森林类型土壤碳循环的影响。采集白桦林和兴安落叶松林0<h≤10 cm和10 cm<h≤20 cm土层土壤(h),设计3个温度梯度(10、15、20℃)和3个水分梯度(30%、45%和60%)进行土壤碳矿化室内培养试验。结果表明:(1)两种林型0<h≤20 cm土层土壤有机碳矿化速率均呈明显的单峰曲线变化趋势,峰值出现在培养后的4~6 d,白桦林土壤有机碳矿化速率峰值波动在13.38~77.47 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1),兴安落叶松林峰值波动在10.82~48.08 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1),白桦林土壤有机碳矿化速率高于兴安落叶松林,随培养时间延长矿化速率迅速降低,并趋于平缓;(2)两种林型土壤矿化速率和累积矿化量与温度和水分呈显著正相关。白桦林土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量在不同土层均高于兴安落叶松林,0<h≤10 cm土层,白桦林在20℃培养时,3个水分梯度下的累积矿化量分别是兴安落叶松林的1.27、1.01、1.19倍,10 cm<h≤20 cm土层分别是1.24、1.40、1.26倍;(3)两种林型土壤在温度从10℃升高到20℃时,温度敏感性(Q_(10))随水分增加而增加,且10 cm<h≤20 cm土层Q_(10)值高于0<h≤10 cm土层。寒温带典型森林类型土壤有机碳矿化受温度和水分的显著影响,土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而加快,并伴随着森林碳排放量的增加。

A study on photosynthetic characteristics of Betula platyphylla

Influences of temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration on the photosynthesis and respiration of three-year-oldBetula platyphylla was investigated. Light compensation point, saturation point and CO2 compensation point were also determined. The results showed that the optimal temperature of photosynthesis and dark respiration was 24 °C and 30 °C, respectively, at ambient CO2. When relative humidity was 80%,Betula platyphylla could maintain strong photosynthesis. There was no significant correlation between respiration and relative humidity. The light compensation and saturation point was 25 μmol·m?2·s?1 and 1 375 μmol·m?2·s?1, respectively. The CO2 compensation point was 180 μL·L?1. The results showed thatBetula platyphylla still had potential to assimilate CO2 when CO2 concentration was above 2 400 μL·L?1.

Extraction of betulin from bark of Betula platyphylla by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Betulin, which is a medicinal pentacyclic triterpene, is abundant in the bark of white birch (Betula platyphlly). The bark of birch was collected at Tayuan Forest Farm of Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province in September 2000. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that is a new separation technology has been used for the processing pharmaceutical and natural products. In this paper, the extraction of betulin from the bark of birch by supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The authors investigated and analyzed a few parameters such as modifier dosage, extraction pressure and extraction temperature. The optimal extrac-tion conditions showed that the modifier dosage used for per gram bark powder was 1.5 mL, the extraction pressure was at 20 Mpa, and the extraction temperature was at 55 C. The velocity of flow of liquid CO2 was at 10 kg/h. The pressure and tem-perature in separation vessel were at 5.5 Mpa and 50 C, respectively.

The effect of exogenous sugar solution and high concentration of CO_2 on the contents of sugar and protein of Betula platyphylla leaves

The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high concentrations of CO_2 (700, 1 400, 2 100 μL/L·L^(-1))for about a month in 1998. The results showed that spraying three exogenous sugar solutionsincreased markedly the content of sugar and protein of leaves under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1 400μL·L^(-1) CO_2 The effect of spraying exogenous sucrose solution was the best among the threeexogenous sugars. The treatment of spraying exogenous sugar solution and 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2constrained the accumulation of total sugar and protein of leaves. There was no difference inprotein content of leaves when spraying glucose and fructose solutions under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2. The treatment of 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 concentration significantly increasedthe contents of total sugar, sucrose, fructose, and protein of leaves compared with that of the 700μL·L^(-1) and 1 400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 except the plants spraying fructose solution. There waspositive correlation between the content of sugar of leaves and CO_2 concentration when sprayingsame exogenous sugar solution.

