Combining controlled-release urea and normal urea with appropriate nitrogen application rate to reduce wheat stem lodging risk and increase grain yield and yield stability

A mixture of controlled-release urea and normal urea(CRUNU)is an efficient nitrogen(N)fertilizer type,but little is known about its effects on stem lodging resistance,grain yield,and yield stability of wheat.In this study,a 4-year field experiment(from 2017 to 2021)was conducted to analyze the effects of N fertilizer types(CRUNU and normal urea(NU))and application rates(low level(L),135 kg ha^(–1);medium level(M),180 kg ha^(–1);high level(H),225 kg ha^(–1))on population lodging resistance,basal internode strength,lignin content and synthetase activity,stem lodging resistance,grain yield,and yield stability of wheat.Our results showed that the two N fertilizer types had the highest lodging rate under high N application rates,and the M-CRUNU treatment showed the lowest lodging rate.Compared with NU,CRUNU improved the wheat population lodging resistance under the three N application rates,mainly related to improving wheat population characteristics and breaking the strength of the second basal internode.Correlation analysis showed that the breaking strength of the second basal internode was related to the physical characteristics,chemical components,and micro-structure of the internode.Compared with NU,CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.47,14.62,and 3.12%under low,medium,and high N application rates,respectively.In addition,CRUNU showed no significant difference in grain yield under medium and high N application rates,but it presented the highest yield stability under the medium N application rate.In summary,CRUNU,combined with the medium N application rate,is an efficient agronomic management strategy for wheat production.

Increase in yield and nitrogen use efficiency of double rice with long-term application of controlled-release urea

Controlled-release urea(CRU)has better characteristics than conventional urea for synchronizing nitrogen(N)release with plant uptake.Understanding the effects of CRU on crop yield and N use efficiency(NUE)has long been the key to evaluate the performance of CRU.A long-term experiment over five consecutive years was conducted in Changsha,Hunan Province,China,to investigate the effects of polyethylene-coated urea with a 90-d release period on the yield and NUE of double rice(early and late crops are grown in the same year),the amount of residual soil mineral N and the soil–plant N balance,as well as on the economic benefits.Four N fertilizer treatments including CK(no N fertilizer),U(conventional urea),CRU1(polyethylene-coated urea with equal N application rate to U)and CRU2(20%reduction in N application rate of CRU1)were established.The results indicated that CRU1 application increased the yield and NUE of double rice by 11.0 and 13.5%,respectively,compared with U.Higher yield and NUE of late rice were found than in early rice in CRU treatments.Compared with conventional U,the yield and NUE of early rice in the CRU1 treatment were increased by 6.0 and 10.2%,respectively,and those of late rice were increased by 15.4 and 13.8%,respectively.There was no significant difference between CRU1 and CRU2 in double rice yield.Furthermore,CRU treatments(including CRU1 and CRU2)had higher apparent residual Nmin rate(ARNR)and apparent N recovery rate(ANRR),but lower apparent N loss(NS)than the conventional U treatment.Concentrations of NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N were greater in the surface soil(0–20 cm)and lower in the deeper soil layer(40–60 cm)with CRU treatments than in the U treatment after harvest.Moreover,CRU application produced a greater economic benefit than conventional U application.In general,CRU outperformed U fertilizer in terms of rice yield,NUE,soil–plant N balance,economic benefit,and CRU2 provided greater comprehensive benefits than CRU1.It is suggested that CRU application is beneficial for solving N management challenges in the production of rice.

Strip deep rotary tillage combined with controlled-release urea improves the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in the North China Plain

Inappropriate tillage practices and nitrogen(N) management have become seriously limitations for maize(Zea mays L.) yield and N use efficiency(NUE) in the North China Plain(NCP). In the current study, we examined the effects of strip deep rotary tillage(ST) combined with controlled-release(CR) urea on maize yield and NUE, and determined the physiological factors involved in yield formation and N accumulation during a 2-year field experiment. Compared with conventional rotary tillage(RT) and no-tillage(NT), ST increased the soil water content and soil mineral N content(Nmin) in the 20–40 cm soil layer due to reduction by 10.5 and 13.7% in the soil bulk density in the 0–40 cm soil layer, respectively. Compared with the values obtained by common urea(CU) fertilization, CR increased the Nmin in the 0–40 cm soil layers by 12.4 and 10.3% at the silking and maturity stages, respectively. As a result, root length and total N accumulation were enhanced under ST and CR urea, which promoted greater leaf area and dry matter(particularly at post-silking), eventually increasing the1 000-kernel weight of maize. Thus, ST increased the maize yield by 8.3 and 11.0% compared with RT and NT, respectively, whereas CR urea increased maize yield by 8.9% above the values obtained under CU. Because of greater grain yield and N accumulation, ST combined with CR urea improved the NUE substantially. These results show that ST coupled with CR urea is an effective practice to further increase maize yield and NUE by improving soil properties and N supply, so it should be considered for sustainable maize production in the NCP(and other similar areas worldwide).

