Clinical Analysis of Early Application of Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure ventilation in the Treatment of COPD with Type II Respiratory Failure

Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of early application of bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation in the treatment of COPD with type II respiratory failure.Method:A total of 58 patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure admitted to our hospital from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 29 cases in each group.Among them,the control group was received routine treatment while the observation group was treated with bi-level positive pressure airway ventilation in addition of conventional treatment.The arterial blood gas analysis,mortality rate and hospitalization time of these two groups before and after treatment were compared.Result:The blood pH,partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)and arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2)of these two groups were significantly higher after the treatment while PaO2 alone was decreased.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of arterial blood gas analysis in the observation group were significantly improved compared with those before treatment.The mortality rate and hospitalization time were significantly less than the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Early clinical application of bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation in the treatment of COPD with type II respiratory failure has a significant clinical effect in reducing the mortality rate and hospitalization time of patients,and thus it is worthy of clinical application.

Airway Pressure Release Ventilation Improves Oxygenation in a Patient with Pulmonary Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

The following case describes the favorable application of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in a patient with pulmonary hypertension who developed respiratory failure and abdominal compartment syndrome after abdominal closure from an incarcerated umbilical hernia. A 66-year-old male with past medical history of restrictive lung disease, obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension, presented to the operating room for an incarcerated inguinal hernia. After abdominal closure, he gradually developed decreased oxygen saturation and hypotension. APRV was initiated during post operative day 2 after inability to maintain adequate oxygen saturation with resultant hypotension on pressure control ventilation with varying degrees of positive end expiratory pressure and 100% inspired oxygen concentration. The initial set high pressure on APRV was 35 mm Hg. Yet, in lieu of decreasing lung compliance, it peaked at 50 mm Hg. Eventually, inhaled Nitric Oxide was initiated post operative day 3 due to increasing pulmonary arterial pressures. A bedside laparotomy was eventually performed when bladder pressures peaked to 25 mm Hg. APRV gradually and temporally improved the oxygen saturation and decreased the pulmonary arterial pressures with subsequent increase in systemic blood pressures. APRV promoted alveolar recruitment and decreased the shunting associated with abdominal compartment syndrome. Better oxygen saturations lead to increases in blood pressure by decreasing the effects of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on the right ventricle (RV). In patients with decreasing lung compliance and pulmonary comorbidities, APRV appears safe and allows for improve oxygenation, after failure with conventional modes of ventilation.

Clinical efficacy of mask continuous positive airway pressure mechanical ventilation in children with severe pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of the mask continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mechanical ventilation in children with severe pneumonia. Methods: A total of 100 cases of children with severe pneumonia were randomly divided into two groups, study group with 50 children and control group with 50 children. These 100 children were given comprehensive treatment measures: treatment of anti-infection, anti-respiratory failure, anti-heart failure (if necessary), relieving cough and reducing sputum, aerosol inhalation, limited fluid volume, nutrition support etc. Children in the study group were added mask continuous positive airway pressure mechanical ventilation (CPAP). Children in the control group were added ordinary mask oxygen inhalation. Investigated and checked the treatment effect in these two groups. Results: After treatment, SaO2, PaO2 in both two groups were showed significantly higher than before the treatment. PaO2 of the study group is obviously higher than the control group. The oxygen inhalation time of the study group was obviously lesser than the control group. The total effective rate of the study group was significantly higher than the control group which was 96.0% vs 66.0%. Conclusion: The mask continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mechanical ventilation can significantly improve the related symptoms and blood gas status of the children with severe pneumonia, shorten the oxygen inhalation time and had remarkable effect.

Creation method for bi-level positive airway pressure based on pressure and flow feedback

An airway pressure and flow data acquisition system is developed to investigate the approach to building the bi-level positive airway pressure BiPAP in a ventilator.A number of experiments under different breathing situations and states are conducted and the experimental data are recorded.According to the data from these experiments the variation characteristics of the pressure and flow are analyzed using Matlab. The data analysis results show that the pressure increases while the flow decreases in the expiratory phase contrarily the pressure decreases while the flow increases in the inspiratory phase during the apnea state both the pressure and the flow remain unchanged. According to the above variation characteristics of breath a feedback-based method for creating bi-level positive airway pressure is proposed. Experiments are implemented to verify the BiPAP model. Results demonstrate that the proposed method works effectively in following respiration and caters well to most polypnea and apnea events.

