Restored intestinal integrity,nutrients transporters,energy metabolism,antioxidative capacity and decreased harmful microbiota were associated with IUGR piglet's catch-up growth before weanling

Background:Intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)is a major inducer of higher morbidity and mortality in the pig industry and catch-up growth(CUG)before weanling could significantly restore this negative influence.But there was limited knowledge about the underlying mechanism of CUG occurrence.Methods:Eighty litters of newborn piglets were divided into normal birth weight(NBW)and IUGR groups according to birth weight.At 26 d,those piglets with IUGR but over average body weight of eighty litters of weaned piglets were considered as CUG,and the piglets with IUGR still below average body weight were considered as NCUG.This study was conducted to systemically compare the intestinal difference among NBW,CUG and NCUG weaned piglets considering the crucial role of the intestine for piglet growth.Results:The results indicated that the m RNA expression of nutrients(amino acids,glucose,and fatty acids)transporters,and mitochondrial electron transport chain(ETC)I were upregulated in CUG piglets'gut with improved morphology compared with those NCUG,as well as the ratio of P-AMPK/AMPK protein expression which is the indicator of energy metabolism.Meanwhile,CUG piglet's gut showed higher antioxidative capacity with increased SOD and GSHPx activity,decreased MDA levels,as well as higher m RNA expressions of Nrf2,Keap1,SOD,and GSH-Px.Furthermore,inflammatory parameters including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-12 factors,and the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were significantly elevated in the NCUG intestine,while the protein expression of ZO-1,Occludin and Claudin-1 was reduced.The alpha diversity of fecal microbiota was higher in CUG piglets in contrast with NCUG piglets,and the increased beneficial bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria was also observed in CUG piglets.Conclusions:CUG piglet's intestine showed comprehensive restoration including higher nutrients transport,energy metabolism,antioxidant capacity,and intestinal physical barrier,while lower oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and pathogenic microbiota.

技术—经济范式赶超机遇与中国国家创新体系建设转型:概念框架、日本经验与启示

[目的/意义]本文从技术—经济范式理论视角把握后发经济体摆脱“追赶—落后—追赶”路径依赖,实现赶超与国家创新体系建设转型的关系,为中国在新发展阶段有效抓住新一轮技术—经济范式变革机遇、提升国家创新体系效能提供依据和思路。[方法/过程]首先,构建技术—经济范式赶超与国家创新体系建设的概念框架;然后,分析日本促进技术—经济范式超越追赶的国家创新体系建设取向;最后,辨析当前中国与日本实现技术—经济范式赶超面临的情境异同,指出中国国家创新体系建设转型的方向。[结果/结论]“导入期”和“转折期”是后发经济体实现技术—经济范式超越追赶中的关键进程,需要国家创新体系给予有效的制度、组织及资源支持。日本经验对中国国家创新体系转型有4点启示:兼顾范式追赶和范式引领两个有着本质性差异的目标,重视但不拘泥于突破核心关键技术,重点围绕潜在优势产业布局及一体化政策配套转型,以及着重思考如何借助海外投资提升中国企业的国际竞争能级。

A Proposal on the Novel Method to Estimate Optimal Sleep Duration Based on Self-Reported Survey Data

Background: Many adolescents have a sleep debt. Individuals sleeping for their optimal sleep duration are expected to experience no sleepiness. Then, it is important to recognize one’s optimal sleep duration to reduce sleep debt. However, there is no simple method to determine this value. Since body mass index and sleep duration exhibit a U-shaped association, it is expected that a person taking optimal sleep duration would show no marked deviation from the mean body mass index value for the population evaluated. By using self-reported sleepiness and standardized body mass index, this study aimed to estimate individual optimal sleep duration. Methods: Data from 2540 grade 5 - 11 students were used. Students who declared no sleepiness during class and also had a gender- and grade-standardized body mass index of ±1.5 were termed ideal students. The average sleep durations of ideal students were compared with those of non-ideal students. The differences of sleep duration between ideal and no-ideal students were added to habitual sleep duration of each non-ideal student to obtain assumed optimal sleep duration. A multiple regression line to predict assumed optimal sleep duration was calculated using the least squares method. Results: The mean sleep duration of 666 ideal students exceeded the lower limit of daily sleep duration proposed as “may be appropriate” for children aged 6 - 17 years by National Sleep Foundation of the USA, being longer than those of non-ideal students. Significant regression formula for assumed optimal sleep duration was obtained (adjusted R2 = 0.996, p Conclusions: No contradiction was identified in the sleep duration obtained from ideal students as with optimal sleep duration. Although further studies to confirm the current estimation are needed, a simple formula to estimate individual optimal sleep duration through easily obtainable parameters was proposed.

