Sleep Quality for Patients Receiving Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation and Nasal High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in an ICU: Two Case Studies

Aim: The purpose of this case study was to examine the sleep quality of patients receiving noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) or nasal high-flow oxygen therapy (NHF) in an intensive care unit and to investigate what types of nursing support are offered to such patients. Methods: We examined one patient each for NPPV and NHF. Polysomnography (PSG), review of the patient charts, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data for analysis. Results: Patients treated with NPPV or NHF demonstrated a noticeable reduction in deep sleep, with most of their sleep being shallow. Their sleep patterns varied greatly from those of healthy individuals. These results suggest that, in addition to experiencing extremely fragmented sleep, sleep in these patients was more likely to be interrupted by nursing interventions, such as during auscultation of breath sounds. Furthermore, it was revealed that “anxiety or discomfort that accompanies the mask or air pressure” in patients treated with NPPV and “discomfort that accompanies the nasal cannula or NHF circuit” in patients treated with NHF may be primary causes of disrupted sleep. Our results suggest a need for nursing care aimed at improving sleep quality in patients treated with NPPV or NHF.

Effect of adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on blood gas parameters, cardiac function and inflammatory state in patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure

Objective:T o analyze the effect of adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on blood gas parameters, cardiac function and inflammatory state in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type II respiratory failure. Methods:90 patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure were randomly divided into observation group and control group (n=45). Control group received conventional therapy, observation group received conventional therapy+adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, and differences in blood gas parameters, cardiac function, inflammatory state, etc., were compared between two groups of patients 2 weeks after treatment. Results:Arterial blood gas parameters pH and alveolar-arterial partial pressure of oxygen [P(A-a)O2] levels of observation group were higher than those of control group while, potassium ion (K+), chloride ion (Cl-) and carbon dioxide combining power (CO2CP) levels were lower than those of control group 2 weeks after treatment;echocardiography parameters Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (DTIS) and pulmonary arterial velocity (PAV) levels were lower than those of control group (P<0.05) while pulmonary artery accelerating time (PAACT), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) and right atrioventricular tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) levels were higher than those of control group (P<0.05);serum cardiac function indexes adiponectin (APN), Copeptin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cystatin C (CysC), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and heart type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) content were lower than those of control group (P<0.05);serum inflammatory factors hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-8, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) content were lower than those of control group (P<0.05). Conclusions:Adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation can optimize the blood gas parameters, cardiac function and inflammatory state in patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure, and it is of positive significance in improving the overall treatment outcome.

Noninvasive Ventilation Interfaces in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Insufficiency: A Critical Review

Background: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an important therapeutic modality for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF). In this review, we critically analyze randomized controlled trials on the most used NIV interfaces in the treatments of ARF. Methods: The searches were conducted in the Medline, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane, and Pedro databases from June to November 2021. The inclusion criteria were Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published from 2016 to 2021 in Portuguese, Spanish, or English and involving adults (aged ≥ 18 years). The eligibility criteria for article selection were based on the PICO strategy: Population—Adults with ARF;Intervention—NIV Therapy;Comparison—Conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy, or NIV;Outcome—improvement in ARF. The search for articles and the implementation of the inclusion criteria were independently conducted by two researchers. Results: Seven scientific articles involving 574 adults with ARF due to various causes, such as chest trauma, decompensated heart failure, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and postoperative period, among others, were included. The interfaces cited in the studies included an oronasal mask, nasal mask, full-face mask, and helmet. In addition, some favorable outcomes related to NIV were reported in the studies, such as a reduction in the rate of orotracheal intubation and shorter length of stay in the ICU. Conclusions: The most cited interfaces in the treatment of ARF were the oronasal mask and the helmet.

