Functional Optical Fiber Sensors Detecting Imperceptible Physical/Chemical Changes for Smart Batteries

The battery technology progress has been a contradictory process in which performance improvement and hidden risks coexist.Now the battery is still a“black box”,thus requiring a deep understanding of its internal state.The battery should“sense its internal physical/chemical conditions”,which puts strict requirements on embedded sensing parts.This paper summarizes the application of advanced optical fiber sensors in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage technologies that may be mass deployed,focuses on the insights of advanced optical fiber sensors into the processes of one-dimensional nano-micro-level battery material structural phase transition,electrolyte degradation,electrode-electrolyte interface dynamics to three-dimensional macro-safety evolution.The paper contributes to understanding how to use optical fiber sensors to achieve“real”and“embedded”monitoring.Through the inherent advantages of the advanced optical fiber sensor,it helps clarify the battery internal state and reaction mechanism,aiding in the establishment of more detailed models.These advancements can promote the development of smart batteries,with significant importance lying in essentially promoting the improvement of system consistency.Furthermore,with the help of smart batteries in the future,the importance of consistency can be weakened or even eliminated.The application of advanced optical fiber sensors helps comprehensively improve the battery quality,reliability,and life.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Horns Sheaths Particles for the Manufacture of Composite Materials

Salvaged cow horns from slaughterhouses have been transformed into fine particles for a physical characterization that has led us to determine the humidity rate (2.34% ± 0.054%), the actual density situated between 0.586 g/cm3 and 0.732 g/cm3, the swelling rate (12%), and one chemical characterization that permitted us to determine the rate of dry matters (97.05%), of mineral matters (2.5%), of protein matters (94.52%). From these weak values, it can easily be seen that cow horn case doesn’t absorb much water and improve the mechanical characteristics of the composite;the high rate of protein shows that keratin which is the structural molecule favors its gripping as reinforcing element in the manufacturing of composite materials.

Spinning from Nature:Engineered Preparation and Application of High-Performance Bio-Based Fibers

Many natural fibers are lightweight and display remarkable strength and toughness.These properties originate from the fibers’hierarchical structures,assembled from the molecular to macroscopic scale.The natural spinning systems that produce such fibers are highly energy efficient,inspiring researchers to mimic these processes to realize robust artificial spinning.Significant developments have been achieved in recent years toward the preparation of high-performance bio-based fibers.Beyond excellent mechanical properties,bio-based fibers can be functionalized with a series of new features,thus expanding their sophisticated applications in smart textiles,electronic sensors,and biomedical engineering.Here,recent progress in the construction of bio-based fibers is outlined.Various bioinspired spinning methods,strengthening strategies for mechanically strong fibers,and the diverse applications of these fibers are discussed.Moreover,challenges in reproducing the mechanical performance of natural systems and understanding their dynamic spinning process are presented.Finally,a perspective on the development of biological fibers is given.

Physical-Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Bast Fibers of <i>Triumfetta cordifolia</i>A.Rich. from the Equatorial Region of Cameroon

The project consists in the implementation of a biocomposite based on tannin resin and natural rubber matrices with the bast fibres of Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich.“Okong” from the equatorial region of Cameroon as reinforcement. A study of this still little known fibre is necessary. This paper evaluates the physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of the fibers. The fibers are extracted by us. A series of experiments is conducted for this purpose: morphological observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM);density evaluation with a helium pycnometer;absorption rate evaluation according to the protocol available in the literature, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR), chemical composition evaluation according to ASTM 1972 and ASTM 1977 standards, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile tests on fiber bundles according to NF T25-501-3. The results show that the fiber is made up of several elementary fibers with oval cross-sections. A density of 1.477g/cm3 close to that of hemp. These fibers have a water absorption rate of 342.5%, which correlates with the presence of free hydroxyl functional groups obtained from the spectrometry study (FT-IR). Chemical analysis reveals that the fiber is made up of celluloses (44.4%), hemicelluloses (30.8%), lignins (18.9%), pectins (3.3%), waxes (0.5%) and minerals (2.1%). In addition, we learn that the fibers studied dehydrate at 11.49%, showinga notable thermal stability around 235°C with a peak thermal decomposition of cellulose located at 420°C. In terms of mechanical behaviour, the results reveal that the fibers offer a Young’s modulus in traction of 12.4 ± 6.9 GPa, a tensile strength of 526 ± 128 MPa and an elongation at break of 2.25%. The information thus obtained makes it possible to place these fibers in the same fiber group as flax and jute. They could therefore be used for the same types of applications. They also inform us that these fibers can withstand the temperatures of composite shaping by thermocompression.

