An Analysis of Modern Bilingualism Currently Existing in China

This paper introduces two kinds of conceptions of bilingualism existing in China. One is traditional bilingualism, and the other refers to using a foreign language-English as an instrument to teach specialist subjects, which is called modern bilingualism. Then the emphasis is put on the latter to analyze the current circumstances in China, and its own affective factors and difficulties confronting it have been taken into account.

Exploration on Way out of Achieving Chinese-English Bilingualism from Early Childhood in China

Worldwide,there has been a number of researchers studying how children acquire two or more languages since bilingualism or multilingualism were increasingly prevalent.China,a monolingual culture is a late participant engaged in the field of bilingualism studies.Recent years witnessed a growing number of Chinese parents who attempted to raise their children bilingual by speaking English to them at home,however,relevant research on bilingualism acquisition in China lagged behind.This article reviews existing studies on early child bilingualism acquisition and bilingual parenting,displays language context in China,and explores solutions to difficulties Chinese parents face.Different from their counterparts in culturally diverse context,these Chinese parents living in a monolingual environment were confronted with unique and more challenges:the quality of English they speak as a second language to children;the quantity of English input;the monolingual environment in China;and resistance to English by children.Solutions are proposed to tackle these issues respectively.

A Historic Review on Bilingualism and its Cognitive Function

With global integration going deeper,bilingualism has become a more social issue than a purely linguistic phenomenon.Over seas scholars have been studying in this field for a long time while in China,studies regarding bilingualism are still in its early stages.This pa per provides a historic review on the definition,categorization as well as its cognitive functions.Although it is still a question whether bilin gualism is an advantage or disadvantage to human beings' especially children's cognitive ability,this paper has concluded that early studies showed more negative results while recent research has shifted to a more positive attitude.

An Analysis on the Differentiation between Diglossia and Bilingualism

Despite a hot and sensitive topic in China,the practice and education of bilingualism has been misunderstood in some areas because people have little sense of it.This paper is to differentiate the diglossia and the bilingualism to make it clear that it is important and necessary to put into practice the bilingualism and bilingual education in parts of China.

Bilingualism and schizophrenia

Although a bilingual advantage has been described for neurodegenerative disease in general, it is not known whether such an advantage could accrue to individuals suffering from schizophrenia, since language networks are known to be disrupted in this condition. The aim of this minireview was to scan the existing literature to determine:(1) whether individuals with schizophrenia are able to learn a second language as adults;(2) whether clinical assessment, both for the purpose of accurate diagnosis and for the prediction of treatment response, should be carried out in both languages in bilinguals with schizophrenia;(3) whether psychotherapy in schizophrenia is affected by bilingualism; and(4) whether speaking a second language improves outcome in schizophrenia. The literature to date is too sparse to make definitive statements, but:(1) individuals with schizophrenia appear to be capable of learning a new languages as adults; and(2) it is possible that teaching a foreign language may serve as a form of cognitive rehabilitation for this condition. This literature review recommends research into the effects of bilingualism on the outcome of schizophrenia. Included in this review is a retrospective pilot study conducted in Canada, which suggests that employment opportunities for patients with schizophrenia are improved when they speak more than one language. This is important to note because employment is generally problematic in the context of schizophrenia while, at the same time, the ability to obtain work contributes significantly to quality of life.

On the Issue of Bilingualism in Terms of Independence of Uzbekistan

This article examines the theory of bilingualism: types of bilingualism, the causes of bilingualism and development of national-Uzbek bilingualism in the context of the national independence of Uzbekistan. According to the author, development of bilingualism in various forms is an important factor in strengthening national consolidation, enhancing the economy and culture of Uzbekistan. The author analyzes the theoretical, historical and socio-poli-tical aspects of development of bilingualism.

Revamping School Bilingualism in Francophone Primary Education in Cameroon： Some Strategies to Avoid Another Failure

In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the institution of NSE （new syllabuses of English）, the institution of an English paper at the end-of-primary school examination, the adoption new course books, the decision requesting all FPE teachers to teach English alongside other subjects This paper the data of which stem from a survey of teachers （n = 222）, pupils （n = 589）, parents （n = 293）, and head teachers （n = 23） in some 30 schools of Yaounde proposes some strategies to help curb the crucial lack of qualified teachers, the high cost of teaching and learning materials and the glaring lack of motivation of teachers. Strategies include how to train specialist teachers in numbers, the institution of a BPB （bilingualism promotion bonus） to generate sustained motivation to teach, a substantial subsidization of course book production With these measures the promotion of French/English school bilingualism in Cameroon primary education may turn from the myth of Sisyphus it has become into a successful undertaking

A Literature Review: The Comparison Between Bilingualism and Trilingualism in Inhibitory Control

Inhibitory control is a core component of individuals’executive function.The relationship between language acquisition and inhibitory control has been a focus of interest in researches.Still,whether the trilingual have stronger inhibitory control over the bilingual just as bilingualists outperform monolinguists in inhibitory control is a controversial issue in cognitive linguistics and psychology.After searching for the existed researches both in Chinese and English concerning this topic,the authors summarize the consensuses reached nowadays.This paper also points out three reasons explaining the existed divergences,namely task differences,a subject-enrolling paradox,and definition inconsistencies.