Clinical Analysis of Early Application of Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure ventilation in the Treatment of COPD with Type II Respiratory Failure

Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of early application of bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation in the treatment of COPD with type II respiratory failure.Method:A total of 58 patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure admitted to our hospital from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 29 cases in each group.Among them,the control group was received routine treatment while the observation group was treated with bi-level positive pressure airway ventilation in addition of conventional treatment.The arterial blood gas analysis,mortality rate and hospitalization time of these two groups before and after treatment were compared.Result:The blood pH,partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)and arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2)of these two groups were significantly higher after the treatment while PaO2 alone was decreased.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of arterial blood gas analysis in the observation group were significantly improved compared with those before treatment.The mortality rate and hospitalization time were significantly less than the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Early clinical application of bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation in the treatment of COPD with type II respiratory failure has a significant clinical effect in reducing the mortality rate and hospitalization time of patients,and thus it is worthy of clinical application.

Impact of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on the gene expression of ubiquitin system of skeletal muscle in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective:To investigate the change and relativity of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation(NIPPV)on the gene expression of ubiquitin system of skeletal muscle in patient with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods:80 patients with AECOPD were divided into two groups based on whether the NIPPV treatment was given or not,38 cases in the study group and 42 in the control group.The blood gas analysis and pulmonary function were monitored and recorded before and 14 days after treatment.A skeletal muscle biopsy was performed 14 days after therapy.The mRNA expression of ribosomal protein S21(RPS21)and ubiquitin in skeletal muscle cell were measured by RT-PCR.Results:After 14 days treatment,the levels of PaCO_(2),PaO_(2),PH and FEV_(1)% in the NIPPV group improved much better than in the control group(p<.05).The gene expression of RPS21 and ubiquitin was obviously lower in the study group than in the control group(p<.05).The level of RPS21 was negatively related with PaO_(2),PH and FEV1%,and the level of ubiquitin was negatively related with PaO_(2) and FEV1%,but positively correlated with PaCO_(2).The area under the ROC curves of RPS21,ubiquitin,PaCO_(2) and FEV_(1)% were 0.771,0.885,0.821 and 0.734 respectively in the study group.The cut-off points were 103.978,8.128,45.350 and 51.350 respectively.The sensitivity evaluation of acid poisoning was 90.9%,and the specificities for each were 75%,75%,50% and 50%.Conclusions:NIPPV is effective for AECOPD patients through the gene expression of ubiquitin system of skeletal muscle.

Creation method for bi-level positive airway pressure based on pressure and flow feedback

An airway pressure and flow data acquisition system is developed to investigate the approach to building the bi-level positive airway pressure BiPAP in a ventilator.A number of experiments under different breathing situations and states are conducted and the experimental data are recorded.According to the data from these experiments the variation characteristics of the pressure and flow are analyzed using Matlab. The data analysis results show that the pressure increases while the flow decreases in the expiratory phase contrarily the pressure decreases while the flow increases in the inspiratory phase during the apnea state both the pressure and the flow remain unchanged. According to the above variation characteristics of breath a feedback-based method for creating bi-level positive airway pressure is proposed. Experiments are implemented to verify the BiPAP model. Results demonstrate that the proposed method works effectively in following respiration and caters well to most polypnea and apnea events.

Clinical efficacy of mask continuous positive airway pressure mechanical ventilation in children with severe pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of the mask continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mechanical ventilation in children with severe pneumonia. Methods: A total of 100 cases of children with severe pneumonia were randomly divided into two groups, study group with 50 children and control group with 50 children. These 100 children were given comprehensive treatment measures: treatment of anti-infection, anti-respiratory failure, anti-heart failure (if necessary), relieving cough and reducing sputum, aerosol inhalation, limited fluid volume, nutrition support etc. Children in the study group were added mask continuous positive airway pressure mechanical ventilation (CPAP). Children in the control group were added ordinary mask oxygen inhalation. Investigated and checked the treatment effect in these two groups. Results: After treatment, SaO2, PaO2 in both two groups were showed significantly higher than before the treatment. PaO2 of the study group is obviously higher than the control group. The oxygen inhalation time of the study group was obviously lesser than the control group. The total effective rate of the study group was significantly higher than the control group which was 96.0% vs 66.0%. Conclusion: The mask continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mechanical ventilation can significantly improve the related symptoms and blood gas status of the children with severe pneumonia, shorten the oxygen inhalation time and had remarkable effect.