长白山白桦(Betula platyphlla)纯林和白桦山杨(Populus davidiana)混交林凋落物的分解

采用交互分解实验,研究长白山白桦叶片和白桦、山杨与水曲柳混合叶片在白桦纯林和白桦山杨混交林内的分解过程。两年的分解实验结果表明,两种类型叶片均存在一个快速分解阶段和一个慢速分解阶段,森林类型和凋落物类型对凋落物分解率的影响在快速分解阶段不显著而在慢速分解阶段显著;混交林内的环境促进了凋落物分解和养分元素释放;在同一林型内,底物质量高的混合叶片其分解率和养分元素释放率均大于底物质量低的白桦叶片;凋落物的底物质量在一定程度上可以抵消森林类型对凋落物分解的影响;白桦山杨混交林混合叶片分解速率和养分元素释放率要显著大于白桦纯林内的白桦叶片,说明白桦山杨混交林的物质循环速度和养分元素供应能力要显著大于白桦纯林。

浙东中新世Betula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney的发现及古气候重建

随着古气候和古环境研究的日渐深入,"特有种气候分析法"成为新生代定量重建古气候研究的重要方法之一。使用这一方法分析了浙江东部天台中新统下南山组的古亮叶桦(Betula mi-oluminifera Hu et Chaney)压型化石,研究了其叶结构特征及表皮微细构造,定量推论浙江天台中新世时年平均温度为12.5～22.1℃,春季平均温度为13.0～23.1℃,较现在温暖。我国内蒙、吉林、山东、云南等地的新近系发现过古亮叶桦,分布的北界为42°N。其现存最近亲缘种亮叶桦(Betula luminifera)生活在101～119°E,23～34°N之间,海拔500～1800m的山区,是我国特有树种。亮叶桦分布范围的缩小显示中新世一段时期我国气候逐渐变冷的趋势。

Discussions on taxonomy of genus Betula in northeast China

Many researches have been carried out on the taxonomy of Betula in northeast of China, but the classification of species and subdivision of species had some divergences at all times, which led to a disorder for developing and utilizing resources of Betula. In this paper, species and subdivision of Betula were classified not only according to the wax sample of Betula but also the comprehensive taxonomy of population characters, geographical distribution, and the habitat. Theconclusion supported the Fu Pei-yuns?(1995) viewpoint of the taxonomy of Betula in the northeast of China. But B. mandshurica (Regel) Nakai should be considered as one single species, the name of B. platyphyla Suk.var phellodendroidesTung should be the synonym of B. platyphyla var platyphyla, and B. ermanii Cham.var.yingkiliensis liou et Wang should be incorporated into B. ermanii Cham. B. ovalifolia Rupr should not be regarded as a variety of B. fruticosa Pall. but as one single species.

盐桦(Betula halophila)愈伤组织的高效诱导和不定芽的分化

设计不同激素、不同水平的单因子试验和正交试验,统计盐桦出愈率、分化率,筛选出诱导盐桦愈伤组织的最适外植体和最适培养基。盐桦愈伤组织高效诱导和不定芽分化的最适外植体为茎段;诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为:LS+BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.4;愈伤组织分化抽枝的最适培养基为:LS+BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA0.02 mg/L;高效诱导愈伤组织和不定芽分化的最适培养基为:LS+BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L。琼脂7%,蔗糖浓度20 g/L。愈伤组织诱导率和不定芽分化率分别达到82%和93.6%以上。

新疆桦木属(Betula L.)新分类群

为与中国植物志21卷桦木属的分组等级保持一致,将新疆桦木属(BetulaLinn.)分为1组(Sect.),4亚组(Subsect.);8种,5变种。其中包括1新亚组,4新变种和1新纪录种。

林火扰动后次生白桦林下重引入落叶松种子萌发的影响因素

在黑龙江省大兴安岭地区漠河市西南部林火干扰后林地,选择5种不同经营措施形成的林分类型——(1)白桦纯林,(2)存在落叶松幼苗更新的白桦林,(3)主林层为白桦、副林层为落叶松的白桦林,(4)落叶松-白桦混交林,(5)落叶松纯林;每种林分类型设置4个60 m×60 m的试验区,每个试验区4角设立4个20 m×20 m模拟自然落种的样地;在种子重引入试验区样地分别模拟4种种子与地表接触方式——直接播种(模拟种子与凋落物层接触)、去除凋落物层播种(模拟种子与土表接触)、穴状破土播种(模拟种子与穴状破土土壤接触)、条状破土播种(模拟种子与条状破土土壤接触),于2022年10月初地表积雪覆盖前播种。测定样地灌木和草本的植物种名、植株(丛)数量,测量样方凋落物厚度,调查每个播种区域落叶松种子出苗情况,计算5种林型灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数——马加利夫丰富度指数(Margalef richness index)、辛普森优势度指数(Simpson index)、香农-威纳多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener index)、皮卢均匀度指数(Pielou’s evenness index);采用单因素方差分析法(One-Way ANOVE)、最小显著性差异法(LSD)、皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析法,分析播种方式(种子与地表接触方式)、林分类型、植物多样性对种子萌发率的影响。结果表明:穴状破土和条状破土显著提高种子萌发率,不同林分类型对种子萌发率的影响不显著。穴状破土播种的种子萌发率,与灌木种数量、灌木马加利夫丰富度指数、香农-威纳多样性指数、皮卢均匀度指数均呈显著正相关,与草本种数量、白桦占比呈显著负相关;条状破土播种的种子萌发率,与草本盖度、凋落物厚度、皮卢均匀度指数呈显著正相关,与草本香农-威纳多样性指数、辛普森优势度指数呈显著负相关;去除凋落物层后播种的种子萌发率,与乔木种数量呈显著正相关。