Bilingualism and Culture:Psycholinguistic Aspect

The development of bilingualism of a bilingual child is inextricably linked with the formation of an individual folklore-linguistic picture of the world.In this regard,proverbs,sayings,riddles and folk phraseology as universal phenomena of folklore of the Russian and Greek languages,which have important linguistic and cultural potential,are of particular interest from the point of view of their presence in the bilingual speech and thought activity.The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the functioning of paremiological and phraseological units in a bilingual speech determine the content of folklore language worldview and directly depend on the type of formation of the child’s early bilingualism.Phraseological and paremiological composition of the folklore picture of the world of natural Russian-Greek bilinguals is asymmetric and directly depends on the type of early bilingualism–in bilinguals who learn two languages on the principle of“one-person-one-language”,asymmetry prevails in favor of the Greek language,children from Russian-speaking families whose bilingualism develops according to the principle“family language is the language of society”exhibit better knowledge of Russian folklore elements compared to Greek.

Critical Review on Bilingualism of Chinese Origin Children in Britain

Chinese people constitute a significant minority in Britain, but less attention paid to Chinese origin children. With document collection, the situation of Chinese origin children's education and the effect of bilingualism will be clarified. Bilingualism increase ethnic identity,and cultural adjustment, ethnic identity and language development are correlative for bilinguals.

Bilingualism Gives a Cognitive Advantage

Recent researches have shown bilingualism has an influence on cognition,both negative and positive.This essay aims to discuss the cognitive disadvantages and advantages bilingualism brings,by emphasizing how it affect children’s cognitive devel opment.It will first briefly introduce the disadvantages such as a lower verbal fluency and vocabulary deficit,and then analyse the advantages on non-verbal cognition and attention controlling,a more sensitive metalinguistic awareness and a lower decline rate of cognitive processing.

Positive Effects of Bilingualism: Divergent Thinking and Its Implications for Language Education

The issue of bilingualism has been widely explored in the past decades,showing that there are multiple positive effects of"additive bilingualism".Such positive factors are closely linked with children’s cognitive development and intelligence.This paper gives a detailed review on how bilingualism plays a role in children’s divergent thinking ability.Fully taking advantage of such positive effects in language education should be a significant part for bilingual education and foreign language programs.Thus,this paper further discusses the educational implications of these theoretic findings,suggesting that an additive bilingual environment should be cultivated through multiple ways of curriculum and program planning.

Positive Effects of Bilingualism

Bilingualism is a social phenomenon that individuals communicate with each other with two language systems.Bilingualism has some certain positive effects on the individual’s cognition development and language acquisition process.Besides,bilingualism also promotes the globalization and is an essential characteristic of“cultured”.

The Application of“Problem-Based Learning+Flipped Classroom”Teaching Model in Bilingual Education

This study focuses on the application of the“PBL(problem-based learning)+Flipped Classroom”teaching model in bilingual education,aiming to explore its potential to enhance the quality and effectiveness of bilingual teaching.PBL emphasizes learning through the resolution of real-world problems,while the Flipped Classroom advocates that students acquire basic knowledge through self-study before class,dedicating class time to in-depth discussions and practical activities.The integration of these two teaching models in bilingual education aims to stimulate students’interest in learning,improve their autonomous learning abilities,enhance critical thinking,and foster cross-cultural communication skills.Through literature review,case analysis,and empirical research,this study first examines the current applications and challenges of PBL and the Flipped Classroom in bilingual education.Subsequently,it elaborates on the specific implementation steps of the“PBL+Flipped Classroom”teaching model in bilingual education,including problem design,preview material provision,cooperative learning,classroom activities,and language support.A comparative experiment is then conducted to analyze the impact of this teaching model on students’learning motivation,academic performance,and cross-cultural communication skills.The results indicate that the“PBL+Flipped Classroom”teaching model significantly improves students’learning motivation and participation,enhances academic performance,and effectively boosts their cross-cultural communication skills.Furthermore,this model aids in cultivating students’autonomous learning abilities and critical thinking,providing an innovative and effective approach to bilingual education.This study offers new ideas and insights for the field of bilingual education,which is of great significance for promoting the innovation and development of bilingual teaching models.