Bi-level Nasal Positive Airway Pressure(BiPAP)versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(CPAP)for Preterm Infants with Birth Weight Less Than 1500g and Respiratory Distress Syndrome Following INSURE Treatment:A Two-center Randomized Controlled Trial

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP)versus continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)in preterm infants with birth weight less than 1500 g and respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)following intubation-surfactant-extubation(INSURE)treatment.A two-center randomized control trial was performed.The primary outcome was the reintubation rate of infants within 72 h of age after INSURE.Secondary outcomes included bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD),necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC),retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)and incidences of adverse events.Lung function at one year of corrected age was also compared between the two groups.There were 140 cases in the CPAP group and 144 in the BiPAP group.After INSURE,the reintubation rates of infants within 72 h of age were 15%and 11.1%in the CPAP group and the BiPAP group,respectively(P>0.05).Neonates in the BiPAP group was on positive airway pressure(PAP)therapy three days less than in the CPAP group(12.6 d and 15.3 d,respectively,P<0.05),and on oxygen six days less than in the CPAP group(20.6 d and 26.9 d,respectively,P<0.05).Other outcomes such as BPD,NEC,ROP and feeding intolerance were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).There was no difference in lung function at one year of age between the two groups(P>0.05).In conclusion,after INSURE,the reintubation rate of infants within 72 h of age was comparable between the BiPAP group and the CPAP group.BiPAP was superior to CPAP in terms of shorter durations(days)on PAP support and oxygen supplementation.There were no differences in the incidences of BPD and ROP,and lung function at one year of age between the two ventilation methods.

The Value of Positive Pressure Ventilations for Clients in Acute Respiratory Distress as a Result of Cardiac and Pulmonary Issues

Objective: Research was conducted to examine benefits to using non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) early in the treatment of respiratory distress caused by pulmonary edema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Limitations to successful NIV and CPAP therapy were evaluated to determine how prolonged initiation of treatment may lead to hypoxemia (decreased oxygen in the blood) and hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide in the blood) resulting in poor outcomes. Method: Reviews of literature from nursing and allied health data bases (CINAHL and ProQuest) with terms pulmonary edema, positive pressure device and non-invasive ventilation from 2010 to 2014 were used. Studies were conducted in the hospital and prehospital settings. Results: The literature search located 7 articles from CINAHL and 25 articles from ProQuest. A total of 6 of these articles were analyzed. Additional sources of data were obtained from Ignatavicius and Workman (2013) Medical-Surgical Nursing Patient-Centered Collaborative Care 7th edition and American Journal of Nursing (02/2013) Volume 113: 2. Conclusion: All of the articles concluded that early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure ventilations in the short-term was beneficial;however, late initiation of therapy required additional interventions. The studies indicated that early use of positive airway pressure in acute respiratory distress improved breath rate, heart rate and blood pressure. The use of positive airway pressure for respiratory distress may decrease the need for endotracheal intubation.

Airway Pressure Release Ventilation Improves Oxygenation in a Patient with Pulmonary Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

The following case describes the favorable application of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in a patient with pulmonary hypertension who developed respiratory failure and abdominal compartment syndrome after abdominal closure from an incarcerated umbilical hernia. A 66-year-old male with past medical history of restrictive lung disease, obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension, presented to the operating room for an incarcerated inguinal hernia. After abdominal closure, he gradually developed decreased oxygen saturation and hypotension. APRV was initiated during post operative day 2 after inability to maintain adequate oxygen saturation with resultant hypotension on pressure control ventilation with varying degrees of positive end expiratory pressure and 100% inspired oxygen concentration. The initial set high pressure on APRV was 35 mm Hg. Yet, in lieu of decreasing lung compliance, it peaked at 50 mm Hg. Eventually, inhaled Nitric Oxide was initiated post operative day 3 due to increasing pulmonary arterial pressures. A bedside laparotomy was eventually performed when bladder pressures peaked to 25 mm Hg. APRV gradually and temporally improved the oxygen saturation and decreased the pulmonary arterial pressures with subsequent increase in systemic blood pressures. APRV promoted alveolar recruitment and decreased the shunting associated with abdominal compartment syndrome. Better oxygen saturations lead to increases in blood pressure by decreasing the effects of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on the right ventricle (RV). In patients with decreasing lung compliance and pulmonary comorbidities, APRV appears safe and allows for improve oxygenation, after failure with conventional modes of ventilation.