中国创新驱动的演化:从追赶到超越追赶

改革开放以来,中国深入实施创新驱动发展战略,通过追赶到超越追赶的技术追赶方式转变,创新驱动从开放条件下动态的二次创新转向高水平开放条件下的一次创新。本文通过考察新兴智能制造和独角兽企业两大创新驱动新势力,提出在技术生命周期加速缩短、技术范式加快转变的新一轮科技革命和产业变革背景下,中国迫切需要加快建设助推企业超越追赶的新型国家创新体系,摆脱既定技术范式制囿,抢抓“范式转变”的战略机会窗口。本文将为中国以创新驱动引领高质量发展提供理论指导。展望未来,本文还提出创新驱动必须保持对快速发展趋势的适应。

Scientific Catch-Up in Asian Economies: A Case Study for Solar Cell

A significant structural change in the pattern of economic development in Asian economies has been observed in recent years. We have seen many cases in which the Asian economies became the center of the world-wide production in an extremely short period of time after a new product entered the market. Also in the science, the number of papers written by Asian researchers has been increasing dramatically. In this situation, the existing studies cannot sufficiently explain the driving force and the mechanism of catch-up or economic growth. Therefore, it is now required to model this new type of economic development. In this paper we analyzed their scientific catch-up status using scientific papers on solar cells to clarify the structural change. After mid 1990s, knowledge creation has been accelerated in the field of solar cell. Now more than three thousand papers are published annually. We found as a result that the catch-up process in Asian economies had progressed rapidly, that some economies had a larger share of scientific papers in the frontier field of advanced science than in the matured fields, and that the strategy largely changed from area to area. A “parallel-running-type growth model” has thus been emerging in Asia. Responding to the significant changes in development model, we have to re-design the framework of economic cooperation. There is a need for further horizontal collaboration among major Asian economies and developed economies. We also showed that bibliometrics is an effective method for presuming a detailed national strategy that is not known to the outside.

组织内合作网络与超越追赶阶段企业创新绩效——组织间合作网络的调节作用

合作网络对创新绩效的意义已得到广泛论证,但同时考虑组织内、外部合作网络的研究相对匮乏,更鲜有文献考虑超越追赶阶段的特殊情境。基于2014—2019年国内34家超越追赶阶段后发科技企业专利数据,采用负二项回归分析方法探索组织内合作网络密度、网络规模与超越追赶阶段后发企业创新绩效的关系,以及组织间合作网络密度与网络规模对两者关系的调节作用。结果表明:组织内合作网络密度越大,企业创新绩效越低;组织内合作网络规模越大,企业创新绩效越高。进一步研究表明,组织间合作网络密度强化组织内合作网络密度对创新绩效的负向影响,而组织间合作网络密度和网络规模会削弱组织内合作网络规模对创新绩效的正向影响。

A Solow-Swan Model with Technological Overflow and Catch-up

By introducing the logistic-like technology, the classical Solow-Swan model is extended to inquire the technological overflow and catch-up of the developing economy in this paper. The improved model is described by a two-dimensional dynamical system. It is proved that the model has a unique equilibrium which is a sink and the solution of the equation is globally asymptotically stable. And the classical Solow-Swan model is a special case of the model given here. The economic growth patterns are discussed by phase portrait analysis at the end of this paper.

Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis Markers B in Secondary School in Abidjan: Advocacy for a Catch-Up Vaccination

Aim: To determine the prevalence of HBs antigen in secondary schools, to appreciate the vaccination coverage of viral hepatitis B and to propose a vaccine catch-up strategy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over a two-month period from April 24 to June 24, 2006 among students aged 10 - 15, in two schools (one public and the other private) of the city of Abidjan selected at random. The assay of serum markers of viral hepatitis B of the samples collected after 5 ml peripheral venous sampling was carried out in the viral serology and bacteriology unit of the Pasteur institute of Ivory Coast using the ELISA technique (Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbant-Assay). The ELISA technique is an enzyme immunoassay technique that can detect an antigen or an antibody by highlighting the antigen-antibody reaction. Results: Of the 282 students who participated in our study, 5.3% of students (n = 15) were infected with the hepatitis B virus. The majority of students (79.1%, n = 223) did not have no contact with the hepatitis B virus. Only 7.8% (n = 22) of the students were vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Conclusion: The low immunization coverage and the high prevalence of seronegative students reflect the need for a vaccine catch-up policy for adolescents born before the introduction of vaccination against the viral hepatitis B virus in the Expanded Program on Immunization.

Distortions, Growth Catch-up, and Sustainable Growth

A distortion is a departure from the allocation of economic resources from the state in which each agent maximizes his/her own welfare. Distortions can be divided into endogenous distortion(i.e. market imperfections) and policy-imposed distortion. The relationship between distortion and development is complex, thus favorable distortion would only be possible under certain conditions, where, as argued in this paper, four crucial mechanisms may play roles — advantage of backwardness, second-best principle, coordination failure and political economy perspective. Empirically, both international experience and evidence from China suggest that distortions have a positive effect on total factor productivity(TFP) in the early stages of development, but with increasing income levels this role gradually diminishes. Especially in the phases of middle and high income, the negative effects of distortions are significant and become an important factor leading to the middle-income trap. Therefore, reducing and correcting distortions is the key to achieving sustainable growth. Regarding China, it is necessary to eliminate the distortions in a clear way and let the market play the decisive role in resource allocation. Otherwise, in the name of "growth catch-up," the policy-imposed distortion will occur frequently, and the direction of market-oriented reform will become blurred and swing. Mitigating unfavorable distortions is largely a process of exploring the favorable borderline of government and market, which constitutes a major challenge for all economies.

An Evolutionary Catch-up Strategy of Innovation： Knowledge Transfer of Chinese Hi-t：ech Multinationals Through Firm-University Cooperation

Chinese hi-tech multinationals strengthen their technological competitiveness in their internationalization process. Their strategic emphasis on cooperation with academic institutes to develop professional knowledge is an important yet underexplored issue in the extant literature. Based on the comparison between a pair of hi-tech companies--HUAWEI from China and CISCO from the US, this study analyzes the process of technological evolution of the former during 1998-2014, which ihas already become one of strategic solutions for Chinese multinationals （CMNE） to catch up with traditional counterparts in technological field. This study contributes to the present theory of CMNE by disclosing the Firm-University Cooperation （FUC） strategy, as well as its significance and implications for later-corner＇s catch-up trajectory in international business.

China, From Catch-up Growth to Innovation-Driven Economy

Chinese financial system and capital allocation to strategic sectors dominated by state banks made important contributions to the country＇s high economic growth rates during the catch-up stage of the last three decades. High household saving rates, fixed exchange rate regime, and extensive capital controls helped this stage as well. While the structural changes in the labor market conditions by moving from primary sectors to more capital intensive heavy industry, construction, commerce, and other service sectors have been contributed to the economic growth, competition, and productivity, due to the direct state governance or intensive interventions, competition and productivity have been curtailed on certain large industries. Aiming to eliminate this unproductive economic activity, enterprise sector reforms of China targeted restructuring the state enterprise＇s capital, organization, and management system. Besides, the reforms on science and technology system seek to participate in global production and R＆D networks by improving high-tech sectors through creating strong complementarity and collaboration between skilled human capital and educational interferences.

