Model for Bidding and Tendering with Bill of Quantities Based on Bid-Winning Estimate at Reasonable Low Price

The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.

Construction Project Bidding Prices and Price Control Mechanism

In the 21st century, especially after the accession to WTO, Construction project bidding price formation mechanism is the main characteristics of the market price of the Construction project is divided in a unified, uniform measurement unit, unified in terms of engineering and consumption of fixed rules on the basis of the implementation of market, competition fees.The first to be carried out not only the financial decision-making, corporate contractors in accordance with the different ways, according to market conditions, its technology, economic strength, through the financial decision-making self-quotation. Second, it is necessary to exercise effective control, both the Construction project bidding price by the form of the contract price is fixed.By design, material procurement, construction management on the implementation of bidding for the effective control of prices.

The Research about the Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Power Grid --I:Empirical Analysis

The clearing price and bidding price in electricity market are two key indicators to measure whether it is reasonable or not. Based on the grey incidence analysis, this paper studies the correlation coefficient between the clearing price and bidding price with the generation cost, the supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members over the same period, which is based on the actual data of the trans-provincial centralized trading market of East China Power Grid. The results show that the factors affecting the clearing price and bidding price from largest to smallest are generation cost, supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members. The conclusion is that the trans-provincial trading platform of East China Power Grid is a reasonable regional market which can discover the market cost, and regulate the market supply and demand balance, and promote healthy competition.

A Generation Pricing Method with Capacity Bidding

Due to historic reasons China encounters some special difficulties in ESI (electricity system industry) restructuring. An easy and simple electricity value equivalent (es EVE) method for day ahead pool purchase pricing of China is therefore presented in this paper. The es EVE method is different from two part and one part tariffs. It is more like the UK's method in form, but revised for China with some new concepts and procedure. The main contributions of it include: (1) Find two kinds of eigenvalue, namely EVEs, in an optimization model, (2) Define new concepts of virtual units and feasible region, (3) Twice merit orderings are employed successively to find marginal price. They are simple maximum and minimum comparison procedures and so on. The special economic significance of the method for China is discussed, and some suggestion for ESI restructuring based on es EVE method are provided. A case study is offered at the end of the paper.

Regression Analysis of Electric Power Market Price of JEPX

The deregulation of electric power industries is introducing around the world and electric power markets are operated under the deregulation. Also in Japan, JEPX (Japan Electric Power Exchange) operates a day-ahead market since April 2005. We have already analyzed the electric power market prices in the several markets including JEPX by autoregressive models. We compose simple regression equations, of which a dependent variable is the market price and explanatory variables are the demand and the market price of 24 hours ago. In this paper, we analyze JEPX price data in summer seasons from 2007 to 2013. In this period, the JEPX price is affected by many social phenomena such as Lehman Shock and East Japan earthquake disasters. We compare the determination coefficient and the coefficients of regression and investigate the change of coefficients over the years.

Research and Application of FAHP in Bidding Quotation for Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Project

This paper mainly talks about the main layer analytical method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, fuzzy hierarchical analysis (AHP) method of a deeper connotation, and further discusses its application in bidding quotation for petroleum geophysical prospecting project. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) integrates many merits of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation organically. It determines the weight of each affecting factor using analytic hierarchy process at first, and then uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to determine each scheme index. FAHP can effectively enhance the decision-making efficiency.

Bidding Strategy in Deregulated Power Market Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in the bidding process in order to maximize the profit of suppliers and benefits of the consumers. Each supplier bids strategically by choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. Electricity or electric power is traded through bidding in the power exchange. GENCOs sell energy to power exchange and in turn ancillary services to Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, Differential Evolution algorithm is proposed for solving bidding strategy problem in operation of power system under deregulated environment. An IEEE 30 bus system with six generators and two large consumers is employed to demonstrate the proposed technique. The results show the adaptability of the proposed method compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of Market Clearing Price (MCP).

招标控制价准确性法律责任分析

越来越多的招标控制价在工程项目招标文件中作为评标基准价而被写入评标标准,由此导致工程结算时因为招标控制价准确性问题而产生价款争议,在相关法律和规范中缺少解决此类争议条款的情况下,采用历史研究法,对定额计价沿革和清单计价的演变进行梳理,在此基础上找到并运用适当的法律原则,结合计价规范的具体规定解决了争议。此研究是对清单计价制度的积极探索,能促进清单计价的顺利实施。

边际定价与经济调度深度融合的边际成本比较型竞价模式

随着新能源快速发展、新型市场主体不断涌现,以成本最小化为目标的经济调度机制和以边际定价为基础的策略型竞价模式,难以在电力供应充裕性不足时兼顾公平和效率。为此,在考虑中国电力工业基本国情的基础上,提出了一种深度融合边际定价与经济调度的边际成本比较型竞价模式,并从保障电力供应、提升市场经济效率、降低市场风险和促进市场公平四方面,探讨了该竞价模式在中国式电力市场建设中的潜在应用价值。最后,基于电力市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对边际成本比较型竞价模式的有效性进行了验证。