Effectiveness and safety of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for severe hypercapnic encephalopathy due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a prospective case-control study

Background Although severe encephalopathy has been proposed as a possible contraindication to the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation （NPPV）, increasing clinical reports showed it was effective in patients with impaired consciousness and even coma secondary to acute respiratory failure, especially hypercapnic acute respiratory failure （HARF）. To further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of NPPV for severe hypercapnic encephalopathy, a prospective case-control study was conducted at a university respiratory intensive care unit （RICU） in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD） during the past 3 years. Methods Forty-three of 68 consecutive AECOPD patients requiring ventilatory support for HARF were divided into 2 groups, which were carefully matched for age, sex, COPD course, tobacco use and previous hospitalization history, according to the severity of encephalopathy, 22 patients with Glasgow coma scale （GCS） 〈10 served as group A and 21 with GCS 〉10 as group B. Results Compared with group B, group A had a higher level of baseline arterial partial CO2 pressure （（102±27） mmHg vs （74±17） mmHg, P〈0.01）, lower levels of GCS （7.5±1.9 vs 12.2±1.8, P〈0.01）, arterial pH value （7.18±0.06 vs 7.28±0.07, P〈0.01） and partial 02 pressure/fraction of inspired 02 ratio （168±39 vs 189±33, P〈0.05）. The NPPV success rate and hospital mortality were 73% （16/22） and 14% （3/22） respectively in group A, which were comparable to those in group B （68% （15/21） and 14% （3/21） respectively, all P〉0.05）, but group A needed an average of 7 cmH20 higher of maximal pressure support during NPPV, and 4, 4 and 7 days longer of NPPV time, RICU stay and hospital stay respectively than group B （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. NPPV therapy failed in 12 patients （6 in each group） because of excessive airway secretions （7 patients）, hemodynamic instability （2）, worsening of dyspnea and deterioration of gas exchange （2）, and gastric content aspiration （1）. Conclusions Selected patients with severe hypercapnic encephalopathy secondary to HARF can be treated as effectively and safely with NPPV as awake patients with HARF due to AECOPD; a trial of NPPV should be instituted to reduce the need of endotracheal intubation in patients with severe hypercapnic encephalopathy who are otherwise good candidates for NPPV due to AECOPD.

Effect of noninvasive, positive pressure ventilation on patients with severe, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease： a meta-analysis

Background This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of noninvasive, positive pressure ventilation on severe, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. Methods PUBMED, CNKI, Wanfang, EMBASE and the Cochrane trials databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials of patients with severe, stable COPD and receiving noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, compared with sham ventilation or no ventilation, were reviewed. The mortality, physiological and health related parameters were pooled to yield odds ratio （OR）, weighted mean differences or standardized mean differences （SMD）, with 95% confidence interval （CI）. Results Eight parallel and three crossover randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis for parallel, randomized controlled trials showed noninvasive positive pressure ventilation： （1） Did not affect the 12- or 24-month mortality （OR 0.82, 95% Ch 0.48 to 1.41）; （2） Improved the arterial carbon dioxide tension （SMD -0.88, 95% Ch -1.43 to -0.34）; （3） Did not improve forced expiratory volume in one second （SMD 0.20, 95% CI： -0.06 to 0.46）, maximal inspiratory pressure （SMD 0.01, 95% Ch -0.28 to 0.29） or 6-minute walk distance （SMD 0.17, 95% Ch -0.16 to 0.50）; （4） Subgroup analysis showed noninvasive positive pressure ventilation improved the arterial carbon dioxide tension in hypercapnic patients. Pooled analysis for crossover randomized controlled trials did not show improvement in arterial blood gas or forced expiratory volume in one second with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Conclusions Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation improves the arterial carbon dioxide tension but does not improve the mortality, pulmonary function, or exercise tolerance and should be cautiously used in severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on weaning success in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation： a meta-analysis