Identification of Technology Catch-up Path from the Perspective of Technology Leapfrogging

Objective To propose a method to identify the shortest catch-up path by using patent data based on the perspective of technology leapfrogging so as to provide a reference for the catch-up strategy formulation by the governments of the developing countries.Methods Firstly,the international patent classification(IPC)co-occurrence network was used to screen key technologies,and the TOP 5 countries and China were located from the aspects of technology life cycle and technological innovation capabilities.Next,the technology development path based on the ordered clustering algorithm and the main IPC number was set up.Finally,the Dijkstra algorithm was applied to identify the shortest catch-up path.Results and Conclusion Applying this method to the current biopharmaceutical industry with the most potential for development,the shortest catch-up paths are found in the selected C12N15,C07K14 and C12Q1 technology fields,proving the feasibility of the method.

LRP6 Bidirectionally Regulates Insulin Sensitivity through Insulin Receptor and S6K Signaling in Rats with CG-IUGR

Objective Intrauterine growth restriction followed by postnatal catch-up growth(CG-IUGR)increases the risk of insulin resistance-related diseases.Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6(LRP6)plays a substantial role in glucose metabolism.However,whether LRP6 is involved in the insulin resistance of CG-IUGR is unclear.This study aimed to explore the role of LRP6 in insulin signaling in response to CG-IUGR.Methods The CG-IUGR rat model was established via a maternal gestational nutritional restriction followed by postnatal litter size reduction.The mRNA and protein expression of the components in the insulin pathway,LRP6/β-catenin and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/S6 kinase(S6K)signaling,was determined.Liver tissues were immunostained for the expression of LRP6 andβ-catenin.LRP6 was overexpressed or silenced in primary hepatocytes to explore its role in insulin signaling.Results Compared with the control rats,CG-IUGR rats showed higher homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)index and fasting insulin level,decreased insulin signaling,reduced mTOR/S6K/insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1)serine307 activity,and decreased LRP6/β-catenin in the liver tissue.The knockdown of LRP6 in hepatocytes from appropriate-for-gestational-age(AGA)rats led to reductions in insulin receptor(IR)signaling and mTOR/S6K/IRS-1 serine307 activity.In contrast,LRP6 overexpression in hepatocytes of CG-IUGR rats resulted in elevated IR signaling and mTOR/S6K/IRS-1 serine307 activity.Conclusion LRP6 regulated the insulin signaling in the CG-IUGR rats via two distinct pathways,IR and mTOR-S6K signaling.LRP6 may be a potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance in CG-IUGR individuals.

超越追赶:范式转变期的创新战略

基于对技术追赶路径经典理论研究的梳理,本文回顾了与西方创新管理领域中著名的“U-A模型”所不同的“二次创新动态模型”。同时,通过对传统战略管理理论置于“范式转变期”的环境中重新审视,本文开拓性地提出了非线性混沌过程中的“超越追赶”创新战略。结合中国领先企业从跟跑、并跑到领跑的发展实践,本文总结了超越追赶的主要模式,为后发企业把握机会窗口实现技术追赶提供有效指导。

管理认知、资源编排与后发企业技术追赶

后发企业技术追赶研究逐渐深入到微观认知基础,但关于管理认知如何驱动技术追赶的机制尚未被充分揭示。通过纵向案例研究,揭示了后发企业高管认知与资源编排动态适配以实现技术追赶的过程。研究发现,在追赶阶段,高管分析型认知通过"纵向资源结构化、稳定性重组、联盟撬动"的资源编排方式进行基本技术积累;在转型阶段,高管创造型认知通过"横向资源结构化、丰富性重组、国际撬动"的资源编排方式获得了新兴技术能力;在超越追赶阶段,高管的悖论型认知通过"双向资源结构化、开拓性重组、平台撬动"的资源编排方式实现了行业技术领先。研究结论既从管理认知视角拓展了技术追赶理论,又为后发企业的追赶实践提供了管理启示。

