Utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography on biliopancreatic diseases in patients with Billroth Ⅱ-reconstructed stomach

AIM To examine the utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) on biliopancreatic diseases in the patients with Billroth II-reconstructed stomach.METHODS For 26 cases of biliopancreatic diseases in patients with Billroth Ⅱ-reconstructed stomach,ERCP was conducted using a straight-view scope or a retrograde obliqueviewing endoscope.All the cases were patients aiming at selective insertion into the bile duct.One patient aimed at diagnosis,and 25 patients aimed at treatment.The cases in which the endoscope reached the duodenal papilla and anastomosis,and insertion into the bile duct became possible,were considered successful.RESULTS The rate of reaching the duodenal papilla and anastomosis was 84.7%(22/26 patients).Among the cases without reaching the duodenal papilla and anastomosis,there were 2 in which the endoscope did not pass due to tumor-induced duodenal infiltration.In 1 case,the fiber did not reach the duodenal papilla due to long afferent loop.The success rate of insertion into the bile duct in patients in which the endoscope reached the duodenal papilla and anastomosis was 90.9%(20/22 patients),and the success rate of procedures including treatment was 86.3%(19/22 patients).After treatment,mild cholangitis was observed in 1 patient(4.5%,1/22 patients) but relieved conservatively.No other accidental symptom was observed.CONCLUSION It was considered that the ERCP for biliopancreatic diseases in patients with Billroth II-reconstructed stomach will become a less invasive,safe and useful examination and treatment approach.

Recent advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Billroth II gastrectomy patients: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy has been considered a challenging procedure due to the surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy.However,there has been a paucity of comparative studies regarding ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy cases because of procedure-related morbidity and mortality and practical and ethical limitations.This systematic and comprehensive review was performed to obtain a recent perspective on ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.AIM To systematically review the literature regarding ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.METHODS A systematic review was performed on the literature published between May 1975 and January 2019.The following electronic databases were searched:PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library.The outcomes of successful afferent loop intubation and successful selective cannulation and occurrence of adverse events were assessed.RESULTS A total of 43 studies involving 2669 patients were included.The study designs were 36(83.7%)retrospective cohort studies,4(9.3%)retrospective comparative studies,2(4.7%)prospective comparative studies,and 1(2.3%)prospective cohort study.Of a total of 2669 patients,there were 1432 cases(55.6%)of sideviewing endoscopy,664(25.8%)cases of forward-viewing endoscopy,171(6.6%)cases of balloon-assisted enteroscopy,169(6.6%)cases of anterior obliqueviewing endoscopy,64(2.5%)cases of dual-lumen endoscopy,31(1.2%)cases of colonoscopy,and 14(0.5%)cases of multiple bending endoscopy.The overall success rate of afferent loop intubation was 91.3%(2437/2669),and the overall success rate of selective cannulation was 87.9%(2346/2437).A total of 195 cases(7.3%)of adverse events occurred.The success rates of afferent loop intubation and the selective cannulation rate for each type of endoscopy were as follows:side-viewing endoscopy 98.2%and 95.3%;forward-viewing endoscopy 97.4%and 95.2%;balloon-assisted enteroscopy 95.4%and 97.5%;oblique-viewing endoscopy 94.1%and 97.5%;and dual-lumen endoscopy 82.8%and 100%,respectively.The rate of bowel perforation was slightly higher in side-viewing endoscopy(3.6%)and balloon-assisted enteroscopy(4.1%)compared with forward-viewing endoscopy(1.7%)and anterior oblique-viewing endoscopy(1.2%).Mortality only occurred in side-viewing endoscopy(n=9,0.6%).CONCLUSION The performance of ERCP in the Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy population has been improving with choice of various type of endoscope and sphincter management.More comparative studies are needed to determine the optimal strategy to perform safe and effective ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.

