Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombus after R0 resection:a matched study

BACKGROUND： Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） with bile duct tumor thrombus （BDTT） is rare. The present study aimed to determine post-surgical prognoses in HCC patients with BDTT, as outcomes are currently unclear. METHODS： We compared the prognoses of 110 HCC patients without BDTT （group A） to 22 cases with BDTT （group B）. The two groups were matched in age, gender, tumor etiology, size, number, portal vascular invasion, and TNM stage. Additionally, 28 HCC patients with BDTT were analyzed to identify prognostic risk factors. RESULTS： The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 90.9%, 66.9%, and 55.9% for group A and 81.8%, 50.0%, and 37.5% for group B, respectively. The median survival time in groups A and B was 68.8 and 31.4 months, respectively （P=0.043）. The patients for group B showed higher levels of serum total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and gammaglutamyl transferase, a larger hepatectomy range, and a higher rate of anatomical resection. In subgroup analyses of patients with BDTT who underwent R0 resection, TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ was an independent risk factor for overall survival; these patients had worse prognoses than those with TNM stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ after R0 resection （hazard ratio=6.056, P=0.014）. Besides, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that non-R0 resection and TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ were independent risk factors for both disease-free survival and overall survival of 28 HCC patients with BDTT. The median overall survival time of patients with BDTT who underwent R0 resection was longer than that of patients who did not undergo R0 resection （31.0 vs 4.0 months, P=0.007）.CONCLUSIONS： R0 resection prolonged survival time in HCC patients with BDTT, although prognosis remains poor. For such patients, R0 resection is an important treatment that determines long-term survival.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HILAR BILE DUCT CARCINOMA

From June, 1986 to June 1989, 24 cases of hilar bile duct carcinoma were explored in the Surgical Department of General Hospital of PLA, 16/24 cases were resected, a resectability rate of 66%. The increase of resectability rate was due to earlier recognition of this condition and the extension of surgery, including major resection of liver as well as radical dissection of the hepato-duodenal ligament and repairative operations on the blood vessels. Among these 16 cases, major hepatic resection was performed in 10 cases, in which, 3 cases of resections of the middle lobe of the liver were done instead of right or extended right lobectomy. No operative mortality in the 30 days' postoperative period, but the postoperative morbidity rate was still high and most of the complications were related to biliary leakage and infection. Three patients died in the follow up period at 6, 14 and 15 months respectively. All of them died from biliary infection. The remaining 13 patients were still alive, the longest being 40 months and the average living time was 16.1 months. Probably, lowering of the operative mortality rate and morbidity rate are still the most important considerations in the surgical treatment of hilar carcinoma at the present time. Extensive liver resection especially on the right side, carried a high mortality rate in the deeply jaundiced patients. We considered that preoperative PTCD was of much less value than that used in lower bile duct obstruction such as tumors of the periampullary region. Preservation of the superior and posterior portion of the right lobe of the liver may be of advantages as to lowering postoperative hepatic failure and infection of the right subphrenic space as observed in this series of cases.

Outcomes of liver resection in hepatitis C virus-related intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary liver malignancy.Its incidence and mortality rates have been increasing in recent years.Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection is a risk factor for development of cirrhosis and cholan-giocarcinoma.Currently,surgical resection remains the only curative treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma.We aim to study the impact of HCV infection on outcomes of liver resection(LR)in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC).AIM To study the outcomes of curative resection of ICC in patients with HCV(i.e.,HCV+)compared to patients without HCV(i.e.,HCV-).METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and observational studies to assess the outcomes of LR in ICC in HCV+patients compared to HCV-patients in tertiary care hospitals.PubMed,EMBASE,The Cochrane Library and Scopus were systematically searched from inception till August 2023.Included studies were RCTs and non-RCTs on patients≥18 years old with a diagnosis of ICC who underwent LR,and compared outcomes between patients with HCV+vs HCV-.The primary outcomes were overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival.Secondary outcomes include perioperative mortality,operation duration,blood loss,intrahepatic and extrahepatic recurrence.RESULTS Seven articles,published between 2004 and 2021,fulfilled the selection criteria.All of the studies were retrospective studies.Age,incidence of male patients,albumin,bilirubin,platelets,tumor size,incidence of multiple tumors,vascular invasion,bile duct invasion,lymph node metastases,and stage 4 disease were comparable between HCV+and HCV-group.Alanine transaminase[MD 22.20,95%confidence interval(CI):13.75,30.65,P<0.00001]and aspartate transaminase levels(MD 27.27,95%CI:20.20,34.34,P<0.00001)were significantly higher in HCV+group compared to HCV-group.Incidence of cirrhosis was significantly higher in HCV+group[odds ratio(OR)5.78,95%CI:1.38,24.14,P=0.02]compared to HCV-group.Incidence of poorly differentiated disease was significantly higher in HCV+group(OR 2.55,95%CI:1.34,4.82,P=0.004)compared to HCV-group.Incidence of simultaneous hepatocellular carcinoma lesions was significantly higher in HCV+group(OR 8.31,95%CI:2.36,29.26,P=0.001)compared to HCV-group.OS was significantly worse in the HCV+group(hazard ratio 2.05,95%CI:1.46,2.88,P<0.0001)compared to HCV-group.CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrated significantly worse OS in HCV+patients with ICC who underwent curative resection compared to HCV-patients.

