Satellite Communications with 5G, B5G, and 6G: Challenges and Prospects

Satellite communications, pivotal for global connectivity, are increasingly converging with cutting-edge mobile networks, notably 5G, B5G, and 6G. This amalgamation heralds the promise of universal, high-velocity communication, yet it is not without its challenges. Paramount concerns encompass spectrum allocation, the harmonization of network architectures, and inherent latency issues in satellite transmissions. Potential mitigations, such as dynamic spectrum sharing and the deployment of edge computing, are explored as viable solutions. Looking ahead, the advent of quantum communications within satellite frameworks and the integration of AI spotlight promising research trajectories. These advancements aim to foster a seamless and synergistic coexistence between satellite communications and next-gen mobile networks.

GPRC5A调控的ABCB1表达对肺腺癌增殖的影响

目的ATP结合盒B亚家族成员1(ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1,ABCB1)的异常表达在多种癌症的发生发展中发挥关键作用。然而,G蛋白偶联受体C家族5组A型(G protein coupled receptor family C group5 type A,GPRC5A)调控的ABCB1表达对肺腺癌增殖的影响仍不清楚。本研究探讨了GPRC5A调控的ABCB1表达对肺腺癌增殖的影响。方法我们采用RT-PCR、Western-blot或免疫组化实验,分析ABCB1在肺腺癌细胞系、人肺腺癌组织以及GPRC5A基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠的气管上皮细胞和肺组织中的表达。采用细胞计数试剂盒-8(CCK-8)分析GPRC5A基因敲除小鼠气管上皮细胞对化疗药物的敏感性。采用皮下肿瘤形成实验探讨下调ABCB1表达是否可抑制体内肺腺癌增殖。采用免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验研究GPRC5A和ABCB1之间潜在的调控关系。结果ABCB1在肺腺癌细胞系和人类肺腺癌组织中表达上调。GPRC5A基因敲除小鼠的气管上皮细胞及肺组织的ABCB1表达高于野生型小鼠。与GPRC5A野生型小鼠的气管上皮细胞相比,GPRC5A基因敲除小鼠的气管上皮细胞对塔立奇达和多柔比星更敏感。注射移植细胞28天后,接受ABCB1基因敲除细胞移植的GPRC5A-/-C57BL/6小鼠的肺肿瘤的体积和重量均明显低于野生型细胞移植小鼠(P=0.0043,P=0.0060)。此外,免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验表明,GPRC5A通过直接结合方式调控ABCB1的表达。结论GPRC5A通过抑制ABCB1表达降低肺腺癌增殖。GPRC5A调节ABCB1表达的途径有待研究。

Channel assignment and power allocation for throughput improvement with PPO in B5G heterogeneous edge networks

In Beyond the Fifth Generation(B5G)heterogeneous edge networks,numerous users are multiplexed on a channel or served on the same frequency resource block,in which case the transmitter applies coding and the receiver uses interference cancellation.Unfortunately,uncoordinated radio resource allocation can reduce system throughput and lead to user inequity,for this reason,in this paper,channel allocation and power allocation problems are formulated to maximize the system sum rate and minimum user achievable rate.Since the construction model is non-convex and the response variables are high-dimensional,a distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)framework called distributed Proximal Policy Optimization(PPO)is proposed to allocate or assign resources.Specifically,several simulated agents are trained in a heterogeneous environment to find robust behaviors that perform well in channel assignment and power allocation.Moreover,agents in the collection stage slow down,which hinders the learning of other agents.Therefore,a preemption strategy is further proposed in this paper to optimize the distributed PPO,form DP-PPO and successfully mitigate the straggler problem.The experimental results show that our mechanism named DP-PPO improves the performance over other DRL methods.