干旱胁迫下白桦(Betula platyphylla)实生苗叶片的水分代谢与部分渗透调节物质的变化

在土壤干旱胁迫进程中 ,白桦实生苗叶片的自然含水量呈下降趋势 ;相对含水量总的变化趋势与自然含水量相同 ;束缚水含量及束缚水 /自由水比值显著升高 ,复水后 ,三者又重新恢复至正常水平。随着土壤水分逐渐减少 ,可溶性蛋白质的含量呈现减少趋势 ,复水后 ,可溶性蛋白质含量又可恢复至正常水平。白桦实生苗叶片可溶性糖含量增加 。

Bioinformatics Analysis of Metallothionein in Betula phatyphylla

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the bioinformatics information of Betula phatyphylla metallothionein for subsequent investigation of the important func- tions of metallothionein gene. [Method] The physical and chemical properties, trans- membrane domains, hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity, secondary structure, functional domains and functional classification of B. phatyphylla metallothionein were analyzed and predicted using bioinformatics methods and tools. [Result] The relative molecular mass of B. phatyphylla metallothionein is 7.75 kD and isoelectric point is 5.66; there is a strong hydrophobic region in the center of B. phatyphylla metallothionein and hydrophilic regions in both ends; B. phatyphylla metallothionein may be a non-trans- membrane protein and is mainly constituted by random coil without enzymatic activi- ty, suggesting that it belongs to Metallothio_2 protein family. [Conclusion] This study provided reference for further functional research of B. phatyphylla metallothionein gene.

Growth and nutrient dynamics of Betula alnoides seedlings under exponential fertilization

Betula alnoides is a fast-growing hardwood species grown in large plantations in Southeast Asia and South China.Nitrogen requirements for producing robus seedlings,growth and nutrient dynamics were investigated using exponential fertilization treatments.Root collar diameter,height,dry mass and nutrient contents of seedlings increased exponentially in all fertilization treatments as time progressed.Moreover,with water soluble fertilizer（Plant Products plus microelements N–P2O5–K2O：20–20–20）,300 mg N seedling-1was adequate.Vector analysis revealed that P was the most responsive nutrient element followed by N and K.Dilutions of N and K were evident in the plants without N addition,which induced initial P sufficiency and then luxury consumption probably due to the antagonistic interaction between N and P.However deficiencies of N,P and K were mostly observed in al exponential regimes during the experiment because seedling growth rate exceeded nutrient uptake rate,inferring that further study on improving the nutrient uptake efficiency is needed.Analysis of relationships among nutrient supply,dry mass,N content and N concentration demonstrated that 100–400 mg N seedling-1induced sufficiency to luxury consumption of nitrogen without significant change in dry mass,and 400 mg N seedling-1is recommended to apply for nutrient loading of seedlings before outplanting.The findings will help improve seedling quality and enhance the production of robust seedlings for plantation forestry of this species.

Expression of BpPIN is associated with IAA levels and the formation of lobed leaves in Betula pendula ’Dalecartica’

Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene expression and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were analyzed using qRT-PCR,ELISA,and GUS staining.Gene expression of BpPIN genes and IAA levels in the leaves,buds,stems,xylem,and roots of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’and B.pendula as a control were measured.BpPIN1,BpPIN5 and BpPIN6 were upregulated during development in both species,suggesting a dominant role in the development of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’leaves.Moreover,BpPIN1 gene expression was positively associated with IAA levels during leaf,vein and petiole development in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’only.The correlation coefficient of the first three leaves was 0.69(P=0.04),while that of the first three petioles was 0.85(P=0.001).In addition,GUS staining of the pro-DR5::GUS transgenic line of cultivar was correlated with the results of BpPIN1 expression.Overall,these findings suggest that BpPIN1 is associated with the formation of lobed leaves in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’.

