Phase Evolution Study and Optimization of the Heat Treatment Process for High Current Capacity Bi-2223 Tapes

Powder in tube process（PIT） was adopted for the fabrication of single filament Bi-2223 tapes, and a heat treatment process including the first heat treatment（HT1）, intermediate rolling（IR）, and second heat treatment（HT2） was performed. The phase evolution mechanism and microstructure changes during these heat treatment processes were systematically discussed. The influences of HT1 parameters on the phase evolution process of Bi-2223 tapes were discussed. With the optimized HT1 process, a proper Bi-2223 content of about 90% was achieved. HT2 process was also optimized by adding a post annealing process. An obvious increase of current capacity was obtained due to the enhancement of intergrain connections. Single filament Bi-2223 tapes with the critical current of Ic-90 A were fabricated with the optimized sintering process.

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON CRITICAL CURRENT DENSITY OF Ag-SHEATHED Bi-2223 TAPES

The silver-sheathed Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O(Bi-2223) superconducting tapes have been fabricated by the powder-in-tube method. In the process,we investigated the effects of the particle size, rolling and pressing on Jc and found that the Jc value can be a ffected greatly by the three factors.

Fabrication of non-superconducting and superconducting joints of Ag/Bi-2223 tapes by diffusion bonding

Diffusion bonding of multifilamentary Ag/Bi-2223 （ Bi2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3Ox ） superconducting tapes has been performed successfally. Three types of joints, namely, with sih,er interlayer （type Ⅰ）, bonded directly （type Ⅱ）, with Bi-2212 （BizSr2Ca1 Cu2Ox ） powder interlayer or with Bi-2223 powder interlayer （type Ⅲ） were researched, respectively. The critical currents（ Ic ） of these joints were measured ond microstructures of the joints were evaluated by scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The result shows that type Ⅰ is non-superconducting joint with very low resistance, and type Ⅱ joint and type Ⅲ （with Bi-2212 or Bi-2223 ） joints are both of superconducting property. By comparing, type Ⅱ joint possesses most exceUent superconductivity, type Ⅲ joint with Bi-2223 powder interlayer takes the second place, and type ,任家烈 joint with Bi-2212 powder interlayer is least.

Influence of Precursor Powder Fabrication Methods on the Superconducting Properties of Bi-2223 Tapes

Bi-2223 precursor powders are prepared by both oxalate co-precipitation(CP) and spray pyrolysis(SP) methods.The influence of fabrication methods on the superconducting properties of Bi-2223 tapes are systematically studied. Compared to the CP method, SP powder exhibits spherical particle before calcination and smaller particle size after calcinations with more uniform chemical composition, which leads to a lower reaction temperature during calcination process for Bi-2223 tapes. Meanwhile, the non-superconducting phases in SP powder are more uniformly distributed with smaller particle sizes. These features result in finer homogeneity of critical current in large-length of Bi-2223 tape, higher density of filaments and better texture after heat treatment. Therefore,the SP method could be considered as a better route to prepare precursor powder for large-length Bi-2223 tape fabrication.

Physical Effects of Mechanical Processes on Bi-2223 Tapes

The effects of intermediate mechanical deformation （IMD） and bending processing on Bi-2223 tapes were studied. Bi-2223 tapes were manufactured by powder-in-tube process with an IMD. Normal rolling （NR）, pressing （P） and sandwich rolling （SR） with different reduction rate were used in the IMD. And there were an optimum reduction rate existing for the three MID techniques, at which critical current reached maximum. Critical current densities Jc of Bi-2223 crystals were measured with an applied magnetic field B respectively parallel to ab face and c axis. Relations of Jc dependences of reduction rate and superconducting materials density D were respectively studied and showed a Gaussian distribution law. Maximum pinning force density Fmax and irreversible magnetic field Birr were introduced to describe the effects of mechanical processing. Analysis of experimental results showed that Jcs Fmax and Birr were linear dependence on D. Obviously, increasing D was a vital way to enhance Jc Bending experiments were performed for SR tapes sheathed by Ag and Ag/Sb and Ag/Mg alloy, respectively. Silver alloy sheathed tapes showed better bending properties than pure silver sheathed one. Therefore, silver alloy sheathed, optimum reduction rate of IMD, and increasing D for Bi-2223 tapes＇ applications were important technical strategies to enhance their mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRECURSOR VARIABLES ON THE PHASE FORMATION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT PROPERTY OF Bi-2223/Ag TAPES

The Bi-2223/Ag tapes were prepared with spray-died powders, which are of different particle sizes and phase assemblages by varying the annealing time in pure oxygen. Longer time annealing degraded the reactivity of precursor powder, which in turn resulted in an incomplete conversion from precursors to Bi-2223, porosity core and misaligned grains in fully processed tapes. The best Jc in short pressed samples varied from 29.7 to 47kA/cm2 for the tapes made from different powders.

Characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS Tapes Under Short-Circuit Current Impacts in Hybrid Energy Transmission Pipelines

A hybrid energy transmission pipeline is proposed with the aim of long-distance cooperative transmission of electricity and chemical fuels, which is composed of an inner high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable and outer liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline. The flowing LNG could maintain the operating temperature of the inner HTS power cable within the range of 85 K-90 K, thus the Bi-2223 superconductors in the HTS power cable produce little Joule loss with the transmission current below the critical current. Owing to the advantages of high power density, low transmission losses and economical manufacturing costs, the hybrid energy transmission pipeline is expected to be widely utilized in the near future. In order to ensure the safety of the HTS power cable and explosive LNG in case of short-circuit faults, this paper tests and analyzes the characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS tapes of the Type HT-CA, Type HT-SS and Type H models under short-circuit current impacts at the LNG cooling temperature (85 K-90 K). An experimental platform is designed and established for the ampacity tests of HTS tapes above LN2 cooling temperature (77 K). The AC over-current impact tests at 85 K-90 K are carried out on each sample of Bi-2223 tapes respectively, and the experimental results are analyzed and compared to evaluate their performances under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the Type HT-CA tape can withstand 50 Hz short-circuit current impact with the amplitude of 1108 A (10 times of critical current Ic ) for 100 ms at 90 K, and its resistance is the smallest of the three tested samples under similar current impacts. Therefore, the Type HT-CA Bi-2223 tape is the optimal superconductor of the HTS power cable in the hybrid energy transmission pipeline.

Optimization of Rolling Process for Bi(2223)/Ag Superconducting Tapes by a Statistical Method

Ag-sheathed (Bi,Pb)(2)SoCa(2)Cu(3)O(x) tapes were prepared by the powder-in-tube method. The influences of rolling parameters on superconducting characteristics of Bi(2223)/Ag tapes were analyzed qualitatively with a statistical method. The results demonstrate that roll diameter and reduction per pass significantly influence the properties of Bi(2223)/Ag superconducting tapes while roll speed does less and working friction the least. An optimized rolling process was therefore achieved according to the above results.

Effects of Deformation and Heat－treatment Process on Texture of Bi－2223／Ag Su perconducting Tapes

The effects of deformation and heat-treatment on texture of BSCCO-2223/Ag tapes were investigatedby using single orientation quantitative texture analytical methods. The results show that when tapes weresintered at 835℃ for 24～48 h, the texture developed quickly, and further prolonging sintering tirne hadno significant influence on it. With the increase of deformation rate, the volume fraction of c-axis texturewas improved in linear form at first and then changed slowly. The highest volume fraction of c-axis texture(vol%)in these experiments is 33 . 49 % .

高温超导带材Bi-2223/Ag的焊接接头电阻研究

针对高温超导带材Bi-2223／Ag的焊接问题进行了研究。利用ANSYS建立焊接接头电阻特性的有限元计算模型，仿真和计算分析了焊料材料、搭接长度和焊锡层厚度对接头电阻值的影响，并进行了实验验证。实验表明：可通过减少焊料厚度，增加焊接搭接长度来减少接头电阻，当焊接长度在2—5cm，焊料厚度为0．5mm时，Bi-2223／Ag带材间的接头电阻在液氮温度下可以控制在10^-7～10^-8Ω之间，可以满足超导装置稳定运行的要求。

拉伸应变对Bi-2223银及银合金包套带材临界电流的影响

研究了Bi-2223带材的应力-应变特征,比较了包套材料、芯丝数目和Ag/超比例对Bi-2223带材不可逆拉伸应变的影响。实验发现,采用高强度的AgMn合金包套材料可提高芯丝的残余压应变,并通过提高Ag/超界面的平整性,减少因为界面不均匀而产生的应力集中,芯丝中微裂纹的出现和扩展将被延迟到更高的应变状态,因此可显著提高带材的不可逆拉应变。同时,通过增加芯丝数量和Ag/超比例也可增强带材抗拉伸应变能力。