Benign giant-cell tumor of the common bile duct:A case report

Primary giant-cell tumors rarely arise in the common bile duct. We herein report a case of primary giant-cell tumor of the common bile duct. The patient was an 81-year-old male who was diagnosed with a well-defined 1.2-cm mass projecting into the lumen of the middle common bile duct. Excision of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct and a Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy were performed. Histologically, the tumor had no association with carcinomas of epithelial origin and was similar to giant-cell tumors of the bone. The tumor consisted of a mixture of mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. The mononuclear cells showed no atypical features, and their nuclei were similar to those of the multinucleated giant cells. CD68 was expressed on the mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, whereas CD163 immunoreactivity was restricted to the mononuclear cells. Six months after the operation, the patient was still alive and had no recurrence. The interest of this case lies in the rarity of this entity, the difficulty of preoperative diagnosis, and this tumor&#x02019;s possible confusion with other malignant tumors.

Common bile duct lesions-how cholangioscopy helps rule out intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct:A case report

BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)is a rare variant of bile duct tumors,characterized by an exophytic growth exhibiting a papillary mass within the bile duct lumen and it can be localized anywhere along the biliary tree,with morphological variations and occasional invasion.CASE SUMMARY We present a patient with obstructive jaundice who was diagnosed with IPNB using cholangioscopy during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography.Using the SpyGlass DS Ⅱ technology,we were able to define tumor extension and obtain targeted Spy-byte biopsies.After multidisciplinary evaluation,the patient was scheduled for surgical resection of the tumor,which was radically removed.CONCLUSION Cholangioscopy appears to be crucial for the rapid and clear diagnosis of lesions in the bile duct to achieve radical surgical resection.

Rational therapeutic strategy for T2 gallbladder carcinoma based on tumor spread

AIM:To evaluate the adequacy of surgical treatment of T2 gallbladder carcinoma(GBCa)according to tumor spread in the subserosal layer. METHODS:A series of 84 patients with GBCa were treated at Saga University Hospital,Japan between April 1989 and October 2008.The tumor stage was graded according to the TNM staging for GBCa from the American Joint Committee on Cancer Manual 6th edition. Tumor staging revealed 30 patients with T2 tumors.T2 GBCa was divided into three groups histologically by the extent of tumor spread in the subserosal layer,using a score of ss minimum(ss min),ss medium(ss med)or ss massive(ss mas). RESULTS:For ss min GBCa,there was no positive pathological factor and patient survival was satisfactory with simple cholecystectomy,with or without extra-he- patic bile duct resection.For ss med GBCa,some pathological factors,h-inf(hepatic infiltration),ly(lymphatic invasion)and n(lymph node metastasis),were positive. For ss mas GBCa,there was a high incidence of positive pathological factors.The patient group with extra-hepatic bile duct resection with D2 lymph node dissection (BDR with D2)and those with S4a5 hepatectomy had significantly better survival rates.CONCLUSION:We suggest that radical surgery is not necessary for ss min GBCa,and partial hepatectomy and BDR are necessary for both ss med and ss mas GBCa.