Progeny test of tetraploid Betula platyphylla and preliminary selection of hybrid parents

Estimating genetic parameters of parental lines through progeny testing and choosing good hybrid parents are important for genetically improving seed orchard trees.In this study, 24 tetraploid progeny seedlings were used as experimental materials, which came from test cross design：six tetraploid Betula platyphylla lines（Q33, Q13, Q103,Q19, Q83 and Q14） as female parents and four individual B. platyphylla diploid lines（F3, F4, F9 and F11） as male parents were crossed. Variance analysis of height, diameter, height-to-diameter ratio, and internodal distance showed that the differences between hybrid combinations reached highly significant levels. Using multi-objective decisionmaking, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the various hybrid combinations. Using a selection rate of 20 % of the standard, five hybrids were selected;their genetic gains in average height, diameter, height-todiameter ratio, and internodal distance were 20.95, 6.07,13.07 and 8.96 %, respectively. We also analyzed the combining ability and genetic parameter effect values of parents and hybrid combinations. The combined analysis revealed that Q13, Q103, Q33 and Q83 were superior females; F3, F4, and F9 were superior males; and F3 × Q13, F4 × Q83 and F9 × Q33 were superior hybrid combinations. The heights and diameters of these progenies were 22.49 and 11.48 % greater than average,respectively.

Construction and analysis of a subtracted cDNA library of Betula platyphylla female inflorescence

Female inflorescence of Betula platyphylla was sampled at an interval of eachtwo days to analyze the background of gene expression in floral phase. On the basis of SMARTstrategy, the driver cDNA was obtained from total RNA of the last sample and the tester cDNA wasfrom that of the others by RT-PCR which were subsequently used to construct a subtracted cDNAlibrary. The result of the ESTs (expression sequence tags) blastX showed that the genes in thesubtracted cDNA library could be mainly clustered into 5 groups related to metabolism,transportation and signal transduction, cell cycle, stress response, and regulation. Therelationship between gene expression and development was also discussed.

Analysis of three types of triterpenoids in tetraploid white birches(Betula platyphylla Suk.) and selection of plus trees

Betulin, oleanolic acid, and betulinic acid are naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoids that have significant medicinal value. Considerable amounts of these triterpenoids are available in the outer bark of white birch. In this study, we used ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） to extract triterpenoids from birch bark rapidly and with high efficiency. Using high performance liquid chro- matography （HPLC）, three types of triterpenoids were separated and detected. We examined the differences among triterpenoids extracted from diploid versus tetra- ploid white birch. Then, we used factor analysis to screen out tetraploid white birches with comprehensively excel- lent performance. The results indicate that the optimum conditions for extraction include the use of ethanol as an extraction solvent, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.1 g/10 ml, ultrasonic power set at 100 W, a temperature of 60 ℃ and an extraction time of 15 min. A reversed-phase C18 col- umn （4.6 mm × 250 mm × 5 μm） with a column tem- perature of 30 ℃ and the mobile phase composed of A （acetonitrile） and B （0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid, v/v） at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min were used, and the detection wavelength was 195 nm. No significant difference wasobserved between diploid and tetraploid white birch in terms of the content of three types of triterpenoids （at a confidence level of 0.05）. As triterpenoid content, height, and DBH （diameter at breast height） are strongly interre- lated, we used factor analysis to evaluate all individuals, and we screened out six plus trees with excellent com- prehensive characters.

Effects of environmental factors on seedling growth and anthocyanin content in Betula ‘Royal Frost’ leaves

Determining the influences of environmental factors on seedling growth and leaf color may improve our understanding of the chromogenic mechanisms in leaves and the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. To determine the optimum conditions for Betula 'Royal Frost' seedling cultivation, we assessed seedling growth and anthocyanin content under natural conditions. The temperature had a significant influence on height but not on radial growth. Between June and September, the anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with light intensity and air moisture and significantly negatively correlated with temperature. In single-factor experiments to determine the variation in anthocyanin content in the greenhouse, anthocyanin content increased with increasing soil water content and at first increased, then decreased with increasing pH of the irrigation water and temperature, but decreased with increasing light intensity. K2SO4 can increase the anthocyanin content. So to maintain leaf color, seedlings should be cultivated with < 200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) light intensity at 20 A degrees C and soil moisture content between 60 and 90%, and the irrigation water should be neutral or alkaline. Additionally, spraying with K2SO4 can be beneficial.

Identification of SSR loci in Betula luminifera using birch EST data

Expressed sequence tags（ESTs） are generated from single-pass sequencing of randomly picked cDNA clones and can be used for development of simple sequence repeat（SSR） markers or microsatellites.However,EST databases have been developed for only a small number of species.This paper provides a case study of the utility of freely available birch EST resources for the development of markers necessary for the genetic analysis of Betula luminifera.Based on birch EST data,primers for 80 EST-SSR candidate loci were developed and tested in birch.Of these,59 EST-SSR loci yielded single,stable and clear PCR products.We then tested the utility of those 59 markers in B.luminifera.The results showed 28（47.6%） yielded stable and clear PCR products for at least one B.luminifera genotype.In addition,this study describes a rapid and inexpensive alternative for the development of SSRs in species with scarce available sequence data.