Chemical reduction-induced fabrication of graphene hybrid fibers for energy-dense wire-shaped supercapacitors

The emerging one-dimensional wire-shaped supercapacitors(SCs)with structural advantages of low mass/volume structural advantages hold great interests in wearable electronic engineering.Although graphene fiber(GF)has full of vigor and tremendous potentiality as promising linear electrode for wire-shaped SCs,simultaneously achieving its facile fabrication process and satisfactory electrochemical performance still remains challenging to date.Herein,two novel types of graphene hybrid fibers,namely ferroferric oxide dots(FODs)@GF and N-doped carbon polyhedrons(NCPs)@GF,have been proposed via a simple and efficient chemical reduction-induced fabrication.Synergistically coupling the electroactive units(FODs and NCPs)with conductive graphene nanosheets endows the fiber-shaped architecture with boosted electrochemical activity,high flexibility and structural integrity.The resultant FODs@GF and NCPs@GF hybrid fibers as linear electrodes both exhibit excellent electrochemical behaviors,including large volumetric specific capacitance,good rate capability,as well as favorable electrochemical kinetics in ionic liquid electrolyte.Based on such two linear electrodes and ionogel electrolyte,a highperformance wire-shaped SC is effectively assembled with ultrahigh volumetric energy density(26.9 mW·cm^(-3)),volumetric power density(4900 mW·cm^(-3))and strong durability over 10,000 cycles under straight/bending states.Furthermore,the assembled wire-shaped SC with excellent flexibility and weavability acts as efficient energy storage device for the application in wearable electronics.

Fibrous TiO_2 prepared by chemical vapor deposition using activated carbon fibers as template via adsorption,hydrolysis and calcinations

TiO2 fibers were prepared via alternatively introducing water vapor and Ti precursor carried by N2 to an APCVD(chemical vapor deposition under atmospheric pressure) reactor at ≤200 °C. Activated carbon fibers(ACFs) were used as templates for deposition and later removed by calcinations. The obtained catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) ,transmission electron microscopy(TEM) ,Brunauer,Emmett and Teller(BET) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis. The pores within TiO2 fibers included micro-range and meso-range,e.g.,7 nm,and the specific surface areas for TiO2 fibers were 141 m2/g and 148 m2/g for samples deposited at 100 °C and 200 °C(using ACF1700 as template) ,respectively. The deposition temperature significantly influenced TiO2 morphology. The special advantages of this technique for preparing porous nano-material include no consumption of organic solvent in the process and easy control of deposition conditions and speeds.

Chemical Modification of Silk Fibers with Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

Silk fibers have been grafted with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and characteristics of the grafted silk fibers were analyzed in relation to the graft yield on the basis of the tensile properties, dyeing behaviour, durability during laundering and solubility of the specimen in NaOH solution. The amount of the acid dye absorbed by the fibers decreased with increasing graft yield, while the value of rating for washing fastness on silk fibers was almost unchanged by the graft treatment. The breaking loads of the fiber were almost unchanged whereas rigidity of the fibers increased after graft treatment. Graft treatment enhanced silk fiber durability during laundering and in NaOH solution.

Preparation and mechanism of calcium phosphate coatings on chemical modified carbon fibers by biomineralization

In order to prepare HA coatings on the carbon fibers,chemical modification and biomineralization processes were applied.The phase components,morphologies,and possible growth mechanism of calcium phosphate were studied by infrared spectroscopy(IR),X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that calcium phosphate coating on carbon fibers can be obtained by biomineralization.But the phase components and morphologies of calcium phosphate coatings are different due to different modification methods.Plate-like CaHPO4.2H2O(DCPD)crystals grow from one site of the active centre by HNO3 treatment.While on the para-aminobenzoic acid treated fibers,the coating is composed of nano-structural HA crystal homogeneously.This is because the -COOH functional groups of para-aminobenzoic acid graft on fibers,with negative charge and arranged structure,accelerating the HA crystal nucleation and crystallization on the carbon fibers.