直线切割吻合器在儿童腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术Roux-en-Y吻合中的应用

目的探讨直线切割吻合器应用于儿童腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术Roux-en-Y吻合中的有效性、安全性及可行性。方法本研究为前瞻性研究,选取2020年1月至2023年1月湖南省儿童医院接受腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术Roux-en-Y吻合的34例患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法进行分组,采用直线切割吻合器实施Roux-en-Y吻合术的患儿纳入观察组(n=17),采用传统缝合法实施Roux-en-Y吻合术的患儿纳入对照组(n=17)。记录两组患儿手术时长、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、首次进食流质时间、拔除引流管时间、术后住院时间、总住院费用和术后并发症发生率。结果34例均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开放手术。观察组与对照组手术时长[(130.43±31.32)min比(141.51±30.39)min]、术中出血量[(55.45±20.73)mL比(58.62±22.13)mL]差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组与对照组患儿术后肠道功能恢复时间[(4.03±0.42)min比(4.91±1.13)min]、首次进食流质时间[(3.95±0.61)d比(4.88±1.09)d]、拔除引流管时间[(5.95±0.68)d比(6.65±1.28)d]、术后住院时间[(8.29±2.17)d比(10.33±2.18)d]均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组与对照组患儿总住院费用[(34948.17±1019.57)元比(35151.91±1151.15)元]、并发症发生率(1/17比2/17)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论直线切割吻合器在儿童腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术Roux-en-Y吻合中与传统缝合吻合技术的有效性和安全性无明显差异,可促进患儿术后恢复,值得临床推广应用。

术中纤维胆道镜经胆囊管行胆总管取石的技巧

目的探讨开腹和腹腔镜胆囊切除术中纤维胆道镜经胆囊管行胆总管取石的可行性。方法总结两组共113例中成功102例的经验和体会,就选择标准、操作技巧和防治并发症等方面提出见解。结果开腹组84例,6例改变术式;腹腔镜组29例,5例改变术式。手术时间:开腹组(90±20)min,腹腔镜组(110±30)min。胆总管直径0.8～1.7cm,取出结石1～7枚,直径0.3～1.0cm。术后放置腹腔引流管2～6d,发生漏胆7例,引流胆汁5～100mL/d。无因漏胆再次手术病例,无腹腔感染及手术死亡病例。93例随访0.5～1.0年,胆总管残余结石3例。结论两种术式的胆道镜经胆囊管行胆总管取石都是可行的。腹腔镜胆囊切除术中纤维胆道镜经胆囊管行胆总管取石具有减少创伤、缩短住院日、无T管并发症等优点,尤其适用于胆总管继发结石的治疗。

离体食管癌手术标本长度收缩规律的研究

背景与目的:食管癌手术标本在切除后和甲醛固定后会发生收缩,但对其收缩规律进行研究的报道较少。本研究拟观察离体食管癌手术标本在切除后和甲醛固定后的收缩规律。方法:对我院手术切除的70例食管鳞癌标本,术中在食管切除前,用直尺测量肿瘤长度、上切端长度和下切端长度;当食管癌手术标本切除离体后立即在肿瘤对面沿食管纵轴剖开,在无牵拉情况下,测量上述指标;用10%甲醛固定上述标本48h后,再测量上述指标。结果:离体后食管癌手术标本与其体内实际长度的比率分别为:上切缘(40.71±10.02)%,肿瘤(83.59±16.57)%,下切缘(58.41±12.03)%;用10%甲醛固定48h后,食管癌手术标本与其体内实际长度的比率分别为:上切缘(40.06±10.50)%,肿瘤(80.92±15.88)%,下切缘(54.83±11.29)%。食管癌手术标本的上切缘长度,下切缘长度与肿瘤长度,在切除后及甲醛固定后与其体内实际长度相比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:食管癌手术标本在切除后及甲醛固定后与其体内实际长度相比有显著的收缩。

胆总管切开纤维胆道镜探查一期缝合695例分析

目的 :探讨胆总管切开纤维胆道镜探查后胆总管一期缝合的治疗效果。方法 :应用纤维胆道镜探查胆总管后 ,选择探查阴性、取石干净、括约肌功能良好及胆总管内无其他病变的病例 6 95例 (6 95 / 1 4 5 6 ,4 7.7% )行一期缝合胆总管。结果 :仅有 2例少量胆漏 ,经负压引流自愈 ,没有发生严重并发症。 36h后胃肠功能恢复 6 2 4例 ,有 6 4 2例术后第 2天能下床活动 ,开始进食 ,平均术后 6d出院。结论 :纤维胆道镜胆总管探查后 ,只要掌握好适应证 ,胆总管一期缝合是可行的。它可避免放置T管引起的并发症 ,减轻病人的痛苦 ,提高生活质量。该术式具有创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快、并发症少且费用低等优点 。

肺癌累及食管的外科治疗(附18例报告)