Noninvasive Ventilation Interfaces in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Insufficiency: A Critical Review

Background: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an important therapeutic modality for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF). In this review, we critically analyze randomized controlled trials on the most used NIV interfaces in the treatments of ARF. Methods: The searches were conducted in the Medline, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane, and Pedro databases from June to November 2021. The inclusion criteria were Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published from 2016 to 2021 in Portuguese, Spanish, or English and involving adults (aged ≥ 18 years). The eligibility criteria for article selection were based on the PICO strategy: Population—Adults with ARF;Intervention—NIV Therapy;Comparison—Conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy, or NIV;Outcome—improvement in ARF. The search for articles and the implementation of the inclusion criteria were independently conducted by two researchers. Results: Seven scientific articles involving 574 adults with ARF due to various causes, such as chest trauma, decompensated heart failure, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and postoperative period, among others, were included. The interfaces cited in the studies included an oronasal mask, nasal mask, full-face mask, and helmet. In addition, some favorable outcomes related to NIV were reported in the studies, such as a reduction in the rate of orotracheal intubation and shorter length of stay in the ICU. Conclusions: The most cited interfaces in the treatment of ARF were the oronasal mask and the helmet.

Bi-level Nasal Positive Airway Pressure(BiPAP)versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(CPAP)for Preterm Infants with Birth Weight Less Than 1500g and Respiratory Distress Syndrome Following INSURE Treatment:A Two-center Randomized Controlled Trial

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP)versus continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)in preterm infants with birth weight less than 1500 g and respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)following intubation-surfactant-extubation(INSURE)treatment.A two-center randomized control trial was performed.The primary outcome was the reintubation rate of infants within 72 h of age after INSURE.Secondary outcomes included bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD),necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC),retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)and incidences of adverse events.Lung function at one year of corrected age was also compared between the two groups.There were 140 cases in the CPAP group and 144 in the BiPAP group.After INSURE,the reintubation rates of infants within 72 h of age were 15%and 11.1%in the CPAP group and the BiPAP group,respectively(P>0.05).Neonates in the BiPAP group was on positive airway pressure(PAP)therapy three days less than in the CPAP group(12.6 d and 15.3 d,respectively,P<0.05),and on oxygen six days less than in the CPAP group(20.6 d and 26.9 d,respectively,P<0.05).Other outcomes such as BPD,NEC,ROP and feeding intolerance were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).There was no difference in lung function at one year of age between the two groups(P>0.05).In conclusion,after INSURE,the reintubation rate of infants within 72 h of age was comparable between the BiPAP group and the CPAP group.BiPAP was superior to CPAP in terms of shorter durations(days)on PAP support and oxygen supplementation.There were no differences in the incidences of BPD and ROP,and lung function at one year of age between the two ventilation methods.

The Value of Positive Pressure Ventilations for Clients in Acute Respiratory Distress as a Result of Cardiac and Pulmonary Issues

Objective: Research was conducted to examine benefits to using non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) early in the treatment of respiratory distress caused by pulmonary edema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Limitations to successful NIV and CPAP therapy were evaluated to determine how prolonged initiation of treatment may lead to hypoxemia (decreased oxygen in the blood) and hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide in the blood) resulting in poor outcomes. Method: Reviews of literature from nursing and allied health data bases (CINAHL and ProQuest) with terms pulmonary edema, positive pressure device and non-invasive ventilation from 2010 to 2014 were used. Studies were conducted in the hospital and prehospital settings. Results: The literature search located 7 articles from CINAHL and 25 articles from ProQuest. A total of 6 of these articles were analyzed. Additional sources of data were obtained from Ignatavicius and Workman (2013) Medical-Surgical Nursing Patient-Centered Collaborative Care 7th edition and American Journal of Nursing (02/2013) Volume 113: 2. Conclusion: All of the articles concluded that early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure ventilations in the short-term was beneficial;however, late initiation of therapy required additional interventions. The studies indicated that early use of positive airway pressure in acute respiratory distress improved breath rate, heart rate and blood pressure. The use of positive airway pressure for respiratory distress may decrease the need for endotracheal intubation.