基于深度强化学习的电力市场量价组合竞价策略

目前国内电力市场普遍采用“优先消纳、保障收购”的市场机制应对新能源消纳需求,因此传统能源将面对具有高不确定性的净负荷市场情形进行竞争,并通过策略报价使自身收益最大化。然而,现有策略报价的相关研究仅考虑了发电商报价而不报量、且忽略了竞争对手博弈主动性,导致难以反映策略发电商真实的市场竞价行为。对此,提出了一种基于深度强化学习的电力市场量价组合竞价策略分析方法。首先,针对现有策略竞价研究仅报价不报量的缺陷,研究了考虑量价组合申报的发电商双层双线性竞价模型。然后,为了考虑竞争对手行为的不确定性,构建了基于K-Medoids聚类方法与深度神经网络的发电商典型报价与净负荷间的概率映射,旨在为策略发电商提供贴近真实市场的竞价环境。最后,为高效求解策略报价的双层双线性模型,探讨了考虑不完全信息博弈与净负荷不确定性的深度确定性策略梯度强化学习方法。算例研究结果验证了所提量价组合申报模型的有效性以及所提方法应对电力市场净负荷和对手行为变化的鲁棒性,并能够提高发电商的竞价收益。

考虑电力中长期及现货市场衔接的月内融合交易模式及统一限价研究

在电力市场“中长期+现货”背景下,针对电力中长期与现货衔接问题,探寻高比例新能源入市下月内融合交易市场边界,研究统一限价对社会福利与曲线分解的影响,分析月内融合交易模式对市场衔接的作用。首先,考虑市场中存在的问题,探讨可行的解决方式。其次基于市场预测,构建市场主体的报价与目标函数,结合不平衡电量,构建社会福利最大化市场出清模型,采用A-NSGA-Ⅲ算法进行求解,得到市场出清情况与对应的最优限价范围。最后通过算例验证了统一限价与细分时段的优势,给出了统一限价设定的市场化途径,同时保证了市场主体利益与市场活力,表明了统一限价模式下月内融合交易市场有利于市场主体灵活交易,促进了中长期与现货市场的衔接。

适应电化学储能成本特性的电力市场机制设计

高比例新能源接入场景下,如何提高电力系统灵活性成为焦点问题。电化学储能可以提高新型电力系统的灵活调节能力,但其技术特性不同于常规市场主体,需要设计相应的市场参与机制。因此,根据储能充放电深度、充放电倍率与其老化成本的关系,提出一种适应储能参与的价差投标模式。该投标模式下储能可以申报不同工作状态以及不同放电深度下的成本,从而释放储能的深度充放电能力。考虑储能调频容量与荷电状态的耦合关系,建立了储能日前电能市场和调频市场耦合的市场出清模型。算例结果表明,所提机制可以充分反映储能的市场价值,促进储能资源的优化配置,提升储能的市场收益。

考虑搁浅成本的多能源同台竞价“两部制”交易机制设计

在新型电力系统的加快推进下,部分已投产机组产生搁浅成本,通过市场化手段回收搁浅成本并实现火电、风电、燃机等不同能源发电机组的同台竞价至关重要。为解决改革后电力市场的突出问题,提出通过“两部制”成本定价机制回收搁浅成本实现多能源同台竞价的思路。首先对发电机组的搁浅成本进行核定,提出“两部制”成本定价机制与多能源统一申报、联合出清模式,在发用电两侧进行差价分摊与返还。然后分别模拟火电与新能源机组的同台低价测算和火电与燃气机组的同台高价测算场景,分别采用不同的出清顺序确定方式进行模拟竞价出清,其出清结果证明“两部制”交易机制能够收回发电机组的搁浅成本,一定程度上实现了多能源同台竞价,为电力市场化改革提供参考。

计及购电需求不确定性的微电网能源竞价交易模型

微电网可以将发电高峰期盈余的可再生能源出售来促进可再生能源消纳并获取最大收益。采用拍卖机制确定交易价格,但交易过程中购电需求的变化也会对可再生能源消纳及微电网收益产生影响,为此,提出一种计及购电需求不确定性的微电网能源竞价交易模型。首先采用统一价格同步向上叫价拍卖机制进行定价,并提出了拍卖机制的改进方案来平衡用能消费者的对不同时段的拍卖需求;考虑到用能消费者的购电需求不确定性,采用鲁棒线性优化算法来规避不确定性参数对最优解的影响。最后通过MATLAB软件仿真分析,证明了该模型能够最大限度地提高可再生能源的出售率及微电网的收益。