Edge Blunting of Hard Alloy Cutter Blade for Cutting Chemical Fibers

Through the establishment mathematical model and experimental verification, the course of blunting of hard alloy cutter blade for cutting chemical fiber have been studied. The result shows that the cutter blade sharpness would be greatly reduced in the course of fiber cutting as the initial edge radius and edge angle, the linear wear, and the notch depth of cutter blade are increased. The blunting of cutter blade in the course of fiber cutting can be divided into four stages. The reducing degree of the sharpness is different in different stages. The linear wear of cutter blade is almost negligible. The blunting of the cutter blade is directly related to the depth of notches generated on the cutting edge. The deeper the notch, the more the cutter blade sharpness would be decreased.

Effect of chemical vapor infiltration treatment on the wave-absorbing performance of carbon fiber/cement composites

Short carbon fibers were treated at high temperatures around 1100℃ through chemical vapor infiltration technology. A thinner layer ofpyrocarbon was deposited on the fiber surface. The dispersion of carbon fibers in a cement matrix and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/cement composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and other tests. The reflec- tivity of electromagnetic waves by the composites was measured in the frequency range of 8.0-18 GHz for different carbon fiber contents of 0.2wt%, 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 1.0wt%. The results show that the reflectivity tends to increase with the increase of fiber content above 0.4wt%. The minimum reflectivity is -19.3 dB and the composites exhibit wave-absorbing performances. After pyrocarbon is deposited on the fiber, all the refiectivity data are far greater. They are all above -10 dB and display mainly wave-reflecting performances.

A Case Study of Search Engine on World Wide Web for Chemical Fiber Engineering

Search engine is an effective approach to promote the service quality of the World Wide Web. On terms of the analysis of search engines at home and abroad, the developing principle of search engines is given according to the requirement of Web information for chemical fiber engineering. The implementation method for the communication and dynamic refreshment of information on home page of the search engines are elaborated by using programming technology of Active Server Page 3.0 (ASP3.0). The query of chemical fiber information and automatic linking of chemical fiber Web sites can be easily realized by the developed search engine under Internet environment according to users' requirement.

Chemicals Used in Polymeric Material Coated Waste Paper Composites

In this research, at different quantities as fillers, Boric Acid, Calcite (CaCO3), SPT (Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate) and as coupling matters, 3%, MAPE (Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polyethylene), Titanate and Silanyl (Vinyltriethoxysilane) were added waste paper. Composite boards were pressed and cut in 1 × 30 × 30 cm. In order to identify some properties of the produced boards, experimental works were applied according to the standards. In conclusion, bending stress reduced with filler materials and chemicals was reduced even more than the bending stress except for some experimental groups. In addition, it was observed that the coupling chemicals increased the bending strength and modulus of elasticity compared to the fillers.

Oxidation Modification of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fiber and Its Electro-Chemical Performance as Marine Electrode for Electric Field Test

A novel sensor for ocean electric field testing has been fabricated by polyacrylonitrile-based on carbon fibers with electro-chemical oxidation.The surface profile characteristics of the carbon fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectra and contact angle.Cyclic voltammetry and Tafel curves have been used to study its electro-chemical performances.Two identical electrodes in sea water as the electric field sensor will swiftly respond to applied electric field which causes positive and negative ions to move in opposite direction,resulting in a electric potential difference(ΔE).Test result indicates that the offset potential is typically below 1 m V with a drift of 60-170μVd^-1.Typical self noise level is 1.07 nV√Hz^(1/2)@1 Hz.The electric field response indicates that the modified electrode pair shows better response to AC sine signal of amplitude and frequency(5 mV and 1 mHz)respectively than its blank.The electric field response model of the modified electrodes is creatively presented according to its electric double layer capacitance and Faraday pseudo-capacitance.Many advantages of the carbon fiber electric field electrode will make it have potential application prospect.

