New insights into the extraction of invisible gold in a low-grade high-sulfur Carlin-type gold concentrate by bio-pretreatment

To extract gold from a low-grade(13.43 g/t) and high-sulfur(39.94wt% sulfide sulfur) Carlin-type gold concentrate from the Nibao deposit, Guizhou, a bio-pretreatment followed by carbon-in-pulp(CIP) cyanide leaching process was used. Various methods were used to detect the low-grade gold in the concentrate; however, only time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS) was successful. With bio-pretreatment, the gold recovery rate increased by approximately 70.16% compared with that obtained by direct cyanide leaching of the concentrate. Various attempts were made to increase the final gold recovery rate. However, approximately 20wt% of the gold was non-extractable. To determine the nature of this non-extractable gold, mineralogy liberation analysis(MLA), formation of secondary product during the bio-pretreatment, and the preg-robbing capacity of the carbonaceous matter in the ore were investigated. The results indicated that at least four factors affected the gold recovery rate: gold occurrence, tight junctions of gold-bearing pyrite with gangue minerals, jarosite coating of the ore, and the carbonaceous matter content.

Pretreatment of copper-bearing refractory gold ores by bio-heap leaching

The refractory gold ores associated with rich copper and trapped in pyrite and quartz were studied. With conventional technique （all-sliming cyanidation）, the gold recovery rate is only 51.78%. To eliminate the negative effects of copper and pyrite on cyanidation and increase the gold recovery rate, the investigation on bio-heap leaching pretreatment was made, by which Cu would be dissolved and gold would be liberated from pyrite. The experiment adopted mixed bacteria, mainly ThiobaciUus ferrooxidan （named T.fl ）, as the bacterial catalyst for bio-preconditioning and was carried out in a PVC column with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 1.3 m loaded with gold ores. The temperature was controlled between 28 and 30℃, the pH value was kept between 2.0-2.5, and the flux of sprinkling bacterial liquid was maintained 0.80 L/h. After 45-day＇s bio-oxidization, among the samples sizing from 0 to 5 mm, the oxidation rates of Cu, Fe and S were respectively 44.62%, 28.16% and 25.46%, and the gold recovery rate by cyaniding increased to 80.35%. The bio-heap leaching pretreatment can therefore effectively dissolve Cu and liberate gold from pyrite and lead to the increase of gold extraction.

Preparation and the Pore Structure of Viscose-based Activated Carbon Fibers Treated with Pretreatment Reagents

The viscose rayon was pretreated with four different pre-treatment reagents respectively, and the preparation ofactivated carbon fibers (ACF) was performed undersame carbonizing and activating conditions. The poresize distribution, the specific surface area, and the porestructure parameter of these viscose - based ACF werestudied by using quartz spring balance BET- weightmethod. The experiment result indicates that the poresize distribution and the pore structure parameter ofACF is varied by using different pretreatment reagents.

Biological pretreatment of Yellow River water

Bio-ceramic filter(BF) and moving-bed biofilm reactor(MBBR) were used for biological pretreatment of Yellow River water in this study. The BF only had slight advantage over MBBR for TOC and ammonia removal. However, like UV_ 254 , the average removal rate of THMFP in the BF was much higher than that in the MBBR. UV_ 254 removal did not show obvious correlation with trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) removal. Hexachlorocyclohexane could be effectively removed in both BF and MBBR. As for diatom and cyanobateria removal the MBBR had better performance than the BF, which was contrary to the average chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) removal rate. The proposal was made in this study that biological flocculation and sedimentation of sloughed biofilm should play a more important role on algae removal in the MBBR than in the BF. The BF and MBBR could effectively remove microcystins. Moreover, MBBR could be a promising technology for biological pretreatment.

Study on cationic dye adsorption of bio-chars prepared from thermal-alkaline-pretreated sludge

Sludge bio-char(SC)and thermal-alkaline treated sludge bio-char(TSC)were prepared from municipal sewage sludge(RS)and thermal-alkaline treated sludge sediments(STAS)through fast pyrolysis under nitrogen existence condition to remove cationic red X-GRL(A)and cationic yellow X-6G(B)from aqueous solutions.Results of adsorption experiment show that the adsorption capacities of TSC are better than the adsorption capacities of SC.The highest adsorption capacity of 47.65 mg/g for A and 45.41mg/g for B are obtained by TSC in an isotherm experiment at 2.0 g/L dosage and 25°C temperature.TSC adsorption for the two kinds of cationic dyes can be well fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model.