Risk factors for perforation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in post-reconstruction intestinal tract

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy has been a major challenge to gastrointestinal endoscopists with low success rates for reaching the target site as well as high complication rates. The knowledge of ERCP-related risk factors is important for reducing unexpected complications.AIM To identify ERCP-related risk factors for perforation in patients with surgically altered anatomy.METHODS The medical records of 187 patients with surgically altered anatomy who underwent ERCP at our institution between April 2009 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. An analysis of patient data, including age, sex, type of reconstruction, cause of surgery, aim of ERCP, success rate of reaching target site,success rate of procedure, adverse events, type of scope, time to reach the target site, and duration of procedure, was performed. In patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction, additional potential risk factors were the shape of the inserted scope and whether the anastomosis was antecolic or retrocolic.RESULTS All patients(n = 187) had surgical anatomy, such as Billroth-Ⅰ(n = 22), Billroth-Ⅱ(n = 33), Roux-en-Y(n = 54), Child, or Whipple reconstruction(n = 75). ERCP was performed for biliary drainage in 43 cases(23%), stone removal in 29 cases(16%),and stricture dilation of anastomosis in 59 cases(32%). The scope was unable to reach the target site in 17 cases(9%), and an aimed procedure could not be accomplished in 54 cases(29%). Adverse events were pancreatitis(3%),hyperamylasemia(10%), cholangitis(6%), cholestasis(4%), excessive sedation(1%), perforation(2%), and others(3%). Perforation occurred in three cases, all of which were in patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction; in these patients, further analysis revealed loop-shaped insertion of the scope to be a significant risk for perforation(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION Risk factors for perforation during ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomy were Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction and looping of the scope during BillrothⅡ procedure.

Double balloon endoscopy increases the ERCP success rate in patients with a history of Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy

AIM:To evaluate the effect of double balloon endoscope(DBE)on the endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP)success rate in patients with a history of BillrothⅡ(BⅡ)gastrectomy.METHODS:From April 2006 to March 2007,32 patients with a BⅡgastrectomy underwent 34 ERCP attempts.In all cases,the ERCP procedures were started using a duodenoscope.If intubation of the afferent loop or reaching the papilla failed,we changed to DBE for the ERCP procedure(DBE-ERCP).We assessed the success rate of afferent loop intubation,reaching the major papilla,selective cannulation,possibility of therapeutic approaches,procedure-related complications,and the overall success rate.RESULTS:Among the 32 patients with a history of BⅡgastrectomy,the duodenoscope was successfully passed up to the papilla in 22 patients(69%),and cannulation was successfully performed in 20 patients(63%).Six patients(2 with failure in afferent loop intubation and 4 with failure in reaching the papilla)underwent DBE-ERCP.The DBE reached the papilla in all the 6 patients(100%)and selective cannulation was successful in 5 patients(83%).Four patients(67%)who had common bile duct stones were successfully treated.One patient underwent diagnostic ERCP only and the other one,in whom selective cannulation failed,was diagnosed with papilla cancer proven by biopsy.There were no complications related to the DBE.The overall ERCP success rate increased to 88%(28/32).CONCLUSION:The overall ERCP success rate increases with DBE in patients with a previous BⅡgastrectomy.

ERCP for patients who have undergone Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is efficacious in patients who have undergone Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomies,but the success rate decreases in patients who also have experienced Braun anastomoses.There are currently no reports describing the preferred enterography route for cannulation in these patients.We first review the patient’s previous surgery records,which most often indicate that the efferent loop is at the greater curvature of the stomach.We recommend extending the duodenoscope along the greater curvature of the stomach and then advancing it through the"lower entrance"at the site of the gastrojejunal anastomosis,along the efferent loop,and through the"middle entrance"at the site of the Braun anastomosis to reach the papilla of Vater.Ten patients who had each undergone BillrothⅡgastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis between January 2009 and December 2011 were included in our study.The overall success rate of enterography was 90% for the patients who had undergone BillrothⅡgastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis,and the therapeutic success rate was 80%.We believe that this enterography route for ERCP is optimal for a patient who has had BillrothⅡgastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis and helps to increase the success rate of the procedure.

Retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography for ERCP after Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis

AIM: To describe an optimal route to the Braun anastomosis including the use of retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography.METHODS: Patients who received a Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy(n = 109) and a Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy with Braun anastomosis(n = 20) between January 2009 and May 2013 were analyzed in this study. Endoscopic ret-rograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) was performed under fluoroscopic control using a total length of 120 cm oblique-viewing duodenoscope with a 3.7-mm diameter working channel. For this procedure, we used a triplelumen retrieval balloon catheter in which a 0.035-inch guidewire could be inserted into the "open-channel" guidewire lumen while the balloon could be simultaneously injected and inflated through the other 2 lumens.RESULTS: For the patients with Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis, successful access to the papilla was gained in 17 patients(85%) and there was therapeutic success in 16 patients(80%). One patient had afferent loop perforation, but postoperative bleeding did not occur. For Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy, there was failure in accessing the papilla in 15 patients(13.8%). ERCP was unsuccessful because of tumor infiltration(6 patients), a long afferent loop(9 patients), and cannulation failure(4 patients). The papilla was successfully accessed in 94 patients(86.2%), and there was therapeutic success in 90 patients(82.6%). Afferent loop perforation did not occur in any of these patients. One patient had hemorrhage 2 h after ERCP, which was successfully managed with conservative treatment.CONCLUSION: Retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography along an optimal route may improve the ERCP success rate after Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis.

胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病的前视镜下治疗

目的介绍和探讨应用前视镜对胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病患者的内镜下治疗的价值。方法对2007年1月～2010年12月两院消化内镜中心经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的26例胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后合并胆道疾病患者的病例进行回顾性分析,以评价前视镜对胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病患者的内镜下治疗的价值。结果 26例胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后合并胆道疾病患者中行治疗性ERCP成功21(80.8%)例,失败5(19.2%)例。在21例成功插管中,使用柱状球囊扩张法10例,胆道支架加针形刀切开十二指肠乳头5例,小切开加大气囊扩张法4例,未进行括约肌处理2例。内引流4例,鼻胆管外引流4例,成功取石13例。术后轻中度发热2例,高淀粉酶血症2例,胰腺炎1例,无出血和穿孔发生。结论前视镜是治疗胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病患者的安全有效手段,可以提高成功率和避免穿孔严重并发症发生,但操作具有难度,可在有技术条件的医院选择性开展。

Billroth Ⅱ式胃切除术后患者ERCP诊治

目的 总结BillrothⅡ式胃切除术后患者进行ERCP诊治的经验,对其手术操作的成功率、安全性和有效性进行评估.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年11月间,75例BillrothⅡ式术后因胆道疾患接受ERCP诊治患者的临床资料.结果 75例患者中,顺利进入空肠输入襻69例（92%）,其中选择性胆道插管成功68例,3例行诊断性胆道造影检查,65例为治疗性操作.后者中16例行EST＋取石＋鼻胆管引流术,19例行塑料支架胆管引流术,18例金属支架胆管引流术,12例内镜下球囊扩张术＋取石＋鼻胆管引流术.1例患者因空肠输入襻穿孔（1.3%）急诊行手术治疗,2例（2.6%）并发术后急性胰腺炎,经保守治疗痊愈,无出血相关并发症.结论 对于BillrothⅡ式术后患有胆道疾病的患者,进行ERCP诊治是安全、可行的.

Billroth-Ⅱ式胃切除患者的经内镜逆行胰胆管造影与治疗

为诊断和治疗Ｂｉｌｒｏｔｈ－Ⅱ式（毕Ⅱ式）胃切除术后患者的胆胰疾病，６１例毕Ⅱ式胃肠重建患者接受经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）及治疗。乳头插管成功率为７５．４％，胆道造影成功率６３．９％；胆管引流９例，括约肌切开取石１例。全组有３例（４．９％）发生肠穿孔。作者对造成ＥＲＣＰ及治疗操作困难的原因进行了分析，指出其成功率主要取决于胃肠重建的方式，采用前视或侧视型内镜对成功率的影响不大，并对此类患者的内镜治疗及肠穿孔的防治进行了探讨。