Biodegraded and Polyurethane Drape-formed Urea Fertilizer

Natural water absorbent konjac flour participates in synthesizing biodegraded and polyurethane foamed drape, which is used to release urea slowly.The experimental results indicate that the slowly-releasing velocity of urea nitrogen and the degrading velocity of the drape can be controlled by regulating the thicknesses of drapes, the amount of konjac flour and the water content. In addition, the biodegradability of the drape was investigated by burying the specimens in earth afterwards,and results show this drape can be degraded naturally.

Integrated assessment of yield,nitrogen use efficiency and ecosystem economic benefits of use of controlled-release and common urea in ratoon rice production

Controlled-release urea(CRU)is commonly used to improve the crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).However,few studies have investigated the effects of CRU in the ratoon rice system.Ratoon rice is the practice of obtaining a second harvest from tillers originating from the stubble of the previously harvested main crop.In this study,a 2-year field experiment using a randomized complete block design was conducted to determine the effects of CRU on the yield,NUE,and economic benefits of ratoon rice,including the main crop,to provide a theoretical basis for fertilization of ratoon rice.The experiment included four treatments:(i)no N fertilizer(CK);(ii)traditional practice with 5 applications of urea applied at different crop growth stages by surface broadcasting(FFP);(iii)one-time basal application of CRU(BF1);and(iv)one-time basal application of CRU combined with common urea(BF2).The BF1 and BF2 treatments significantly increased the main crop yield by 17.47 and 15.99%in 2019,and by 17.91 and 16.44%in 2020,respectively,compared with FFP treatment.The BF2 treatment achieved similar yield of the ratoon crop to the FFP treatment,whereas the BF1 treatment significantly increased the yield of the ratoon crop by 14.81%in 2019 and 12.21%in 2020 compared with the FFP treatment.The BF1 and BF2 treatments significantly improved the 2-year apparent N recovery efficiency,agronomic NUE,and partial factor productivity of applied N by 11.47-16.66,27.31-44.49,and 9.23-15.60%,respectively,compared with FFP treatment.The BF1 and BF2 treatments reduced the chalky rice rate and chalkiness of main and ratoon crops relative to the FFP treatment.Furthermore,emergy analysis showed that the production efficiency of the BF treatments was higher than that of the FFP treatment.The BF treatments reduced labor input due to reduced fertilization times and improved the economic benefits of ratoon rice.Compared with the FFP treatment,the BF1 and BF2 treatments increased the net income by 14.21-16.87 and 23.76-25.96%,respectively.Overall,the one-time blending use of CRU and common urea should be encouraged to achieve high yield,high nitrogen use efficiency,and good quality of ratoon rice,which has low labor input and low apparent N loss.

产红青霉菌对脲醛树脂的降解机制

[目的]每年有30多万吨脲醛用做树脂、粘合剂和绝缘材料,由于其降解持久性,此类物质废弃后对环境造成广泛的损害。本研究以产红青霉菌(Penicillium rubens 23229)为对象,研究其对脲醛树脂(UF)的降解过程和降解酶的性质。[方法]用X-射线衍射(XRD)和失重率评价P.rubens 23229及其酶的降解能力,通过液相-质谱联用(LC-MS)分析降解过程中间代谢产物,应用凝胶色谱柱对降解酶进行纯化。[结果]P.rubens 23229作用于UF,30 d后,材料失重率(降解率)为35%,结晶度由26.21%提升至29.44%,经计算得出,降解的35%包括UF结晶区7%,非结晶区28%;从菌种和脲醛共培养液中得到P.rubens 23229脲醛降解粗酶液,其最适作用温度为50℃,最适pH为4.0,LC-MS结果表明该粗酶液在降解过程中,首先将高分子UF主链降解,形成四甲基五脲、三甲基四脲等短链中间代谢物,然后进一步分解中间代谢产物为二氧化碳以及甲醛等终产物,降解作用位点包括脲醛主链中亚甲基与尿素间的C-N、酰胺键等。进一步对比了P.rubens 23229粗酶液与商业脲酶、蛋白酶对UF的降解能力,发现蛋白酶几乎无降解效果,脲酶有一定降解能力,但显著低于P.rubens 23229粗酶液。粗酶经纯化后降解效率提高28倍,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)显示出分子量为6.89 kD和220.83 kD的2个峰,对应前面降解过程分析,说明降解过程包含主链降解酶和中间代谢物降解酶至少2种酶的复合体系共同发挥作用。[结论]P.rubens 23229脲醛降解酶由主链降解酶和中间代谢物降解酶共同组成,其中包含脲酶作用类似的酶,但降解主链的酶与已有蛋白酶作用方式不同,其具体的组成与性质有待于进一步研究。本研究对UF的生物降解具有一定的参考价值。