Background Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation （NIPPV） has been proposed to shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation in intubated patients, especially those who fail initial weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation （IMV）. However, there are also some discrepancies in terms of weaning success or failure, incidence of re-intubation, complications observed during study and patient outcomes. The primary objective of this update was to specifically investigate the role of NIPPV on facilitating weaning and avoiding re-intubation in patients intubated for different etiologies of acute respiratory failure, by comparing with conventional invasive weaning approach. Methods We searched randomized controlled trials （RCTs） comparing noninvasive weaning of early extubation and immediate application of NIPPV with invasive weaning in intubated patients from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Knowledge and Springerlink databases. Records from conference proceedings and reference lists of relevant studies were also identified. Results A total of 11 RCTs with 623 patients were available for the present analysis. Compared with IMV, NIPPV significantly increased weaning success rates （odds ratio （OR）： 2.50, 95% confidence interval （C/）： 1.46-4.30, P=0.0009）, decreased mortality （OR： 0.39, 95% CI： 0.20-0.75, P=0.005）, and reduced the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP） （OR： 0.17, 95% CI： 0.08-0.37, P 〈0.00001） and complications （OR： 0.22, 95% CI： 0.07-0.72, P=0.01）. However, effect of NIPPV on re-intubation did not reach statistical difference （OR： 0.61, 95% CI： 0.33-1.11, P=0.11）. Conclusions Early extubation and immediate application of NIPPV is superior to conventional invasive weaning approach in increasing weaning success rates, decreasing the risk of mortality and reducing the incidence of VAP and complications, in patients who need weaning from IMV. However, it should be applied with caution, as there is insufficient beneficial evidence to definitely recommend it in terms of avoidinQ re-intubation.

Efficacy and safety of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery

Background Although noninvasive positive pressure ventilation （NPPV） has been successfully used for various kinds of acute respiratory failure,the data are limited regarding its application in postoperative respiratory failure after cardiac surgery.Therefore,we conducted a prospective randomized control study in a university surgical intensive care unit to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NPPV in the treatment of acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery,and explore the predicting factors of NPPV failure.Methods From September 2011 to November 2012 patients with acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery who had indication for the use of NPPV were randomly divided into a NPPV treatment group （NPPV group） and the conventional treatment group （control group）.The between-group differences in the patients＇ baseline characteristics,re-intubation rate,tracheotomy rate,ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP） incidence,in-hospital mortality,mechanical ventilation time after enrollment （MV time）,intensive care unit （ICU） and postoperative hospital stays were compared.The factors that predict NPPV failure were analyzed.Results During the study period,a total of 139 patients who had acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery were recorded,and 95 of them met the inclusion criteria,which included 59 males and 36 females with a mean age of （61.5±11.2） years.Forty-three patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）,23 underwent valve surgery,13 underwent CABG＋valve surgery,13 underwent major vascular surgery,and three underwent other surgeries.The NPPV group had 48 patients and the control group had 47 patients.In the NPPV group,the re-intubation rate was 18.8％,tracheotomy rate was 12.5％,VAP incidence was 0,and the in-hospital mortality was 18.8％,significantly lower than in the control group 80.9％,29.8％,17.0％ and 38.3％ respectively,P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01.The MV time and ICU stay （expressed as the median （P25,P75）） were 18.0 （9.2,35.0） hours and 4.0 （2.0,5.0） days,which were significantly shorter than in the control group,96.0 （26.0,240.0） hours and 6.0 （4.0,9.0） days respectively,P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01.The postoperative hospital stays of the two groups were similar.The univariate analysis showed that the NPPV success subgroup had more patients with acute lung injury （ALl） （17 vs.0,P=0.038）,fewer patients with pneumonia （2 vs.7,P ＜0.001） and lower acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ （APACHE Ⅱ） scores （16.1±2.8 vs.21.8±3.2,P ＜0.001）.Multivariate analysis showed that pneumonia （P=-0.027） and a high APACHE Ⅱ score ＞20 （P=-0.002） were the independent risk factors of NPPV failure.Conclusions We conclude that NPPV can be applied in selected patients with acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery to reduce the need of re-intubation and improve clinical outcome as compared with conventional treatment.Pneumonia and a high APACHE Ⅱ score ＞20 might be the independent risk factors of NPPV failure in this group of patients.

