Effect of Viral Antigen Levels on the Serological Response and Efficiency of the Binary Ethylenimine-Inactivated Bluetongue Virus Serotype-16 Vaccine

Bluetongue (BT) is a serious hemorrhagic disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Inactive BTV vaccines have been successful in field trials in some areas, and inactivated vaccines are considered safer. However, information about the effect of the viral antigen level on the serological response and efficiency of the inactive BTV-16 vaccine is lacking. In the present study, the serological response and efficiency of the viral antigen concentration in the binary ethylenimine-inactivated Chinese BTV serotype-16 vaccine were investigated. The viral antigens in the viral suspension (VS) were quantified using a modified BTV AC-ELISA method. Four batches of vaccine containing 1, 5, 10, and 50 μg/ml of viral antigen were generated from the VS. Four groups of naive Chinese sheep were vaccinated with the different vaccine batches, and the serological response and vaccine efficiency were investigated before and after challenge infection. The vaccines containing 10 and 50 μg/ml of viral antigen induced significant ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers 14 days after vaccination, whereas the vaccines containing 1 and 5 μg/ml of viral antigen did not have these effects. A booster immunization at 21 days enhanced all groups’ antibody titers;however, the increased titer was related to the viral antigen level. In contrast to the serological response, the viral antigen level of the vaccines did not have a significant effect on the vaccine efficiency. With the exception of one sheep from the 5 μg/ml viral antigen group, all vaccinated sheep from the four antigen level groups showed strong resistance to infection based on their clinical symptoms, rectal temperatures and viremia. Collectively, these data suggested that viral antigen levels from 1 to 50 μg/ml had a significant effect on the serological response of the animals but a limited effect on the vaccine efficiency. The BTV-16 vaccine containing 1 μg/ml of viral antigen was sufficient to achieve high efficiency, but only the vaccines with more than 10 μg/ml of antigen induced a significant antibody response. To obtain a better serological response, we suggest the use of vaccines with more than 10 μg/ml of viral antigen. The findings in the study will be useful for BTV vaccine production.

An Inactivated Vaccine from a Field Strain of Bovine Herpesvirus-1(BoHV-1) has High Antigenic Mass and Induces Strong Efficacy in a Rabbit Model

Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alfaherpesvirinae; it is a worldwide pathogen, causing serious economic losses in livestock. In Colombia there have been multiple isolates of BoHV-1 that have been subjected to molecular characterization, classifying most of the country isolates as BoHV-1.1. In the present study we developed and evaluated an ethyleneimine binary inactivated isolate from the native BoHV-1 strain (Córdoba-2) in a rabbit model of vaccination and infection. The vaccine was evaluated in two phases, one of immunogenicity with vaccination and a booster after 21 days, and an evaluation phase of protection against challenge with a highly virulent reference strain. The results demonstrate optimum serum-conversion, with protective neutralizing antibody titers 28 days post vaccination and optimal protection against challenge with the reference strain with decreased clinical signs of infection, protection against the onset of fever and decrease of virus excretion post challenge. In conclusion, our results show the enormous potential that an immunogenic inactivated vaccine has produced from the native BoHV-1.1 strain, which produces a high antigen mass to the vaccine to induce optimal immunity and protection, and it is a strong candidate for evaluation and possible future use in different cattle populations.

禽霍乱·新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研究(Ⅲ)——疫苗对鸭和鹅的安全性及免疫效力试验(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to provide theoretical basis for immunizing waterfowls(duck and goose)with the inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine against Newcastle Disease(ND)and Fowl Cholera(FC).[Method]Bacterial liquid from solid culture media inoculated avian Pasteurella multocida(APM)type A and allantoic fluid from embryonic eggs infected with Newcastle Disease Virus(NDV)attenuated strain La Sota were mixed and inactivated by formalin to prepare 5 batches of inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine,which were then used for the safety and immune efficacy test on duck and goose.[Result]Immunized ducks and geese didn't performed any adverse reactions in the safety test of the 5 batches of vaccine;the immune efficacy test showed that ND-HI antibody titers of ducks and geese were no less than 4 log2 three weeks after inoculation,and the protection rates against NDV and APM were 100% and 66.7%-83.3%,respectively.[Conclusion]The binary vaccine against ND and FC is safe and reliable for duck and goose,and can provide them with sufficient immunity protection against ND and FC.

禽霍乱·新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研究(Ⅲ报)——疫苗对鸭和鹅的安全性及免疫效力试验

[目的]为禽霍乱、新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫鸭和鹅等水禽提供理论依据。[方法]将禽A型多杀性巴氏杆菌接种固体培养基收获的菌液与鸡新城疫病毒弱毒株La Sota接种易感鸡胚收获的感染鸡胚液混合,用甲醛溶液灭活后制备成5批二联油乳剂灭活苗,用于鸭和鹅的安全性及免疫效力试验。[结果]5批二联苗对鸭和鹅的安全性试验表明,免疫鸭和鹅均未出现任何不良反应;免疫效力试验表明,免疫后3周,鸭和鹅的新城疫血凝抑制抗体效价均≥4 log2,新城疫攻毒保护率均为100%,禽霍乱攻毒保护率为66.7%-83.3%。[结论]该二联苗用于免疫鸭和鹅安全可靠,免疫效果良好。