QoE oriented intelligent online learning evaluation technology in B5G scenario

Students'demand for online learning has exploded during the post-COvID-19 pandemic era.However,due to their poor learning experience,students'dropout rate and learning performance of online learning are not always satisfactory.The technical advantages of Beyond Fifth Generation(B5G)can guarantee a good multimedia Quality of Experience(QoE).As a special case of multimedia services,online learning takes into account both the usability of the service and the cognitive development of the users.Factors that affect the Quality of Online Learning Experience(OL-QoE)become more complicated.To get over this dilemma,we propose a systematic scheme by integrating big data,Machine Learning(ML)technologies,and educational psychology theory.Specifically,we first formulate a general definition of OL-QoE by data analysis and experimental verification.This formula considers both the subjective and objective factors(i.e.,video watching ratio and test scores)that most affect OLQoE.Then,we induce an extended layer to the classic Broad Learning System(BLS)to construct an Extended Broad Learning System(EBLS)for the students'OL-QoE prediction.Since the extended layer can increase the width of the BLS model and reduce the redundant nodes of BLS,the proposed EBLS can achieve a trade-off between the prediction accuracy and computation complexity.Finally,we provide a series of early intervention suggestions for different types of students according to their predicted OL-QoE values.Through timely interventions,their OL-QoE and learning performance can be improved.Experimental results verify the effectiveness oftheproposed scheme.

Analysis on unit maximum capacity of orthogonal multiple watermarking for multimedia signals in B5G wireless communications

Beyond-5G(B5G)aims to meet the growing demands of mobile traffic and expand the communication space.Considering that intelligent applications to B5G wireless communications will involve security issues regarding user data and operational data,this paper analyzes the maximum capacity of the multi-watermarking method for multimedia signal hiding as a means of alleviating the information security problem of B5G.The multiwatermarking process employs spread transform dither modulation.During the watermarking procedure,Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization is used to obtain the multiple spreading vectors.Consequently,multiple watermarks can be simultaneously embedded into the same position of a multimedia signal.Moreover,the multiple watermarks can be extracted without affecting one another during the extraction process.We analyze the effect of the size of the spreading vector on the unit maximum capacity,and consequently derive the theoretical relationship between the size of the spreading vector and the unit maximum capacity.A number of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal parameter values for maximum robustness on the premise of high capacity and good imperceptibility.

Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia decreases neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury

Microglia,the resident monocyte of the central nervous system,play a crucial role in the response to spinal cord injury.However,the precise mechanism remains unclear.To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which microglia regulate the neuroinflammatory response to spinal cord injury,we performed single-cell RNA sequencing dataset analysis,focusing on changes in microglial subpopulations.We found that the MG1 subpopulation emerged in the acute/subacute phase of spinal cord injury and expressed genes related to cell pyroptosis,sphingomyelin metabolism,and neuroinflammation at high levels.Subsequently,we established a mouse model of contusive injury and performed intrathecal injection of siRNA and molecular inhibitors to validate the role of ceramide synthase 5 in the neuroinflammatory responses and pyroptosis after spinal cord injury.Finally,we established a PC12-BV2 cell co-culture system and found that ceramide synthase 5 and pyroptosis-associated proteins were highly expressed to induce the apoptosis of neuron cells.Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in a mouse model of spinal cord injury effectively reduced pyroptosis.Furthermore,ceramide synthase 5-induced pyroptosis was dependent on activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway.Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia in vivo reduced neuronal apoptosis and promoted recovery of neurological function.Pla2g7 formed a“bridge”between sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide synthase 5-mediated cell death by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway.Collectively,these findings suggest that inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia after spinal cord injury effectively suppressed microglial pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.

非金属B掺杂g-C3N5催化剂的制备及对亚甲基蓝的降解

通过高温溶剂热解的方法制备B/g-C3N4催化剂,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、瞬态荧光光谱(PL)等对B/g-C_(3)N_(5)催化剂的晶型、官能团等进行表征。以亚甲基蓝(MB)染料溶液为模拟污染物,研究了可见光照射下不同质量比掺杂对B/g-C_(3)N_(5)光催化活性的影响。结果表明:非金属B掺杂实现了g-C_(3)N_(5)的e^(-)-h^(+)的高效分离,提高了可见光的吸收性能,光谱范围发生明显红移。当非金属B掺杂量为3%时,B/g-C3N5催化剂活性最佳,其对MB的光催化降解率达到95%,B/g-C3N5催化剂循环使用5次后其对MB的光催化降解率仍达到90%。活性自由基·O_(2)^(-)和h^(+)可将MB高效降解为CO_(2)和H_(2)O等无机小分子。

B5G车联网关键技术分析

文章介绍5G-V2X(5G车联网)在3GPP标准中的发展情况、性能指标、技术功能、应用场景,并研究分析核心技术Sidelink(侧链通信),描述如车辆编队、高级驾驶等应用场景。文章着重分析未来B5G(后5G)时代车联网可能被广泛运用的多种增强技术如UE(用户设备)增强、定位增强、车载中继和机器学习,最后总结展望未来车联网发展前景。