The effect of different inflation volumes of laryngeal mask airway on efficacy of closed circuit controlled ventilation in pediatric cancer patients

Objective： The laryngeal mask airway （LMA） is an established way for airway control during spontaneous ventila- tion. Its ability to deliver positive pressure ventilation without leakage especially in low flow states is still controversy. The aim of this study is to test the possibility of using LMA in pediatric closed circuit controlled ventilation, and to find out the optimum cuff volume to perform closed system ventilation. Methods： Twenty children scheduled for elective surgeries were enrolled in a crossover study. Laryngeal mask airway was used. In stage I, the cuff was inflated with the maximum volume of air as rec- ommended by the manufacturers. Adjustment of volume of air inflated into the LMA cuff to the minimum volume to obtain the effective seal was done at stage II. The leak pressure, intracuff pressure and the leak volume were measured in both stages. Results： The cuff filling volume was significantly lower compared to the maximum cuff inflation volume in stage I. Leakage values showed significantly less values in stage II of the study with smaller cuff inflation volumes. The airway leakage pressure was significantly lower in stage fl in comparison to stage I. Cuff inflation pressure in stage I showed marked elevation which dropped significantly after adjustment of cuff volume in stage I1. Conclusion： Laryngeal mask airway is an effective tool to provide closed circuit controlled ventilation in pediatrics. Inflation of the cuff by the minimum volume of air needed to reach the just sealing pressure is suggested to minimize the leakage volume.

Preemptive mechanical ventilation can block progressive acute lung injury

Mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) remains unacceptable, approaching 45% in certain high-risk patient populations. Treating fulminant ARDS is currently relegated to supportive care measures only. Thus, the best treatment for ARDS may lie with preventing this syndrome from ever occurring. Clinical studies were examined to determine why ARDS has remained resistant to treatment over the past several decades. In addition, both basic science and clinical studies were examined to determine the impact that early, protective mechanical ventilation may have on preventing the development of ARDS in at-risk patients. Fulminant ARDS is highly resistant to both pharmacologic treatment and methods of mechanical ventilation. However, ARDS is a progressive disease with an early treatment window that can be exploited. In particular, protective mechanical ventilation initiated before the onset of lung injury can prevent the progression to ARDS. Airway pressure release ventilation(APRV) is a novel mechanical ventilation strategy for delivering a protective breath that has been shown to block progressive acute lung injury(ALI) and prevent ALI from progressing to ARDS. ARDS mortality currently remains as high as 45% in some studies. As ARDS is a progressive disease, the key to treatment lies with preventing the disease from ever occurring while it remains subclinical. Early protective mechanical ventilation with APRV appears to offer substantial benefit in this regard and may be the prophylactic treatment of choice for preventing ARDS.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation in acute pediatric respiratory failure

AIM To characterize the clinical course and outcomes of nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation(NIMV) use in acute pediatric respiratory failure.METHODS We identified all patients treated with NIMV in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) or inpatient general pediatrics between January 2013 and December 2015 at two academic centers.Patients who utilized NIMV with other modes of noninvasive ventilation during the same admission were included.Data included demographics,vital signs on admission and prior to initiation of NIMV,pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ(PRIsM-Ⅲ) scores,complications,respiratory support characteristics,PICU and hospital length of stays,duration of respiratory support,and complications.Patients who did not require escalation to mechanical ventilation were defined as NIMV responders;those who required escalation to mechanical ventilation(MV) were defined as NIMV nonresponders.NIMV responders were compared to NIMV non-responders.RESULTS Forty-two patients met study criteria.six(14%) failed treatment and required MV.The majority of the patients(74%) had a primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis.The median age of these 42 patients was 4 mo(range 0.5-28.1 mo,IQR 7,P = 0.69).No significant difference was measured in other baseline demographics and vitals on initiation of NIMV;these included age,temperature,respiratory rate,O2 saturation,heart rate,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and PRIsM-Ⅲ scores.The duration of NIMV was shorter in the NIMV nonresponder vs NIMV responder group(6.5 h vs 65 h,P < 0.0005).Otherwise,NIMV failure was not associated with significant differences in PICU length of stay(LOs),hospital LOs,or total duration of respiratory support.No patients had aspiration pneumonia,pneumothorax,or skin breakdown.CONCLUSION Most of our patients responded to NIMV.NIMV failure is not associated with differences in hospital LOs,PICU LOs,or duration of respiratory support.