Early use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a multicentre randomized controlled trial

Background Respiratory muscle fatigue plays an important role in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (AECOPD)·In previous clinical studies, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV)was proved to be successful only for AECOPD patients with severe respiratory failure·We hypothesized that, theoutcomes of AECOPD would be improved if NPPVis early (within 24 to 48 hours of admission) administered inthose patients with respiratory muscle fatigue and mild respiratory insufficiency, especially in patients withoutfulfilling the conventional criteria of mechanical ventilatory support·Methods Aprospective multicentre randomized controlled trial was conducted in19 hospitals in China over16months·Three hundred and forty-two AECOPD patients with pH≥7·25 and PaCO2>45 mmHg were recruitedon general ward and randomly assigned to standard medical treatment (control group) or early administration ofadditional NPPV (NPPV group)·Results The characteristics of two groups on admission were similar·The number of AECOPD patientsrequiring intubations in NPPV group was much fewer than that of the control group (8/171 vs 26/71,P=0·002)·Subgroup analysis showed the needs for intubation in mildly (pH≥7·35) and severe (pH<7·30)acidotic patients in NPPVgroup were both decreased (9/80 vs2/71,P=0·047 and 8/30 vs3/43,P=0·048,respectively)·The mortality in hospital was reduced slightly by NPPV but with no significant difference (7/171vs 12/171,P=0·345)·Respiratory rate (RR),scale for accessory muscle use and arterial pHimproved rapidlyat the first 2 hours only in patients of NPPV group·After 24 hours, the differences of pH, PaO2, scale foraccessory muscle use and RR in NPPV group [(7·36±0·06) mmHg, (72±22) mmHg, (2·5±0·9) /min,(22±4) /min] were statistically significant compared with control group (7·37±0·05) mmHg, (85±34)mmHg, (2·3±1·1) /min, (21±4) /min,P<0·01 for all comparisons]·Conclusions The early use of NPPV on general ward improves arterial blood gas and respiratory pattern,decreases the rate of need for intubation in AECOPD patients·NPPV is indicative for alleviating respiratorymuscle fatigue and preventing respiratory failure from exacerbation·

Clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation in acute pediatric respiratory failure

AIM To characterize the clinical course and outcomes of nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation(NIMV) use in acute pediatric respiratory failure.METHODS We identified all patients treated with NIMV in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) or inpatient general pediatrics between January 2013 and December 2015 at two academic centers.Patients who utilized NIMV with other modes of noninvasive ventilation during the same admission were included.Data included demographics,vital signs on admission and prior to initiation of NIMV,pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ(PRIsM-Ⅲ) scores,complications,respiratory support characteristics,PICU and hospital length of stays,duration of respiratory support,and complications.Patients who did not require escalation to mechanical ventilation were defined as NIMV responders;those who required escalation to mechanical ventilation(MV) were defined as NIMV nonresponders.NIMV responders were compared to NIMV non-responders.RESULTS Forty-two patients met study criteria.six(14%) failed treatment and required MV.The majority of the patients(74%) had a primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis.The median age of these 42 patients was 4 mo(range 0.5-28.1 mo,IQR 7,P = 0.69).No significant difference was measured in other baseline demographics and vitals on initiation of NIMV;these included age,temperature,respiratory rate,O2 saturation,heart rate,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and PRIsM-Ⅲ scores.The duration of NIMV was shorter in the NIMV nonresponder vs NIMV responder group(6.5 h vs 65 h,P < 0.0005).Otherwise,NIMV failure was not associated with significant differences in PICU length of stay(LOs),hospital LOs,or total duration of respiratory support.No patients had aspiration pneumonia,pneumothorax,or skin breakdown.CONCLUSION Most of our patients responded to NIMV.NIMV failure is not associated with differences in hospital LOs,PICU LOs,or duration of respiratory support.