一种面向B5G初始接入过程的增强型波束管理机制设计

波束管理是毫米波通信的重要研究内容,5G NR(New Radio)协议中已完整设计了用户在初始接入和连接状态下与基站确定最佳通信波束的流程,然而B5G(Beyond Fifth Generation)场景将使用52.6 GHz以上甚至更高的通信频率,需要更大规模的天线单元对抗路损,导致波束管理在初始接入过程中的信令开销和时延急剧增加。为此,在5G NR协议现有框架的基础上,针对52.6 GHz以上的高频段重新设计了一种专用于波束扫描的信号块(Beam Sweeping Block,BSB),并提出一种两阶段增强型波束管理机制,用于在初始接入过程中快速确定用户和基站的最佳通信波束,进而完成同步和小区搜索。仿真结果表明,相对于NR中现有的波束管理机制,所提出的增强型波束管理方案可在保证接入性能的前提下,大幅降低初始接入时延。

5G 2B2C双域专网技术研究

随着5G专网业务不断拓展,越来越多场景提出2B2C双域专网需求。本文通过分析总结5G双域专网业务的应用场景和共性需求,提出5G双域专网技术解决的3种方案,阐述5G双域专网业务计费需要重点解决的问题。5G双域专网在落地应用时,需针对不同的需求选择合适的技术方案。

Link Budget and Enhanced Communication Distance for Ambient Internet of Things

Backscatter communications will play an important role in connecting everything for beyond 5G(B5G)and 6G systems.One open challenge for backscatter communications is that the signals suffer a round-trip path loss so that the communication distance is short.In this paper,we first calculate the communication distance upper bounds for both uplink and downlink by measuring the tag sensitivity and reflection coefficient.It is found that the activation voltage of the envelope detection diode of the downlink tag is the main factor limiting the back-scatter communication distance.Based on this analysis,we then propose to implement a low-noise amplifier(LNA)module before the envelope detection at the tag to enhance the incident signal strength.Our experimental results on the hardware platform show that our method can increase the downlink communication range by nearly 20 m.

A Comprehensive Survey of Candidate Waveforms for 5G, beyond 5G and 6G Wireless Communication Systems

The evolution of global mobile data over the past decades in broadcasting, Internet of Things (IoT), education, healthcare, commerce, and energy has put strong pressure on 3G/4G mobile networks to improve their service offerings. These generations of mobile networks were initially invented to meet the requirements of the above-mentioned applications. However, as the requirements in these applications continue to increase, new mobile technologies such as 5G (fifth generation), 5G and beyond (B5G, beyond fifth generation), and 6G (sixth generation) are still progressing and being experimented. These networks are very heterogeneous generations of mobile networks that will have to offer very high throughput per user, good energy efficiency, better traffic capacity per area, improved spectral efficiency, very low latency, and high mobility. To meet these requirements, the radio interface of future mobile networks will have to be flexible and rationalized the available frequency resources. Therefore, new modulation methods, access techniques and waveforms capable of supporting these technological changes are proposed. This review presents brief descriptions of the types of 5G, B5G, and 6G waveforms. The 5G consists of OFDM including its transmission techniques: generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), filter bank based multi-carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), and index modulation (IM). Meanwhile, the 6G covers orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) and orthogonal time sequence multiplexing (OTSM). The networks’ potentialities, advantages, disadvantages, and future directions are outlined.

基于5G应用的HXD_(2B)型机车智能运维平台设计与实现

针对HXD_(2B)型机车车载数据人工下载时间长及无法快速定位关键故障危害性高等问题,提出了一套基于5G应用技术的HXD_(2B)型机车智能运维系统解决方案。该系统以自主研制的基于WorldFIP现场总线网络的车载数据采集传输装置为载体,结合当前先进的4G APN安全传输技术、5G定点转储技术和云平台技术,利用已授权的机车WorldFIP网络数据流解析协议,实现了HXD_(2B)型机车的远程运行状态监测、多源数据记录文件定点高速转储和故障诊断分析功能,为机车运用部门提供了高效的信息化手段和大数据平台支撑依据。现场应用证实,本系统可以提高机车TCMS、AT1及6A视频等数据的转储和故障分析效率,能够满足智能运维及现场工作需要。