Reducing acute respiratory distress syndrome occurrence using mechanical ventilation

The standard treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is supportive in the form of low tidal volume ventilation applied after significant lung injury has already developed. Nevertheless, ARDS mortality remains unacceptably high(> 40%). Indeed, once ARDS is established it becomes refractory to treatment, and therefore avoidance is key. However, preventive techniques and therapeutics to reduce the incidence of ARDS in patients at high-risk have not been validated clinically. This review discusses the current data suggesting that preemptive application of the properly adjusted mechanical breath can block progressive acute lung injury and significantly reduce the occurrence of ARDS.

Effectiveness of adaptive servo-ventilation

Adaptive servo-ventilation(ASV) has been developed as a specific treatment for sleep-disordered breathing, in particular Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea(CSA). Heart failure patients often have sleep-disordered breathing, which consists of either obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) or CSA. Other medical conditions, such as stroke, acromegaly, renal failure, and opioid use may be associated with CSA. Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) therapy is widely used for patients with OSA, but some of these patients develop CSA on CPAP, which is called treatmentemergent CSA. CPAP can be useful as a treatment for these various forms of CSA, but it is insufficient to eliminate respiratory events in approximately half of patients with CSA. As compared to CPAP, ASV may be a better option to treat CSA, with sufficient alleviation of respiratory events as well as improvement of cardiac function in heart failure patients. In patients without heart failure, ASV can also alleviate CSA and relieve their symptom. Recently, ASV has been widely used for patients with various forms of CSA. ASV may be also used in the setting without CSA, but it should be assessed more carefully. Clinicians should have a better understanding of the indications for ASV in each setting.

气道正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者的影响

目的探究气道正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)合并高血压患者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、血压及认知功能的影响。方法选取2022年3月至2023年1月上海市第八人民医院收治的88例OSAHS合并高血压患者,按照随机数字表法分为干预组(44例)与对照组(44例)。对照组采用常规治疗,干预组在对照组的基础上加用气道正压通气治疗。比较2组患者的睡眠监测结果、血压水平、认知和嗜睡评定及生活质量。结果治疗后干预组患者的AHI和最长呼吸暂停时间数值均比治疗前降低(P<0.05),且干预组的数值均较对照组更低(P<0.05);治疗后2组24 h平均收缩压、舒张压和夜间收缩压、舒张压均降低,且干预组的血压水平降低幅度较对照组更明显(P<0.05);治疗后2组患者的蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分均有提升,Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评分均有下降,且干预组患者的MoCA和ESS量表评分升高、下降幅度均超过对照组(P<0.05);治疗后2组患者的社会生活、物质生活、生理功能和躯体功能指标均有提升,且干预组各项指标较对照组更高(P<0.05)。结论气道正压通气能有效降低OSAHS合并高血压患者的AHI指数,降低患者的血压水平,改善患者的认知功能。

中医培土化浊方、针刺结合持续气道正压通气在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者中疗效分析

目的观察中医培土化浊方、针刺结合持续气道正压通气(CPAP)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)中的临床疗效。方法选取2020年5月—2022年5月收治的120例OSAHS患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(n=30)、药物+CPAP组(A组,n=29)、针刺+CPAP组(B组,n=27)以及联合组(n=34)共4组。对照组采用单独CPAP治疗,联合组采用培土化浊方内服+针刺+CPAP治疗,治疗周期为1个月。观察4组患者临床疗效,评估治疗前后4组患者中医证候积分、嗜睡程度、通气功能[呼吸暂停通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO_(2))、最长呼吸暂停时间(LAT)]以及生活质量变化。结果治疗1个月后联合组临床疗效为94.12%,较对照组、A组以及B组临床疗效(72.41%、74.07%、56.67%)均明显更高(均P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,4组患者中医证候积分、嗜睡程度、通气功能以及生活质量均明显改善(均P<0.05),联合组中医证候积分、嗜睡程度评分、AHI以及LAT均低于对照组、A组与B组(均P<0.05),联合组LSaO_(2)以及生活质量评分均高于对照组、A组与B组(均P<0.05),对照组、A组与B组3组间中医证候积分、嗜睡程度评分、AHI、LSaO_(2)、LAT以及生活质量评分比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论中医培土化浊方、针刺结合CPAP联合治疗可有效提高OSAHS患者临床疗效,缓解其临床症状,提高通气功能,改善患者生活质量。