Effectiveness of adaptive servo-ventilation

Adaptive servo-ventilation(ASV) has been developed as a specific treatment for sleep-disordered breathing, in particular Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea(CSA). Heart failure patients often have sleep-disordered breathing, which consists of either obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) or CSA. Other medical conditions, such as stroke, acromegaly, renal failure, and opioid use may be associated with CSA. Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) therapy is widely used for patients with OSA, but some of these patients develop CSA on CPAP, which is called treatmentemergent CSA. CPAP can be useful as a treatment for these various forms of CSA, but it is insufficient to eliminate respiratory events in approximately half of patients with CSA. As compared to CPAP, ASV may be a better option to treat CSA, with sufficient alleviation of respiratory events as well as improvement of cardiac function in heart failure patients. In patients without heart failure, ASV can also alleviate CSA and relieve their symptom. Recently, ASV has been widely used for patients with various forms of CSA. ASV may be also used in the setting without CSA, but it should be assessed more carefully. Clinicians should have a better understanding of the indications for ASV in each setting.

经鼻高流量湿化氧疗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的应用价值

目的探讨经鼻高流量湿化氧疗(HFNC)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的疗效及适用条件。方法回顾性分析中山市小榄人民医院呼吸内科2021年1月~2022年12月收治并好转出院的60例AECOPD患者的临床资料,所有患者均在抗感染、止咳化痰、平喘等治疗的基础上,给予呼吸支持治疗。按照呼吸支持治疗方式不同分为HFNC组(30例)与无创正压通气(NPPV)组(30例)。比较两组患者生命体征(心率、呼吸)、血气分析[氧分压(PaO_(2))、氧合指数(PaO_(2)FiO_(2))]情况。根据年龄及PaO_(2)FiO_(2)分层,分析HFNC组患者血气分析指标的变化情况。结果治疗前,两组患者心率、呼吸次数、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者心率、呼吸次数、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HFNC组治疗前后心率、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)比较[(85.47±13.21)次min vs.(97.67±22.62)次min、(95.92±27.33)mmHg vs.(80.3±19.02)mmHg、(321.23±78.73)mmHg vs.(278.40±67.21)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NPPV组治疗前后心率、呼吸次数、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)比较[(90.33±12.02)次min vs.(105.70±22.03)次min、(20.67±0.76)次min vs.(24.93±2.45)次min、(91.54±34.81)mmHg vs.(70.86±24.03)mmHg、(311.03±113.14)mmHg vs.(240.53±86.28)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据年龄及PaO_(2)FiO_(2)分层,与治疗前比较,HFNC组患者年龄≥71岁、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)在201~300 mmHg之间的患者治疗后PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HFNC及NPPV均可改善AECOPD患者的氧合功能,效果相当,可作为NPPV的备选方案。HFNC尤其适用于年龄71岁及以上、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)在201~300 mmHg的人群。

气道正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者的影响

目的探究气道正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)合并高血压患者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、血压及认知功能的影响。方法选取2022年3月至2023年1月上海市第八人民医院收治的88例OSAHS合并高血压患者,按照随机数字表法分为干预组(44例)与对照组(44例)。对照组采用常规治疗,干预组在对照组的基础上加用气道正压通气治疗。比较2组患者的睡眠监测结果、血压水平、认知和嗜睡评定及生活质量。结果治疗后干预组患者的AHI和最长呼吸暂停时间数值均比治疗前降低(P<0.05),且干预组的数值均较对照组更低(P<0.05);治疗后2组24 h平均收缩压、舒张压和夜间收缩压、舒张压均降低,且干预组的血压水平降低幅度较对照组更明显(P<0.05);治疗后2组患者的蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分均有提升,Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评分均有下降,且干预组患者的MoCA和ESS量表评分升高、下降幅度均超过对照组(P<0.05);治疗后2组患者的社会生活、物质生活、生理功能和躯体功能指标均有提升,且干预组各项指标较对照组更高(P<0.05)。结论气道正压通气能有效降低OSAHS合并高血压患者的AHI指数,降低患者的血压水平,改善患者的认知功能。