高温超导直接冷却中AlN与Bi-2223间界面热阻的实验研究

基于微结构低温工程学 ,提出三维低温界面层的概念 ,指出界面热阻是制冷机直接冷却超导磁体需要解决的关键技术之一。以GM制冷机为冷源 ,按稳态热流法原理测量了Bi 2 2 2 3、AlN的热导率及它们之间的低温界面热阻。在 0 15MPa～ 0 5 5MPa压力范围内 ,AlN和Bi 2 2 2 3间的界面热阻随界面层温度和接触压力的升高而降低 ,并随接触界面处温度的不同表现出不同的变化率。当界面层Bi 2 2 2 3侧温度为 5 5K时 ,在 0 5 469MPa的接触压力作用下 ,Bi 2 2 2 3和AlN间的界面热阻是厚度为 10mm的AlN垫片体积热阻的 3 8 86倍 ,是接触压力 0 2 2 81MPa时界面热阻的 3 8 7%。

磁体用多芯Bi-2223/Ag超导带材的制备和性能

研究了用粉末装管技术制备磁体用多芯Bi－2223／Ag超导带材的工艺和性能。结果表明，得到的氧化物芯丝均匀的多芯Bi－2223／Ag超导带材，其Bi－2223单相性较好巨晶粒具有c轴取向。在77K，OT下，短带的临界电流密度Jc达2．2×104A／cm2（判据1μV／cm）。用此带制做的小型超导磁体（外径为85mm，内径10mm，高60mm），在4．2K和77K下，磁体通过的；临界电流Ic分别为135A和17A（判据1μV／cm），对应此电流，该磁体产生的磁场分别为1．04T和0．13T。

磁场、温度对Bi-2223/Ag多芯带Jc的影响

介绍了一套液氮温区入（Ｂ，Ｔ）测量系统，该系统用增大液氮的饱和蒸气压来达到提高液氮温度的目的。用该系统研究了磁场和温度（测量范围分别为０．１Ｔ～０．８Ｔ和７７Ｋ～９０Ｋ）对Ｂｉ－２２２３／Ａｇ多芯带材（１９芯和３７芯）临界电流的影响。

高阻值合金基体材料对Bi-2223高温超导带材交流损耗影响的实验研究

飞速发展的高温超导材料的研究和制备,加速了高温超导材料在变压器、限流器、电缆、同步电机和储能磁体等方面的应用。影响高温超导材料应用的关键因素之一是它的交流损耗。在多芯高温超导带材中,交流损耗依赖于各种参数。其中,基体的有效电阻率对带材的交流损耗有重要影响。为了研究高阻值基体材料对带材交流损耗的影响,该文制备了6种具有不同阻值的基体材料的带材。在77K下,研究了高阻值基体材料对Bi-2223带的交流损耗的影响。结果发现,在较低频率下,通过引进高阻值基体材料,可有效地减少带材的交流外场损耗。同时也研究了高阻值基体材料电阻率对耦合损耗时间常数的影响。

Bi-2223带材制备的高温超导电流引线

为了降低沿电流引线的漏热,用于制备高温超导电流引线的B i-2223带材要求具有较低的热导率。文中介绍了低热导率银金合金B i-2223高温超导带材;给出了其热导率的测试结果;并采用该带材制造了高温超导电流引线样机。液氮条件下测试该段高温超导引线的临界电流为332A。

Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材的有阻连接研究

采用低熔点63%Sn-34%Pb-1%Bi-2%Ag合金钎料膏软钎焊和不去除Ag合金包套的直接扩散连接两种方法进行Bi系超导带材的有阻连接。研究了搭接长度、钎焊保温时间、扩散连接温度对接头显微结构、临界电流和电阻的影响。工艺适当时,两种接头的电阻均能达到10^(18)Ω量级且临界电流较高。

不同宽厚比多芯Bi-2223带在自场下的频率特性

具有不同宽厚比的多芯Bi-2223带的交流传输损耗依赖不同的参量。其中,高温超导带材的运行频率被认为具有重要的影响。几个理论模型描述了这种依赖关系。为了调查具有不同宽厚比的Bi-2223带的交流传输损耗的频率依赖性,准备了一系列宽厚比逐渐变化的Bi-2223带,通过交流传输测量来研究它们的特性。可以发现,在频率低于810Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而减小,当频率从810Hz增加到2025Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而增加。同时也发现,在频率低于810Hz、宽厚比较大时,交流传输损耗的减小量会较小。在频率高于810Hz、宽厚比较大时,交流传输损耗的增加量会较小。