综合护理干预对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者生命质量的作用

目的:探讨综合护理干预对青海地区阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者生命质量的改善效果。方法:选取2019年1月至2021年12月在青海红十字医院睡眠医学科行多导睡眠监测(PSG)和无创呼吸机治疗的中重度OSAHS住院患者392例作为研究对象,根据收治的时间登记表单双号顺序将患者分为对照组(单号)和观察组(双号),每组196例。对照组给予普通护理,观察组给予综合护理。比较2组干预前后Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、睡眠呼吸暂停生命质量指数(SAQLl)评分及干预后持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗依从性。结果:干预后,2组患者ESS、SAS评分均低于本组干预前(均P<0.05),且观察组干预后ESS、SAS评分均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。干预后,2组患者SAQLI日常活动、社会影响、情感活动、症状评分均高于本组干预前(均P<0.05),且观察组干预后SAQLI日常活动、社会影响、情感活动、症状评分均高于对照组(均P<0.05)。观察组干预后完成CPAP治疗患者例数明显多于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:综合护理干预后可显著提高患者CPAP治疗的依从性,提高疗效,提高患者的生命质量。

西维来司他钠联合气道压力释放通气治疗创伤所致重度ARDS的临床疗效观察

目的探讨西维来司他钠、气道压力释放通气治疗由创伤导致重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的疗效。方法选取南阳市中心医院2020年1月至2022年12月期间收治80例重度ARDS患者,依照随机抽签的方法分成两组,各40例。对照组应用气道压力释放通气治疗,观察组在此基础上加用西维来司他钠,比较两组血气、炎性因子、血流动力学指标和预后。结果治疗前,两组动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、动脉氧分压(PaO_(2))、PaO_(2)/吸入氧浓度(FiO_(2))值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗24 h、治疗72 h后,两组PaCO_(2)值均低于治疗前,PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)值均高于治疗前,且观察组PaCO_(2)值低于对照组,观察组PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组IL-6、PCT、CRP值均低于治疗前,且观察组IL-6、PCT、CRP值均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗24 h、治疗72 h后,对照组CVP、HR、MAP值均低于治疗前,观察组HR低于治疗前,MAP治疗24 h低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗24 h、治疗72 h后,观察组CVP、HR、MAP值均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组急性生理和慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组APACHEⅡ评分均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论西维来司他钠、气道压力释放通气治疗创伤所致重度ARDS成效佳,能改善血气、炎性因子及血流动力学指标,提高预后。

Mean airway pressure has the potential to become the core pressure indicator of mechanical ventilation: Raising to the front from behind the clinical scenes

Mean airway pressure(Pmean)is a common pressure monitoring parameter of mechanical ventilators that is closely correlated with mean alveolar pressure and represents stresses applied to the lung parenchyma during ventilation.Pmean is determined by the peak inspiratory pressure,positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio with dynamic and real-time characteristics,which represents mechanical power affected by the ventilator mode.Additionally,Pmean is an important parameter that affects hemodynamics.Tidal forces and PEEP increase pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR)in direct proportion to their effects on Pmean.Therefore,Pmean is increasingly considered to be related to the prognosis of patients on mechanical ventilation.We propose a 3P strategy(Pmean,central venous pressure[CVP],and perfusion index[PI])which is indicated to achieve circulation protection mechanical ventilation with flow priority.Titrating the appropriate CVP and meeting PI to ensure tissue perfusion with a lower Pmean are the core purposes.Pmean links the circulatory and respiratory systems and is expected to become a potential parameter for intelligent ventilation.