Research on Localized English Education for Transnational Left-behind Children in the Context of English Global Localization: A Case Study of Wenzhou Overseas Chinese Hometown

With the increasing development of English globalization,the trend of combining English with local cultures has become more evident.This research focuses on five schools in the Wenzhou overseas Chinese hometown to investigate the current status of English education from the perspectives of teachers,students,and textbooks.The aim was to propose bilingual education strategies for the education of transnational left-behind children(TLC).By examining the situation of English education in this specific context,this study sought to address the unique challenges faced by TLC and provide effective educational approaches.Interviews,observations,and document analysis were employed to gather data by means of questionnaire research methods.The findings of this study settled on the improvement of bilingual education for TLC and insights into enhancing English education in multicultural settings.

On Conditions of Bilingual Education

This is a review about literature on the conditions of bilingual education.Three important parts will be included in this review:a simple description of something concerned about the chosen literature;its definitions,reasons for implementing bilingual education,contexts,models or types,aims and outcomes,tendency and shift of bilingual education and its studies ;four research questions and some related reasons.It is supposed to lay a basis for investigation on whether bilingual education (involving English and Chinese) can be carried out further in the current conditions of China.

The Bilingual Competence of Local Council Staffers in the Centre and Littoral Regions of Cameroon

This work sets out to appraise the state of individual bilingualism in francophone local councils in Cameroon.The work checks the use of English by francophone local council workers and of French by their anglophone mates with the focus on the four communicative language skills,i.e.,speaking,reading,writing and listening.The ethnographic approach to data collection was adopted,and self-rating through a questionnaire was the major tool used.The eight-item questionnaire was administered to 192 local council staffers.They were 177(91.14%of 192)francophone workers selected out of a pool of over 500 workers in six local councils situated in two big francophone towns i.e.,Douala and Yaounde on the one hand,and 15(8.85%of 192)out of a total of 16 anglophone workers in these same localities.The analysis of the data collected revealed that very low percentages of francophone workers could perform the following tasks using English:discuss office issues with their bosses(10.16%of 177 subjects),read out a speech(8.47%),write a letter to their collaborators(4.51%),and listen to someone with understanding(20.33%).Conversely,a high proportion of anglophone workers were able to perform these same tasks using French i.e.,discuss office issues with their bosses(73.33%of 15 subjects),read out a speech(20%),write a letter to a collaborator(33.33%),and listen to someone with understanding(80%).In short,63.28%of 177 francophone workers reported having a low performance in receptive skills in English as opposed to 20%of 15 anglophone workers who said the same for French;similarly,7.34%of 177 francophones claimed to have a good command of productive skills in English as opposed to 53.33%of 15 anglophones who claimed to have a command of French.The implications for the study are that official French-English bilingualism in Cameroon is a mere political wish which is not a reality on the field.

The Bilingual Competence of Local Council Staffers in the Centre and Littoral Regions of Cameroon

This work sets out to appraise the state of individual bilingualism in francophone local councils in Cameroon.The work checks the use of English by francophone local council workers and of French by their anglophone mates with the focus on the four communicative language skills,i.e.,speaking,reading,writing and listening.The ethnographic approach to data collection was adopted,and self-rating through a questionnaire was the major tool used.The eight-item questionnaire was administered to 192 local council staffers.They were 177(91.14%of 192)francophone workers selected out of a pool of over 500 workers in six local councils situated in two big francophone towns i.e.,Douala and Yaounde on the one hand,and 15(8.85%of 192)out of a total of 16 anglophone workers in these same localities.The analysis of the data collected revealed that very low percentages of francophone workers could perform the following tasks using English:discuss office issues with their bosses(10.16%of 177 subjects),read out a speech(8.47%),write a letter to their collaborators(4.51%),and listen to someone with understanding(20.33%).Conversely,a high proportion of anglophone workers were able to perform these same tasks using French i.e.,discuss office issues with their bosses(73.33%of 15 subjects),read out a speech(20%),write a letter to a collaborator(33.33%),and listen to someone with understanding(80%).In short,63.28%of 177 francophone workers reported having a low performance in receptive skills in English as opposed to 20%of 15 anglophone workers who said the same for French;similarly,7.34%of 177 francophones claimed to have a good command of productive skills in English as opposed to 53.33%of 15 anglophones who claimed to have a command of French.The implications for the study are that official French-English bilingualism in Cameroon is a mere political wish which is not a reality on the field.

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针对医学院校中进行耳鼻咽喉科双语教学的现状、存在问题、开展双语教学的重要性进行分析讨论,并提出提高耳鼻咽喉科双语教学效果的一些建议,为在医学院校中更好的开展耳鼻咽喉科双语教学提供经验,培养优秀的全方位医学人才。