Microstructure of carbon fiber preform and distribution of pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor infiltration

The carbon/carbon composites were made by chemical vapor infiltration(CVI) with needled felt preform. The distribution of the pyrolytic carbon in the carbon fib er preform was studied by polarized light microscope(PLM) and scanning electroni c microscope(SEM). The experimental results indicate that the amount of pyrolyti c carbon deposited on the surface of chopped carbon fiber is more than that on t he surface of long carbon fiber. The reason is the different porosity between th e layer of chopped carbon fiber and long carbon fiber. The carbon precursor gas which passes through the part of chopped carbon fibers decomposes and deposits o n the surface of chopped carbon fiber. The pyrolytic carbon on the surface of lo ng carbon fibers is produced by the carbon precursor gas diffusing from the chop ped fiber and the Z-d fiber. Uniform pore distribution and porosity in preform are necessary for producing C/C composites with high properties.

The Application of Air-flow to the Technological Process of Chemical Fiber

The air-flow’s states and ways acted on the technological process of chemical fiber are summed up, which includes chip drying, spinning quenching as well as airjet texturing (air texturing, tangling texturing and bulked continuous filament (BCF)),and the effect of air-flow on the process and quality of chemical fiber is studied,and the action of mechanics and heat on the bulked continuous filament are calculated.

Preparation and Characterization of Raw and Chemically Modified Sponge-Gourd Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

This research work has been undertaken to fabricate environmentally friendly biocomposites for biomedical and household applications. Sponge-gourd fibers (SGF) obtained from Luffa cylindrica plant were chemically treated separately using 5 and 10 wt% NaOH, acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride solutions. SGF reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites were fabricated using melt compounding technique. Surface morphological, structural, mechanical and thermal properties, as well as antibacterial activities of raw and chemically modified SGF reinforced PLA (SGF-PLA) composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, universal testing method, thermogravimetry, and Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method, respectively. Surface morphology indicates that after treatment of fibers, the interfacial adhesion between PLA and fibers is improved. X-ray diffractometry result shows that chemical treatment of fibers improves the crystallinity and exhibits new chemical bond formation in the composites. After chemical treatment, compressive strength of the composites is found to increase by 10% - 35%. The thermal stability of the treated fiber reinforced composites is also found to increase significantly. The composites have no antibacterial activities and no cytotoxic effect on non-cancer cell line. Soil burial test has confirmed that the composites are biodegradable. Benzoyl chloride treatment of fibers shows superior mechanical properties and enhances thermal stability among the composites.

Physico-Chemical and Thermal Characterization of a Lignocellulosic Fiber, Extracted from the Bast of <i>Cola lepidota</i>Stem

In this research work, fiber extracted from the bark of Cola lepidota (CL) plant, grown in the flora of Southern part of Cameroon, was investigated for composites reinforcement. The investigation was carried via evaluation of water absorption capacity, moisture content, real density, porosity, chemical composition, chemical structure and thermal behaviour. It was discovered that the new fiber has relatively low moisture content and water absorption capacity similar to those of other investigated natural fibers such as flax, sisal, coconut, hemp and jute. Its porosity was found appropriate for composite production and the fiber was found to be thermally stable up to 230°C, with maximum degradation temperature of 325°C. The main constituents of the fibre include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In conclusion, based on the properties investigated, this fiber is considered suitable for composite manufacture.

Effect of Combined Chemical Treatment on Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Posidonia Fiber

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chemical treatment method on the properties of Posidonia fibers. The chemical treatment which is carried out is a combined hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide treatment. First, an investigation of the treatment processes was undertaken. Secondly, the physical properties (linear density, diameter and ratio length per diameter), the mechanical properties (tenacity, elongation) and chemical properties (FT-IR spectra and X ray diffraction) of posidonia fibers were investigated. The optimum operating conditions were identified using a factorial design.

The 12th Asia Chemical Fiber Industries Federation Conference 2019 showed you the report of Asian chemical fiber industry

On April 11th, the 12th Asian Chemical Fiber Conference, the high-est-level professional meeting of the Asian chemical fibre industry, was held in Bali, Indonesia. The theme of the conference was “Sustainable development of chemical fibers”. It was represented by chemical fibre associations from nine countries and regions in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan China and Thailand attended the meeting.