基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的电力现货市场机制设计

在建设新型电力系统、极端天气频发、一次能源价格飙涨、保供电常态化等背景下,文中提出了基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的电力现货市场机制,为统筹多市场主体利益、协调省间与省内交易提供了可行思路。首先,深度解析了现有电力现货市场机制在统筹多市场主体利益上面临的挑战,在采用边际成本比较型竞价模式的基础上,深入考虑不同类型发电机组的成本特性,提出了一种两阶段分层边际定价的电力现货市场机制,可有效统筹发电侧成本的可疏导性、用电侧电费的可负担性以及新能源机组的激励性。然后,提出了基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的省间-省内两级现货市场机制,并对其应用价值进行了探讨。最后,基于电力现货市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对所提市场机制的有效性和可行性进行了验证。

基于博弈论的建设工程项目投标报价模型设计

以建设工程项目招标方与投标方双方利益存在明显博弈过程,当前的报价模型在报价过程中无法实现报价最优,模型设计存在缺陷。设计基于博弈论的建设工程项目投标报价模型。运用关联规则设定相关机制、风险态度理论以及博弈论与招投标过程间的关系,建立招标方与投标方之间以及投标方之间的投标报价博弈模型,引入风险态度因子至投标方之间的投标报价博弈模型中,最优当前报价模型的设计过程。通过实验验证:该模型收敛,可以作为招标方合理选择中标方的依据,指导投标方在满足自身利益最大化的同时,更容易中标。

基于工程总承包计价规范的招标投标管理探讨

《建设项目工程总承包计价规范》(T/CCEAS 001-2022,以下简称《计价规范》)的发布实施,进一步完善了工程总承包模式计价计量规则,编制了适应工程总承包模式的计价与计量规则。文章从《计价规范》提出区别于施工总承包的多项管理规则入手,研究如何在招标投标阶段将工程总承包模式的选择、招标范围的选择、合同形式的选择、发包人需求的编写、投资控制目标的确定及费用的组成等落实在招标策划、招标文件编制及合同专用条件设置等招标投标管理的重要工作中,思考如何从发承包源头开始,运用《计价规范》去规范工程总承包模式的计价行为,在招标投标阶段将主要计价规则与既有招标文件及合同的示范文本进行适配,对发承包双方的合同履约风险进行预控,减少合同纠纷,以推动工程总承包模式健康有序发展。

“最低评标价法”之探析

“最低评标价法”是一种国际通行的评标方式,旨在通过合理的价格竞争选择最优投标方案。然而,在我国的实践中,该方法经历多次修改,逐渐偏离初衷,导致最低投标报价与最低价中标二者概念混淆,非价格因素与评标逻辑冲突,从而影响了政府采购的公正与效率。本文明确区分“评标价”与“投标报价”,建立科学的评标体系,设计合理的评标标准,确保价格因素与非价格因素之间的平衡,以规范最低评标价法在政府采购中的应用。

考虑电价不确定性的发电企业电能量-辅助服务市场报价策略

为适应国内电力市场发展,灵活应对电价不确定性,文中以国内电力市场建设现状为基础,重点围绕发电企业在日前市场下的交易展开研究。综合考虑由于日前出清电价存在不确定性而造成的影响以及碳排放权交易成本,构建了在参与日前电能量市场与辅助服务市场时发电企业的联合报价模型。日前电价的不确定性通过获取典型电价场景并基于Kantorovich距离的向前选择方法进行场景削减。基于条件风险价值(conditional value at risk,CVaR)将发电企业选择竞价策略时的风险偏好进行量化并建立模型,再对所提模型进行计算求解得到相应的报价策略。算例分析结果表明,所提模型可以为发电企业提供有效的报价策略,灵活应对电价波动。相较于不参加二次调频辅助服务市场时发电企业收益得到提升,且企业可根据自己的风险偏好更改模型中的风险因子,以得到理想报价策略。

我国碳定价机制构建关键问题

[目的]文章旨在深入分析和完善我国的碳定价机制,以更有效地促进社会向绿色低碳转型,同时在全球碳达峰、碳中和进程中提升我国的领导力和主动权。[方法]通过综合梳理全球碳定价机制的当前状况与未来趋势,深入剖析了我国现有碳定价机制存在与总体气候政策目标关联不足、碳市场产权性质不明确、市场主体不活跃等不足。进一步探讨了碳价上涨对我国减排效果和能源供应保障的潜在影响。[结果]结合我国国情,文章给出了利用碳市场碳配额、碳税、碳市场与碳税协调、碳金融构建我国碳定价机制的策略方向与对应举措。[结论]在明晰我国碳定价机制发展思路的基础上,为我国在国际碳定价机制上赢得更多话语权提供了国内电证碳市场协同、提升我国绿证“纯度”、参与推进国际碳市场互认进程、合作促进各国间碳定价协调机制建立等对策参考。