目的 探讨肺癌累及食管的外科治疗的可行性。方法 对 18例肺癌累及食管的患者施行手术治疗 ,14例手术切除肺肿瘤及扩大切除部分食管 ,其中 7例仅切除局部受累的食管肌层 ,5例行受累段食管切除、胃食管吻合术 ,2例切除大部受累肌层 ,部分肿瘤残留 ;4例病人单纯探查。患者术前、后辅助化或 (和 )放疗。结果 该组无手术死亡。14例切除组患者 1年生存率可达 78.6 %。9例正在随访中 ,最长者为 34个月 ,单纯探查组无 1例生存过 1年。结论 肺癌单纯累及食管者 ,经术前辅助化疗后 ,手术切除肺及受累食管是可行的 ,大部分患者的近期效果理想 。

腹腔镜下左肝外叶切除术治疗肝内胆管结石的临床效果

目的探讨腹腔镜下左肝外叶切除术治疗肝内胆管结石的手术方法、安全性及临床疗效。方法选取安徽医科大学附属安庆医院2015年1月-2016年12月收治的肝内胆管结石患者30例,按照手术方式不同分为常规组(n=15)和腹腔镜组(n=15),常规组采用开腹左肝外叶切除术治疗,腹腔镜组采用腹腔镜下微创左肝外叶切除术治疗,观察两组患者各项手术指标情况,比较两组患者术后并发症情况及术后肝功能指标情况。正态分布的计量资料组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果腹腔镜组患者的肛门排气时间、术后住院时间较常规组明显缩短[(1.02±0.51)d vs(1.98±0.36)d,t=5.956,P<0.001;(8.83±0.81)d vs(11.83±0.42)d,t=5.830,P<0.001]。腹腔镜组患者术后第5天的ALT水平较常规组降低[(125.8±91.9)U/L vs(214.1±99.6)U/L],血清Alb水平较常规组升高[(33.2±3.7)g/L vs(28.9±4.3)g/L],差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.52、2.94,P值分别为0.02、0.01)。结论临床中应用腹腔镜下左肝外叶切除术治疗肝内胆管结石,相对常规开腹手术治疗,具有手术创伤小、患者术后恢复快、肝功能损伤小等特点,疗效显著,值得临床推广。

肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌

对４５例肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌的临床资料进行了回顾性分析，本组结石伴发肝胆管癌的发生率为９．７％。术前确诊率仅为６．７％。４５例中高分化腺癌占７１．１％，肿瘤位于左、右肝管者占４０％。左肝外叶占３３．３％。切除肿瘤１８例，切除率为４０％，平均生存３２．４月；姑息性内引流１１例，平均生存１１．４月；胆道外引流１１例，平均生存５．３月。结果表明：结石刺激，继发感染是肝胆管癌发病的重要因素；肝胆管癌切除预后良好，姑息性内引流术的预后明显优于外引流术。

肝外胆管癌临床病理特征与预后的关系

目的:探讨肝外胆管癌(EHCC)临床病理特征与预 后的关系.方法:对1995 01/2003 12收治的128例EHCC患 者的临床病理特征、手术方式和随访结果进行回顾分析.选 择对EHCC切除术后预后可能产生影响的临床因素,通过Cox 比例风险模型进行多因素的预后分析.结果:在128例EHCC 中,59例施行了外科切除,69例施行了内或外引流术和非手 术治疗.在切除组59例中,根治性切除47例,姑息性切除12 例.其中,根治性切除1,3,5a生存率分别为72%,45%和 23%;姑息性切除1和3a生存率分别为54%和9%,无5a存 活者.根治性切除组和姑息性切除组生存率相比较,差异显 著(log ranktest,P<0.05).肿瘤的组织学类型、TNM分期、淋 巴结转移、胰腺浸润、切缘癌残留、手术切除方式对预后有重 要影响(P<0.05).结论:临床病理特征与预后有明显的相 关性,根治性切除可提高EHCC的远期生存率.

腹腔镜肝切除与开放肝切除治疗多次胆道术后肝内胆管结石的疗效比较

目的:通过腹腔镜和开腹肝切除治疗多次胆道术后肝内胆管结石疗效的比较,探讨腹腔镜肝切除的适用性与安全性。方法:回顾分析四川大学华西医院手术治疗多次胆道术后肝内胆管结石病例57例,其中腹腔镜肝切除25例(LLR组),开腹肝切除32例(OLR组)。结果:LLR组手术时间长于OLR组(P=0.001);LLR组术后住院天数及术后肛门排气时间均短于OLR组(P=0.025,P=0.045);LIR组住院总费用高于OLR组(P=0.002),两组术中出血量、术中输血率、术后引流量、术后血浆引流管拔除时间、术后并发症率均无统计学差异。结论:腹腔镜肝切除治疗多次胆道术后肝内胆管结石是可行的,相比传统的开腹手术其具有明显降低住院时间、术后恢复快等优势。