Treatment of Dyes Wastewater by a New Kind of Bio - Fluid Bed

A new kind of bio-fluid bed used to treat dyes wastewater is described in detail due to its several special features,such as high removal efficiency,simple struc-ture,shock load resistance,etc.By means of analyzing the experiment data,the results show that the dye wastewater’s organic matter is removed greatly after be-ing treated by this new kind of bio-fluid bed.On the other hand,the removal efficiency of chromaticity of

生物质预处理催化热解制备液体燃料研究进展

随着能源需求的不断增长和环境问题的日益突出,生物质催化热解制备液体燃料技术成为一种可持续发展的能源利用方式。生物质直接热解生成的生物油成分复杂、热值低、含氧量高、酸性强,制约了生物油的应用。从热解机理、生物质预处理、催化剂和预处理和催化耦合技术等方面综述了影响生物油品质的主要因素。指出预处理技术普遍存在时间长的缺点,使用催化剂会导致生物油产率的降低,而预处理和催化耦合技术有望突破这2项技术难点;生物质快速热解定向制备富烃生物油、催化剂的选择与优化、预处理和催化耦合技术将是生物质快速热解制备高品质液体燃料的主要研究方向。

灰分中碱和碱土金属对生物质快速热解生物油组分的影响

生物质灰分中的碱和碱土金属(AAEMs)对快速热解生物油的产率和组分分布具有显著影响。本研究选取玉米秸秆为原料,研究梯级脱灰预处理(蒸馏水、醋酸铵和盐酸)对AAEMs的选择性脱除及其生物油组分的影响,研究了碱和碱土金属类别(K、Ca、Na和Mg)、盐质量分数(0.5%、2.5%、5%)和不同钾盐的酸根(SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、CO_(3)^(2-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、AC^(-)、PO_(4)^(3-))对生物油组分的影响。结果表明,在梯级脱灰预处理过程中,随着脱灰溶液酸性程度加深,AAEMs的脱除率逐渐上升,根据AAEMs在梯级脱灰过程中的选择性脱除规律,可将其在生物质中的赋存形态分为水溶性(K)、离子交换性(Ca和Mg)和酸溶性(Na)等形态。经过碱和碱土金属盐浸渍后,AAEMs将起到催化剂的作用,促进热解中间产物左旋葡聚糖的二次降解,导致其相对含量显著降低,形成更多的呋喃和酮类等轻质含氧化合物,导致2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、酮类和长链烷烃等组分的含量显著增加。不同钾盐酸根离子对脱水糖的二次裂解反应及木质素芳基醚键和酚羟基的裂解反应具有较大的影响,根据酸根的酸性强弱,对脱水糖裂解反应的影响大小顺序为HCO_(3)^(-)>CO_(3)^(2-)>AC^(-)>PO_(4)^(3-)>Cl^(-)>NO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2-),而对木质素芳基醚键和酚羟基的裂解反应影响大小顺序为CO_(3)^(2)->Cl^(-)>HCO_(3)^(-)PO_(4)^(3-)≈AC^(-)>SO_(4)^(2-)≈NO_(3)^(-).

水热及水热氧化预处理对棉秆基成型炭和活性炭性能的影响

水热及水热氧化预处理可以调整生物质内部组分占比,有效促进生物质资源多元化利用。以棉秆为实验原料,经160℃~260℃水热及水热氧化预处理后制备成型炭和活性炭,并使用范式法、热重分析和X射线光电子能谱等测试手段,分析了水热及水热氧化预处理后生物质内部组分的演变对棉秆基成型炭和活性炭的产率、理化性能的影响。结果表明:水热及水热氧化预处理后棉秆中半纤维素和纤维素的分解有利于成型炭的产率和能量密度的增加;与水热预处理相比,水热氧化预处理进一步提高了成型炭的产率及热值,可在一定程度上降低预处理强度;棉秆基活性炭的总产率受预处理产率和活化产率的综合影响;随着水热及水热氧化预处理温度的升高,活性炭总产率呈现先升高后降低趋势,并在预处理温度为200℃获得的最大产率分别为36.95%和29.17%;与原料活性炭相比,水热及水热氧化预处理棉秆基活性炭的前驱体表面含氧官能团含量显著提升,有利于后续的氯化锌活化,得到的活性炭比表面积显著增加,吸附性能更优;此外,在180℃和200℃下水热氧化后的棉秆基活性炭碘吸附值均达到GB/T 13803.2-1999制净水用活性炭的二级品标准。