A Collaborative Machine Learning Scheme for Traffic Allocation and Load Balancing for URLLC Service in 5G and Beyond

Key challenges for 5G and Beyond networks relate with the requirements for exceptionally low latency, high reliability, and extremely high data rates. The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) use case is the trickiest to support and current research is focused on physical or MAC layer solutions, while proposals focused on the network layer using Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms running on base stations and User Equipment (UE) or Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in early stages. In this paper, we describe the operation rationale of the most recent relevant ML algorithms and techniques, and we propose and validate ML algorithms running on both cells (base stations/gNBs) and UEs or IoT devices to handle URLLC service control. One ML algorithm runs on base stations to evaluate latency demands and offload traffic in case of need, while another lightweight algorithm runs on UEs and IoT devices to rank cells with the best URLLC service in real-time to indicate the best one cell for a UE or IoT device to camp. We show that the interplay of these algorithms leads to good service control and eventually optimal load allocation, under slow load mobility. .

B5G时代移动通信天馈系统发展趋势研究

天馈系统是移动通信网络中的重要组成部分。网络转型、设备升级等推动天馈系统快速发展和演进。本文重点针对网络容量和覆盖需求、绿色低碳化演进、垂直行业发展3个维度进行深入分析,总结移动通信天馈系统在天线多系统多制式共用、小型化、绿色低碳和有源集成等技术方面的发展趋势,为后续天线技术演进和产品规划提供参考。

5G网络边缘UPF自动化部署问题研究

目前,5G网络边缘UPF设备部署和验收,需要由设备厂家技术人员多次到园区现场进行设备的人工配置、纳管、调测。这种方式效率低、出错率高、周期长、有一定技术门槛。针对这些问题,提出了UPF二次地址分配、UPF开局自动化配置脚本生成及验收等一系列方案,实现了UPF上电即插即用。整个过程不需专业人员现场操作,减少了人力投入,缩短了UPF上线时间,上线时间由原来的月级下降到1~3天。

B5G毫米波和太赫兹技术的背景、应用和挑战

认为在后5G(B5G)和6G时代,毫米波和太赫兹通信在地面无线移动通信及空间通信中都将发挥重要作用。从发展的预期来看,B5G将扩展到毫米波高端频谱,而6G将扩展到太赫兹频段。要将高频毫米波和太赫兹通信推向实际部署,还需要解决射频器件、天线、信号处理复杂度、空间信道建模、组网的一系列关键问题。

面向B5G和6G通信的数字孪生信道研究

为支撑B5G、6G通信产业发展和系统转型升级,将数字孪生技术与B5G、6G通信信道模拟的关键环节、关键场景、关键对象紧密结合,提出了数字孪生信道的技术内涵.在此基础上,面向B5G和6G通信场景,建立了数字孪生信道的应用体系、功能体系、技术体系和标准体系,并从全生命周期视角对数字孪生信道在B5G和6G通信系统论证设计、研制生产、测试试验、运维管理等环境的应用进行了探讨.上述研究有望为B5G、6G通信系统的产业发展和工程建设提供有益参考,推动数字孪生信道在B5G、6G通信领域和行业中应用,为实现B5G、6G通信信道数字化、智能化、服务化、绿色可持续化提供技术支撑.

面向5G/B5G的智能云化网络架构

5G/B5G技术的出现使移动网络的带宽、时延、连接等关键能力得到了极大的提升。面对移动接入侧能力的飞速发展,现有的集中式互联网云服务架构容易出现瓶颈,无法充分发挥5G/B5G的性能优势。网络5.0技术的提出,旨在通过一套完整的创新协议体系及控制管理架构,应对未来典型网络应用对数据网络的需求。基于网络5.0协议体系,提出一种新型的智能云化网络,通过云网深度融合,弥补互联网服务模型与5G/B5G接入能力之间的差距,推动网络持续演进发展。

B5G/6G通信的IRS技术综述

智能反射面(IRS)技术可以显著增强信号的覆盖范围,是B5G/6G的关键技术之一。针对IRS的当前理论研究中的关键技术,重点介绍信道估计、波束管理以及IRS辅助的NOMA、物理层安全增强方面的研究进展,同时给出了未来的研究方向。