基于免疫遗传算法的二元光学元件的位相设计

在激光诱导扩散中,需要利用二元光学元件对激光器输出的高斯光束进行整形,以实现曝光区的温度分布均匀化。为了得到二元光学元件的位相分布,采用免疫遗传对相位分布进行设计。免疫遗传算法中采取变频率的交叉操作、变异操作,克服了遗传算法在局部搜索解空间上效率差的缺点,并使算法跳出局部极大值的能力得到了增强。采取由正向记忆细胞库提取的免疫疫苗对抗体群进行接种,使群体的进化方向得到引导,提高了算法的进化效率;采取由反向记忆细胞库提取的劣化疫苗对抗体群进行反向接种,减少算法的重复运算,极大地抑制了群体退化;采用B、T细胞的作用机制,保持群体在进化过程中的多样性,很大程度上抑制了算法未成熟收敛。运算结果表明,免疫遗传算法较遗传算法具有更高的算法效率和更强的寻优能力。最后考虑到实际加工,对最优解做适当调整得到了更适合于实际加工的二元光学元件的位相分布。

禽霍乱-新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研究(Ⅳ报)——疫苗的田间试验(英文)

1材料与方法 1．1二联营的制备与质量检验 1．1．1毒株来源与二联苗的制备。禽A型为杀性巴氏杆菌（APM）效力检验用强毒为C48．1株，鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）效力检验用强毒为北京株、APM1502株和NDVLaSota株，均购自中国兽药监察所。将APM强毒1502株培养菌液与NDV弱毒LaSota株感染鸡胚尿囊液混合，经甲醛溶液灭活后，按马闻天等的方法制备5批二联油乳剂灭活疫苗（批号05-1—05-5）。

禽霍乱-新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研究(Ⅳ报)——疫苗的田间试验

[目的]评价禽霍乱-新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗的临床应用效果,为联合防制禽霍乱和新城疫提供条件。[方法]将禽A型多杀性巴氏杆菌1502强毒株与鸡新城疫病毒La Sota弱毒株混合,制备成5批合格的二联油乳剂灭活苗,用于鸡、鸭和鹅的田间安全性和免疫保护试验。[结果]田间安全性试验表明,免疫鸡、鸭和鹅均未出现不良反应;鸡的田间免疫效力试验表明,7～14日龄雏鸡和60～90日龄青年鸡免疫3周后新城疫血凝抑制（ND-HI）抗体效价均比对照组高2～3 log2,可持续4个月以上,禽多杀性巴氏杆菌攻毒保护率均达到75.0%以上,免疫效力可持续6个月;鸭和鹅的田间免疫效力试验表明,接种3周后免疫组ND-HI抗体效价均≥4.2 log2,对照组均≤2 log2;鸭、鹅的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌攻毒保护率分别在75.0%和62.5%以上。[结论]该二联苗免疫禽类安全可靠,具有良好的免疫效果。

猪瘟猪伪狂犬病二联苗对仔猪免疫效果观察

本文探讨了猪瘟(CSF)、猪伪狂犬病(PR)活苗不同时间对仔猪免疫效果的相互影响。结果表明:同时免疫两种活疫苗(二联苗组),PR会干扰CSF前期抗体的产生。二联苗组猪瘟抗体3周后才达到阳性,而猪伪狂犬病抗体在7日时就达到阳性,两种抗体均在49日达到峰值,峰值均比单一免疫、分时免疫的峰值略低。分时免疫两种疫苗产生的抗体均比单一免疫时的抗体要低,且相互干扰不明显。

南京市女性人乳头瘤病毒疫苗认知水平及市场细分研究

目的了解女性对宫颈癌预防方法的认知情况、对国产人乳头瘤病毒疫苗(HPV)的接受情况,并挖掘潜在接种群体及其特征。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样于2019年3~7月对南京市江宁区、鼓楼区、秦淮区及栖霞区共550例女性进行问卷调查。结果南京市女性对宫颈癌预防方法的知晓率为43.9%。列联表分析发现年龄、学历、感情状况、有无信息获取渠道是宫颈癌预防方法知晓情况的影响因素(P<0.05);年龄、有无信息获取渠道、疫苗价格是女性对国产HPV疫苗接受情况的影响因素(P<0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示,学历、感情状况、有无信息获取渠道是女性对宫颈癌预防方法知晓情况的独立影响因素(P<0.05),年龄和疫苗价格是女性对国产HPV疫苗接受情况的独立影响因素。聚类分析识别出两类接种HPV疫苗的主要潜在群体,一类对HPV疫苗接受程度高且响应快(52.00%),另一类有较好的疾病预防意识(30.44%)。结论南京市女性对宫颈癌预防方法的知晓率一般,国产HPV疫苗的研制及优良信息传播环境的构建对女性采取疫苗接种的方式预防宫颈癌具有重要意义。

犬瘟热灭活疫苗与弱毒疫苗免疫效果的研究

为对犬瘟热病毒（CDV）灭活疫苗的免疫效果进行研究,本试验使用2%的二乙烯亚胺（BEI）常温下灭活CDV-L弱毒株28 h,经检测,该条件下CDV病毒灭活完全。将灭活病毒分别与氢氧化铝佐剂和脂肪乳佐剂以9∶1混合制成佐剂灭活疫苗。将制备的上述佐剂灭活疫苗和CDV-L弱毒活疫苗分别接种SPF级试验大鼠,分别于接种前第1周、接种后第1周、第2周、第1月、第2月、第6月、第9月这几个时间点采集大鼠血清,通过间接ELISA和血清中和法测定抗体效价。结果显示,制备的佐剂灭活疫苗间接ELISA抗体效价最高达1.026 6和1.056 2,血清中和效价最高达4 197和3 762,免疫时效长约9个月,弱毒活疫苗间接ELISA抗体效价最高为0.176 3,血清中和效价最高为1 877,免疫时效约为6个月。BEI灭活疫苗的抗体效价及免疫时效均高于弱毒活疫苗。