系数随机的多元线性回归模型的参数估计

对一般系数随机的带有相关因子的多元线性回归模型的参数进行估计。估计值是用EM算法给出的极大似然估计或约束的极大似然估计。给出了EM算法的具体公式,并利用bootstrap方法估算出这些估计值的精确度。最后通过一判别儿童总体中是否存在Catch-Up生长的例子以解释给出的方法。

Epidemiological Characteristics of Japanese Encephalitis in Guizhou Province,China,1971-2009

Objective The aim of the study was to establish the contemporary epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis （JE） in Guizhou Province. Methods A retrospective study of National Notifiable Disease Reporting System （NNDRS） data from 2971 through 2009, was conducted to ascertain the geographical, seasonal, and age distributions of JE incidence in Guizhou Province, China. Results A total of 68 425 JE cases were reported in Guizhou from 1971-2009. The JE cases occurred sporadically in all 9 prefectures of Guizhou, mostly among residents of rural areas. Seasonal distribution of JE remained consistent over the period from 1971-2009 with the main transmission season starting from June to September and peaking in August. JE occurred mainly in children under the age of 15 years with peak incidence in the 0-6-year age group. Pearson＇s correlation analysis showed that JE vaccine distribution had a negative correlation with JE incidence rates during 1971-2009 （coefficient of correlation=-0.475, P〈O.01）. Conclusion Over the period of 1971-2009, the JE incidence rate had declined dramatically in terms of geographical and age distributions due to JE vaccination to children at risk.

“追赶超越”下陕西高技术企业创新发展现状及对策研究

随着全球产业结构的不断调整与升级,高技术产业逐渐成为各国经济发展的主导力量。在新一轮的科技革命背景下,习近平总书记对陕西省提出了"追赶超越"的战略定位。无疑,陕西高技术企业必须在未来的发展中承担重要责任。参考2017年《中国高技术产业统计年鉴》及陕西省统计局2018《陕西统计年鉴》,分析了"追赶超越"下陕西高技术企业创新发展的意义、现状及不足,进而提出了推动陕西高技术企业创新发展的对策和建议。

Technology Progress Path and Catchup Strategy for Late-Moving Large Countries

Based on the endogenous technology progress framework for late-moving large countries,this paper simulates the effects of market size on technology progress path and technology catch-up,and finds that under the strategy of combining innovation with imitation,the increase of market size will restrain the convergence of economies towards technology frontier and deepen their reliance on imitation.Under the strategy of replacing imitation with innovation,there is a non-uniform U-shaped threshold effect for market size to influence technology progress path and catch-up,and the threshold for the shift of technology progress path lags behind that for technology catch-up.Hence,we should follow technology catch-up as the benchmark and timely adjust our innovation strategy to unleash the advantages of economies of scale for innovation.The innovation-driven development strategy is a choice compatible with China’s changing market size.However,since China remains in a transition from a super-large economy to a super-strong one,the contribution of innovation will decrease at first before increasing afterwards.

The Driving Force and Direction of China’’s Industrial Transformation:A Perspective Based on New Structuralism

According to New Structural Economics, the ultimate direction of industrial transformation is determined by factor endowment structure and the relative price system of factors. In today＇s China, the predominant factor in its labor endowment is shifting from population size to the regional movement of population and population quality, and its land endowment is changing from cheap, massive supply to expensive, limited supply, and the economy has potential of technological catch-up. Because of these three fundamental realities and the special situation that China is vast in territory and has a continuous industrial spectrum, its industrial transformation will be featured with ＂three unique regions within one country＂ and that the eastern region enters a new stage which focuses on the development of services, the six central provinces and the western triangle zone take over industries transferred from the east and the resource-rich western region becomes the ＂home front＂ as a major supplier of resources. However, this ＂three region differentiation＂ will not be automatically developed. Only in a competitive factor market, a flexible financial market and an elastic labor market can the persistent changes in endowment structure drive China＇s industrial structure towards its optimal form. To achieve this, we need to launch a series of necessary structural reforms.