基于生物基衍生有机溶剂的木质纤维素预处理研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生资源,但纤维素、半纤维素、木质素三组分之间复杂的键合结构限制了其有效的转化利用。有机溶剂预处理是消除这种顽抗性的有效方法,其能有效拆解三组分、提高纤维素酶水解性能,并回收高纯木质素组分。随着对溶剂绿色和可持续性的要求,预处理有机溶剂正逐渐向生物基衍生溶剂方向发展,近期已有多种新型的生物基衍生溶剂预处理的报道。本文系统综述了基于Hansen溶度参数理论和CHEM21绿色溶剂指南的有机溶剂预处理体系设计,分别归类为均相体系、两相体系和多元相转化体系,归纳了生物基衍生预处理有机溶剂应用的研究进展,在此基础上探论了生物基衍生溶剂预处理面临的挑战和应用前景,以期为木质纤维素类生物质的有机溶剂预处理体系的设计和选择提供参考。

液氮低温预处理下生物质热解产物特性

生物质作为一种可再生能源,具有来源广、多功能、碳中和等特点。生物质的高值资源化利用有利于降低对高碳化石能源的依赖程度,保障国家能源安全,减少环境污染,符合中国“双碳”国家战略需要。热解作为生物质热化学转化的基础,是实现生物质能高值利用的最佳技术之一,但是存在生物油产率低与品质差的核心问题。针对以上问题,创新性将低温冷冻技术应用于生物质热解领域,提出“低温冷冻+快速热解”的生物质制油新方法,拟提高热解生物油产率和品质。以2种农作物秸秆为实验研究对象,采用液氮快速冷冻预处理方法,研究了低温预处理下生物质热解产物分布与组成的演变机理。实验表明,与常规热解相比,液氮低温预处理后生物质热解生物油产率升幅可达14.16%~23.73%,且低温预处理温度与生物油产率呈正相关关系,在-90℃低温预处理下生物油产率达最大值(22.3%~26.3%),超出铝甑法生物油产率8.50%~22.71%。液氮低温预处理对生物油成分分布有明显的转化作用,生物油组成中苯系物(BTEX)与酚类物质有明显上升,最大涨幅分别为43.61%和12.45%。液氮低温预处理抑制了生物质热解气中CO_(2)和CO的释放,成分占比降幅了7.2%~29.7%;促进CH_(4)和H_(2)的生成,成分占比提高了0.2%~14.7%。此外,低温预处理使固体产物元素组成中C元素质量分数增加,同时O元素质量分数下降,这有利于提高生物炭的可燃性,并降低其自燃风险。

生物氧化提金中基于PSO-LSSVM的氧化还原电位建模研究

生物氧化预处理过程是一个复杂非线性的耦合过程,该过程关键参数氧化还原电位通常难以准确检测。为了预估该参数,将PSO算法与LSSVM相结合构建生物氧化预处理过程氧化还原电位预估模型。该模型采用改进的PSO算法优化LSSVM模型参数,克服了参数选择的盲目性和耗时,具有学习速度迅速、预测精度较高以及泛化能力强的优点。以新疆某金矿的实际数据进行仿真研究,结果表明:改进的PSO-LSSVM方法建立的模型的预测值与实测值拟合较好,对于生物氧化预处理过程的关键参数氧化还原电位的预估有一定的指导意义。

麦草的生物-化学制浆

报导了用两种菌Ceriporiopsis subvermispora(C.S.)和Phlebia suberialis(P.S.)分别预处理麦草对碱-蒽醌(AQ)蒸煮得到麦草浆、纸性质的影响。结果表明:菌预处理麦草能提高脱木素和碳水化合物的降解作用,P.S.比C.S.预处理更能提高纸浆的白度、降低卡伯值和黏度。菌预处理浆在所有磨浆度情况下可提高纸页的松密度、白度和撕裂指数,而降低抗张和破裂指数,C.S.比P.S.预处理浆对提高纸页松密度和降低抗张、破裂指数更加明显。还研究了阳离子聚乙烯醇(CPVA)用作干强添加剂改性纤维能够弥补菌预处理对纸页强度的损失。C.S.比P.S.预处理的碱-AQ麦草浆更易吸附CPVA,从而提高纸页强度。应用CPVA对菌预处理未磨浆工磨浆的纤维,在相同抗张强度情况下,都能达到降低纸页定量的目的。

硫酸-乙醇预处理玉米芯制取生物乙醇研究

在用木质纤维素生产生物乙醇的过程中,原料的预处理是影响酶解糖化和发酵的关键因素之一。以玉米芯为原料,研究了硫酸-乙醇预处理方法中硫酸质量分数、预处理时间、预处理温度、固液比对酶解的影响。结果表明,硫酸-乙醇预处理的最优工艺条件如下:硫酸质量分数为2%,乙醇体积分数为50%,预处理时间为60 min,预处理温度为120℃,固液比为1∶10(g∶m L)。在该条件下,玉米芯的酶解得率从未处理的11.32%提高到68.48%;玉米芯纤维素质量分数显著增加,从之前的34.48%增加到70.25%;木质素的脱除效果明显,木质素的质量分数从之前的21.43%下降到7.86%,木质素的脱除率达到63.32%。对比预处理前后玉米芯结晶度的变化发现,硫酸-乙醇预处理使玉米芯的晶状结构受到破坏,有利于酶解糖化。预处理后的滤液可以再次回用到预处理过程,减少了蒸馏、回收乙醇的次数,降低了能量消耗,减少了运行成本。