探讨ERCP在消化道重建胃肠Billroth Ⅱ吻合术后胆总管结石患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在消化道重建胃肠BillrothⅡ吻合(胃肠毕Ⅱ式吻合)术后胆总管结石患者中的应用价值。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法,回顾分析河北医科大学第二医院肝胆外科2015年12月—2017年11月收治的189 例胆总管结石患者行ERCP取石治疗的病例资料。根据有无消化道胃肠毕Ⅱ式吻合术病史进行分组,既往未行消化道手术的胆总管结石患者行ERCP取石治疗的为正常组(n=167),既往曾行消化道手术的患者行ERCP取石治疗的为重建组(n=22),对比两组患者的手术操作时间、取石成功率、术后并发症发生率、术后住院时间及住院费用指标。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料比较采用检验χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。结果 消化道正常组手术操作时间为(40.18±11.80) min、ERCP取石成功率为97.60%为(163/167),重建组的手术操作时间为(61.81±13.21) min、ERCP取石成功率为81.82%(18/22),两组相比差异均有统计学意义(t=0.105, χ2=10.400,P<0.05);消化道正常组的并发症发生率为16.17%(27/167)、术后住院时间(3.47±1.55) d、住院费用(20 620.69±3 117.88) 元,重建组的并发症发生率为18.18%(4/22)、术后住院时间(4.18±2.08) d、住院费用(22 426.41±5 916.30) 元,两组相比差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000,t=4.204,t=10.828,P>0.05)。结论 消化道重建胃肠毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆总管结石患者行ERCP取石是安全可行的,有较高的取石成功率,创伤小,值得推广。

结肠镜在胃大部切除Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合术后胆总管结石取石中的应用

回顾性分析15例胃大部切除Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合术患者资料。15例患者均于十二指肠镜或结肠镜辅助下行逆行胰胆管造影胆总管结石取石术。结果显示在胃大部切除Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合术后，于结肠镜辅助下进行胆总管结石取石治疗不但可以取得与十二指肠镜相同的效果，并且降低了手术操作难度，缩短了手术时间，提高了手术成功率。

双腔前视胃镜治疗毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病的临床观察

目的评价使用双腔前视胃镜对毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病患者进行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）治疗的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性总结46例使用双腔前视胃镜进行ERCP治疗的毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病患者的临床资料，统计十二指肠乳头插管成功率、并发症发生情况和治疗情况。结果十二指肠乳头插管成功率为82．6％（38／46），8例失败，其中6例因双腔前视胃镜无法进入输入袢找到十二指肠乳头而失败，2例因乳头插管困难而失败。38例插管成功者中，3l例胆管结石者均成功取出结石，4例胆总管下端恶性梗阻者均成功置入胆管金属支架，3例十二指肠乳头良性狭窄者经气囊扩张后均成功置入鼻胆引流管；所有患者术后恢复良好，无一例发生出血、穿孔和术后胰腺炎等严重并发症。结论使用双腔前视胃镜对毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病患者进行ERCP治疗，插管成功率较高，可顺利完成后续ERCP相关治疗，并且不会明显增加并发症发生率，具有较好的临床应用价值。

治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在胃大部切除术后合并胆总管结石中的应用

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆总管结石的治疗价值。方法对1999年5月至2007年8月就诊于沈阳军区总医院消化内镜中心经ERCP治疗的26例胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆总管结石患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,以评价治疗性ERCP在该病中的应用价值。结果治疗性ERCP在胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆结石治疗中成功率为92.31%(24/26)。使用胆道支架加针形刀法切开十二指肠乳头11例(45.83%),球囊扩张法4例(16.67%),切开刀电切法5例(20.83%),未进行括约肌处理4例(16.67%)。结石完全清除19例,清除率为73.08%,取出部分结石后行内引流或外引流处理5例,单纯行鼻胆管外引流2例。术后轻中度发热2例,肠道穿孔1例,高淀粉酶血症2例,无胰腺炎发生。结论治疗性ERCP是治疗胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆总管结石的有效手段,但操作具有难度,可有一定的并发症,可在有技术条件的医院选择性开展。