Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors(PBRs)has emerged as a promising and sustainable approach to address various environmental and energy challenges,offering a multitude of benefits across diverse applications.R...Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors(PBRs)has emerged as a promising and sustainable approach to address various environmental and energy challenges,offering a multitude of benefits across diverse applications.Recent developments in microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors have contributed substantially to the development and optimization of sustainable bioprocesses.This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent innovations and breakthroughs in the field of microalgae cultivation,with a specific focus on their application in photobioreactors,aimed at paving the way for a greener future.This study in-depth examines the advantages of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors,concentrating on its effectiveness in wastewater treatment,CO_(2)bioremediation,and the production of biofuels and high-value products.The review evaluates the effects of light,solar irradiation,temperature,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in culture media,CO_(2)concentrations,and pH on microalgae growth performance,including specific growth and biomass productivity.The study also examines open systems like unstirred ponds,raceway ponds,and circular ponds and closed systems like horizontal tubular,vertical bubble-column,airlift,flat panel,and plastic-bag photobioreactors,comparing their pros and cons.To optimize microalgae cultivation,key factors in photobioreactor design,including photosynthetic efficiencies,light/dark(L/D)cycles,CO_(2)concentrations,mass transfer,hydrodynamics behavior,and p H,are extensively investigated.In addition,the review outlines recent developments in large-scale photobioreactors and highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with photobioreactor scale-up and design parameter optimization,including genetic engineering and economic feasibility.This article is a vital resource for researchers,engineers,and industry professionals seeking sustainable bioprocesses and the application of microalgae-based technologies.展开更多
The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen （N） production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements. Without mineral N, a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same a...The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen （N） production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements. Without mineral N, a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same amount of food, impacting biodiversity. Alternative N sources include solar and wind to power the Haber-Bosch process, and the organic options such as green manures, marine algae and aquatic azolla. Solar power was the most land-efficient renewable source of N, with using a tenth as much land as wind energy, and at least 100th as much land as organic sources of N. In this paper, we developed a decision tree to locate these different sources of N at a global scale, or the first time taking into account their spatial footprint and the impact on terrestrial biodiversity while avoiding impact on albedo and cropland, based on global resource and impact datasets. This produced relatively few areas suitable for solar power in the western Americas, central southern Africa, eastern Asia and southern Australia, with areas most suited to wind at more extreme latitudes. Only about 2% of existing solar power stations are in very suitable locations. In regions such as coastal north Africa and central Asia where solar power is less accessible due to lack of farm income, green manures could be used, however, due to their very large spatial footprint only a small area of low productivity and low biodiversity was suitable for this option. Europe in particular faces challenges because it has access to a relatively small area which is suitable for solar or wind power. If we are to make informed decisions about the sourcing of alternative N supplies in the future, and our energy supply more generally, a decision-making mechanism is needed to take global considerations into account in regional land-use planning.展开更多
基金support received from Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals,King Fahd University of Petroleum&Minerals,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia with funding grant and financial support for this work through project No.INRC2318
文摘Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors(PBRs)has emerged as a promising and sustainable approach to address various environmental and energy challenges,offering a multitude of benefits across diverse applications.Recent developments in microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors have contributed substantially to the development and optimization of sustainable bioprocesses.This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent innovations and breakthroughs in the field of microalgae cultivation,with a specific focus on their application in photobioreactors,aimed at paving the way for a greener future.This study in-depth examines the advantages of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors,concentrating on its effectiveness in wastewater treatment,CO_(2)bioremediation,and the production of biofuels and high-value products.The review evaluates the effects of light,solar irradiation,temperature,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in culture media,CO_(2)concentrations,and pH on microalgae growth performance,including specific growth and biomass productivity.The study also examines open systems like unstirred ponds,raceway ponds,and circular ponds and closed systems like horizontal tubular,vertical bubble-column,airlift,flat panel,and plastic-bag photobioreactors,comparing their pros and cons.To optimize microalgae cultivation,key factors in photobioreactor design,including photosynthetic efficiencies,light/dark(L/D)cycles,CO_(2)concentrations,mass transfer,hydrodynamics behavior,and p H,are extensively investigated.In addition,the review outlines recent developments in large-scale photobioreactors and highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with photobioreactor scale-up and design parameter optimization,including genetic engineering and economic feasibility.This article is a vital resource for researchers,engineers,and industry professionals seeking sustainable bioprocesses and the application of microalgae-based technologies.
文摘The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen （N） production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements. Without mineral N, a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same amount of food, impacting biodiversity. Alternative N sources include solar and wind to power the Haber-Bosch process, and the organic options such as green manures, marine algae and aquatic azolla. Solar power was the most land-efficient renewable source of N, with using a tenth as much land as wind energy, and at least 100th as much land as organic sources of N. In this paper, we developed a decision tree to locate these different sources of N at a global scale, or the first time taking into account their spatial footprint and the impact on terrestrial biodiversity while avoiding impact on albedo and cropland, based on global resource and impact datasets. This produced relatively few areas suitable for solar power in the western Americas, central southern Africa, eastern Asia and southern Australia, with areas most suited to wind at more extreme latitudes. Only about 2% of existing solar power stations are in very suitable locations. In regions such as coastal north Africa and central Asia where solar power is less accessible due to lack of farm income, green manures could be used, however, due to their very large spatial footprint only a small area of low productivity and low biodiversity was suitable for this option. Europe in particular faces challenges because it has access to a relatively small area which is suitable for solar or wind power. If we are to make informed decisions about the sourcing of alternative N supplies in the future, and our energy supply more generally, a decision-making mechanism is needed to take global considerations into account in regional land-use planning.