气道压力释放通气通过调控ITGB4相关通路减轻ARDS肺部炎症的机制研究

目的分析气道压力释放通气(APRV)和小潮气量通气(LTV)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)炎症的影响,探讨不同机械通气模式对ARDS机械应力相关的作用及机制。方法构建巴马小型成年猪重度ARDS模型,应用LTV与APRV通气模式,进行48 h机械通气治疗,分为空白对照组(control组,n=3)、疾病对照组(ARDS组,n=3)、LTV机械通气组(LTV组,n=4)以及APRV机械通气组(APRV组,n=4)。观察两种通气模式对氧合指数、炎症因子的影响。对肺组织进行高通量测序,并在蛋白层面验证差异基因ITGB4对ARDS机械通气后炎症的影响。使用A549细胞系构建APRV样牵张模型及LTV样牵张模型,进行4 h体外牵张实验,探讨两种牵张模式通过ITGB4对细胞炎症因子分泌的影响。使用小干扰RNA(siRNA)沉默ITGB4表达,比较LTV+siRNA组与APRV+siRNA组ITGB4-FAK-p38-MAPK-IL-8通路表达差异。使用p38抑制剂(SB203580)对细胞进行干预,比较LTV+SB203580组和APRV+SB203580组IL-8表达水平的差异。结果重度ARDS造模成功后,通气48 h,APRV组肺泡灌洗液及肺组织中IL-6、IL-8水平显著低于LTV组(P<0.05),而两组IL-1、TNF-α差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。转录组高通量测序结果显示,机械通气后细胞外基质受体交互通路及黏着斑信号通路显著富集。在肺组织中,APRV组ITGB4、p-FAK、p-p38蛋白表达水平显著低于LTV组(P<0.05)。细胞牵张模型在体外细胞中复现LTV与APRV样牵张,周期性牵张4 h使细胞IL-8水平显著升高(P<0.05),IL-6水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。APRV组的IL-8、ITGB4、p-FAK和p-p38表达水平显著低于LTV组(P<0.05)。沉默ITGB4可以显著下调机械牵张后APRV组与LTV组p-FAK、p-p38的表达水平,APRV+siRNA组下调趋势明显,但相较LTV+siRNA组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。使用p38抑制剂后,相较于LTV+SB203580组,APRV+SB203580组p-p38磷酸化水平显著下调(P=0.032)。结论APRV机械通气模式通过ITGB4-p38-MAPK通路显著改善重度ARDS后炎症因子IL-8的分泌,可能为ARDS治疗提供潜在的干预靶点。

Does airway pressure release ventilation offer new hope for treating acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Mechanical ventilation(MV)is an essential life support method for patients with acute respiratory distress syn-drome(ARDS),which is one of the most common critical illnesses with high mortality in the intensive care unit(ICU).A lung-protective ventilation strategy based on low tidal volume(LTV)has been recommended since a few years;however,as this did not result in a significant decrease of ARDS-related mortality,a more optimal venti-lation mode was required.Airway pressure release ventilation(APRV)is an old method defined as a continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)with a brief intermittent release phase based on the open lung concept;it also perfectly fits the ARDS treatment principle.Despite this,APRV has not been widely used in the past,rather only as a rescue measure for ARDS patients who are difficult to oxygenate.Over recent years,with an increased under-standing of the pathophysiology of ARDS,APRV has been reproposed to improve patient prognosis.Nevertheless,this mode is still not routinely used in ARDS patients given its vague definition and complexity.Consequently,in this paper,we summarize the studies that used APRV in ARDS,including adults,children,and animals,to illustrate the settings of parameters,effectiveness in the population,safety(especially in children),incidence,and mechanism of ventilator-induced lung injury(VILI)and effects on extrapulmonary organs.Finally,we found that APRV is likely associated with improvement in ARDS outcomes,and does not increase injury to the lungs and other organs,thereby indicating that personalized APRV settings may be the new hope for ARDS treatment.

肠内-肠外联合营养联合双水平气道正压通气对COPD急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的应用效果探讨

目的探讨分析肠内-肠外联合营养联合双水平气道正压通气对COPD急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的应用效果。方法选择2022年3月-2023年2月本院呼吸内科收治的118例COPD急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,按照随机数表法分成实验组和对照组两组,每组各59例。对照组患者给予常规治疗、肠道内营养支持以及经鼻持续低流量吸氧,实验组患者给予肠内-肠外联合营养支持联合双水平气道正压通气。对比治疗前与治疗1周后的肺功能指标、血气分析指标、营养指标以及住院基本情况。结果实验组ICU住院时间、总住院时间均短于对照组,住院期间气管切开率和28 d病死率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。经不同方法治疗后,两组患者用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比(FEV1%)和最大的呼气流量(PEF)均高于治疗前,且实验组高于对照组;两组患者氧气分压(PaO_(2))、血酸碱度(pH)、血氧饱和度(SaO_(2))均高于治疗前,且实验组高于对照组,两组患者二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))低于治疗前,且实验组低于对照组;两组患者前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)均高于治疗前,且实验组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对COPD急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者采取肠内-肠外联合营养联合双水平气道正压通气方式辅助的治疗方法,可以明显提高患者康复速度、缩短住院时间,在改善患者营养状况、血气功能与肺功能方面作用明显。