microRNA-455-5p alleviates neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Neuroinflammation is a major pathophysiological factor that results in the development of brain injury after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.Downregulation of microRNA(miR)-455-5p after ischemic stroke has been considered a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for neuronal injury after ischemia.However,the role of miR-455-5p in the post-ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory response and the underlying mechanism have not been evaluated.In this study,mouse models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour followed by reperfusion.Agomir-455-5p,antagomir-455-5p,and their negative controls were injected intracerebroventricularly 2 hours before or 0 and 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).The results showed that cerebral ischemia/reperfusion decreased miR-455-5p expression in the brain tissue and the peripheral blood.Agomir-455-5p pretreatment increased miR-455-5p expression in the brain tissue,reduced the cerebral infarct volume,and improved neurological function.Furthermore,primary cultured microglia were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 3 hours followed by 21 hours of reoxygenation to mimic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.miR-455-5p reduced C-C chemokine receptor type 5 mRNA and protein levels,inhibited microglia activation,and reduced the production of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin-1β.These results suggest that miR-455-5p is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and that it alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 expression and reducing the neuroinflammatory response.

Overview of In—Situ Biodegradation and Enhancement

Microbial degradation technologies have been developed to restore ground water quality in aquifers polluted by organic contaminants effectively in recent years. However, in course of the degradation, the formation of biofilms in ground water remediation technology can be detrimental to the effectiveness of a ground water remediation project. Several alternatives are available to a remedial design engineer, such as Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) and in -situ bioremediation, Hydrogen Releasing Compounds (HRCs) barrier, Oxygen Releasing Compounds (ORCs) barrier etc. which are efficient and cost- effective technologies. Excessive biomass formation renders a barrier ineffective in degrading the contaminants, Efforts are made to develop kinetics models which accurately determine bio - fouling and bio - filn formation and to control excessive biomass formation.

希腊高砷金精矿生物氧化预处理-氰化浸出试验研究

针对希腊精矿中砷品位(7.35%)高的特点,进行了希腊精矿单独生物氧化预处理—氰化浸出、希腊精矿与锦丰精矿按一定比例配矿后生物氧化预处理—氰化浸出试验研究,分析了生物氧化过程中矿浆pH和氧化还原电位随时间的变化情况。结果表明:希腊精矿和锦丰精矿配矿(质量比1∶4)后生物氧化预处理—氰化浸出效果明显优于希腊精矿单独处理,且极大缩短了生物氧化时间,提高了希腊精矿金浸出率;生物氧化过程中pH和氧化还原电位高于希腊精矿单独处理时的指标,其pH值稳定在1.18左右,氧化还原电位平均为582 mV。该研究结果为高砷金精矿的处理提供了一种思路。

A comprehensive evaluation of re-circulated bio-filter as a pretreatment process for petroleum refinery wastewater

Conventional biological treatment process is not very efficient for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater （PRW） that contains high-concentration of organic contaminants. Prior to biological treatment, an additional pretreatment process for PRW is required for the effluent to meet the discharge standards. While re-circulated bio-filter （RBF） has been applied as a pretreatment process in several PRW treatment plants, its effects have not been comprehen- sively evaluated. In this study, the parameters of operation, the changes in pollution indexes and contaminant composition in an engineered RBF have been investigated. We found that mainly highly active de-carbonization bacteria were present in the RBF, while no nitrification bacteria were found in the RBF. This indicated the absence of nitrification in this process. The biodegradable organic contaminants were susceptible to degradation by RBF, which decreased the Biological Oxygen Demand （BODs） by 83.64% and the Chemical Oxygen Demand （CODcr） by 54.63%. Consequently, the alkalinity and pH value of RBF effluent significantly increased, which was unfavorable for the control of operating parameters in subsequent biological treatment. Along with the decrease of CODcr, the RBF effluent exhibited a reduction in biodegradability. 834 kinds of recalcitrant polar organic contaminants remained in the effluent; most of the contaminant molecules having complex structures of aromatic, polycyclic and heterocyclic rings. The results of this study showed that RBF could efficiently treat PRW for biodegradable organic contaminants removal; however, it is difficult to treat bio-refractory organic contaminants, which was unfavorable for the subsequent biological treatment process operation. An improved process might provide overall guarantees for the PRW treatment.