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

目的 分析一个单位 1986-2 0 0 2年间治疗肝门部胆管癌的经验。方法 回顾 1986-2 0 0 2年在解放军总医院肝胆外科治疗 2 91例肝门部胆管癌的纪录 ,全部治疗均在单一的科室技术领导下进行 ,有一定的连贯性。外科治疗手段主要是依据手术中所发现的病理情况决定。根治性切除术的标准是指切除的边缘病理上未发现残留癌细胞者。结果 在我国 ,肝外胆管癌是并非少见的疾病 ,近年来手术治疗的病例数有增多倾向。然而 ,根治性切除手术有困难 ,甚至联合肝切除亦难以达到根治目的 ,因而根治性切除率只分别为 3 7.6%和 41.2 %。无切除术后 3 0d内死亡。有 4例病人于切除术后长期无瘤生存 ,5年以上生存率为 13 .3 % ;另有 2例病人亦生存达 5年以上 ,但癌复发 ,现仍在接受进一步治疗。结论 肝门部胆管癌是多态性的疾病 ,只是极少数表现为较“良性”的倾向 ,而绝大多数则于手术切除后易于复发 ,虽然手术似乎是已达治愈性。切除性治疗 ,甚至是姑息性切除 ,仍可以达到延长生命和提高生活质量的效果。

原发性肝细胞癌侵入肝胆管的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性肝细胞癌侵入肝胆管引起阻塞性黄疽的外科治疗效果。方法23例病人均接受外科手术治疗，单纯胆管癌栓清除十T管引流10例；胆管癌栓清除十肿瘤切除13例，其中左半肝切除8例，右半肝切除1例，右肝不规则切除4例。结果手术死亡3例，存活3～6个月3例，半年～1年4例占17．4％，1年～2年8例占34．8％，2年～3年4例占17．4％，单纯胆管癌栓清除平均存活时间6．5个月，肝叶切除17．3个月。结论外科手术是此类病人唯一有望改善症状，提高生活质量和延长生存期的治疗手段，部分病人可达到根治性治疗。

影响胆管癌切除术后的预后因素分析

目的分析影响胆管癌切除术后的预后因素。方法对我院1980～2004年期间120例胆管癌切除术后的患者进行研究,选择可能影响胆管癌切除术后预后的临床病理因素,并通过Cox比例风险模型对其进行多因素分析。结果全组胆管癌切除术后的1、3和5年生存率分别为71.7%、32.5%和19.2%。单因素分析提示,肿瘤的组织学类型、淋巴结转移、胰腺浸润、十二指肠浸润、切缘癌残留、神经浸润、周围血管浸润和肿瘤浸润深度影响胆管癌的预后(P<0.05)。Cox比例风险模型多因素分析结果提示,淋巴结转移、胰腺浸润和神经浸润是影响胆管癌切除手术预后的主要因素。结论影响胆管癌切除术后患者预后的最重要因素是淋巴结转移、胰腺浸润和神经浸润。

甲状舌管癌1例并文献复习

目的探讨甲状舌管癌的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1例甲状舌管癌患者病历资料,结合复习相关文献,对甲状舌管癌的起源、诊断及治疗方法进行讨论。结果甲状舌管癌多为乳头状癌,颈部CT有多囊结构、囊壁实性结节或钙化表现。结论甲状舌管癌临床罕见,囊肿迅速长大、颈部CT表现和细针穿刺是术前诊断的重要依据,Sistrunk术式是有效的原发灶切除方法。

肝外胆管癌161例的外科治疗和预后分析

目的:探讨肝外胆管癌(extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,EHCC)的临床特征和治疗方法对患者远期生存率的影响及EHCC切除术后的预后因素。方法:对1995年4月至2006年7月收治的161例EHCC患者的临床特点、诊断、手术方式和随访结果进行回顾分析。选择对EHCC切除术后的预后可能产生影响的临床因素,通过COX比例风险模型进行多因素预后分析。结果:161例手术治疗的EHCC,根治性切除110例,姑息性切除32例,引流或探查19例。161例患者总体1、2、3、5年生存率分别为74.9%、45.3%、36.5%和11.1%。COX分析结果表明肝脏浸润、门脉或肝动脉侵犯和淋巴结转移是EHCC根治切除影响预后的独立因素(P<0.05)。结论:根治性切除是提高EHCC患者远期生存率及改善生活质量的关键,肝叶切除和(或)胰十二指肠切除联合骨骼化切除是提高根治切除率及远期疗效的重点。