降解包膜缓释化肥的制备及性能研究

目的促进化肥减量增效及发展绿色农业。方法采用全生物降解材料聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)、聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)作为包膜材料,以SBA–15分子筛负载尿素颗粒为芯材,制备缓释肥料。通过对复合膜的力学性能、润湿性、透气透湿性、吸水性进行测定,以及采用水溶出法和土壤溶出法评价尿素的氮累积释放率,对包膜肥料进行综合评定。结果实验表明,复合包膜具有良好的力学性能、保水性、透气性、耐雨冲刷等,可赋予包膜极佳的耐冲击和储水性能。另外,第28天该包膜缓释化肥在水溶出实验和土壤溶出实验得出,尿素的氮含量累积释放率分别为61.5%和55.5%,满足≤80%的国家标准。结论所制备的可降解塑料包膜缓释化肥具有缓慢释放、成本低廉、环境友好等特点,在缓释肥料的工业化应用方面具有巨大潜力。

SELF-HEALING BIODEGRADABLE POLY(UREA-URETHANE) ELASTOMERS BASED ON HYDROGEN BONDING INTERACTIONS

Self-healing poly（urea-urethane）s （PUUs） showing a tolerance to mechanical damage are particularly desirable for high-performance elastomeric biomaterials. In this study a kind of biodegradable PUUs was synthesized from poly（e-caprolactone） diol with L-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate （LDI） extended with L-lysine ethyl ester dihydrochloride （LEED） in DMF and characterized by using 1H-NMR, FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM and tensile tests. Interestingly, they exhibited a self-healing characteristic upon exposure to 37℃ for as short as 30 min with the tensile strength keeping at 4.23 MPa and the elongation at break reaching to 627%. It is revealed that increasing the hard segment content in PUUs benefits the self-healing performance, and on the opposite increasing the soft segment content contributes to the biodegradability.

Effects of reducing and postponing controlled-release urea application on soil nitrogen regulation and maize grain yield

Controlled-release urea(CRU-N)fertilizer application is a solution to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen(N),reduces economic costs and improves crop yields.It is significant to study the effects of release CRU-N reduction and the combined application of conventional urea on soil N control and the large-scale maize planting system.In this study,the effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction and postponement on soil nitrogen components,enzyme activities,and yields were investigated.Seven treatments were set up in this study,including no N fertilizer(CK),100%conventional urea(U),100%controlled-release urea(S),30%controlled-release urea(SU_(3/7)),50%controlled-release urea(SU_(5/5)),70%controlled-release urea(SU_(7/3))and Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid(PASP)-N.The results showed that mixed CRU-N and urea increased yields and net benefits compared with conventional urea at the same application rate of N,and reduced N loss.The application of CRU-N at 70%for maize represented the best overall effects.Compared with U treatment,soil ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)-N),soil nitrate-nitrogen(NO_(3)-N),and microbial biomass nitrogen(SMB-N)of CRU-N at 70%(SU_(7/3))increased by 35.00%,15.53%,and 25.04%.However,soil nitrate reductase(S-NR)and urease(S-UA)were the best in SU_(5/5) and significantly higher than other treatments.The applications of CRU-N would effectively increase soil N;CRU-N in 50%proportion can promote the maize root growth and improve the efficient utilization of N by soil microorganisms.Like the yields(9186.61 kg/hm^(2)),expertly in the proportion of 70%CRU-N(SU_(7/3))plays a vital role in a wheat-maize rotation system,which can potentially be used to improve the yields,nitrogen use efficiency,and net benefit with low N losses.In conclusion,using CRU-N fertilize effectively improves soil nitrogen,and various ratios of CRU-N can ensure the continuous release the nutrients during the growing period.And among the different proportions of CRU-N,it is optimal in SU_(7/3).

控释尿素不同施用条件下冬小麦产量和氮素利用效应

采用田间试验方法研究了控释尿素不同施用条件对冬小麦产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理,即CK(空白处理,不施氮肥)、100%PU10/0(普通尿素全量基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、100%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 192 kg·hm-2)、100%CRU(全量树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%CRU(80%树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)和40%CRU+40%PU(40%树脂包膜控释尿素+40%的普通尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,无论是产量效应还是氮素利用效应,树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)处理总体优于普通尿素(PU)处理,尤其树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素配施(40%CRU+40%PU)效果最佳,以7 709 kg·hm-2的产量、36.44%的氮肥吸收利用率、15 946元·hm-2的相对净收入达到处理间最高水平。该处理在减少氮素投入量的情况下,不仅促进了冬小麦增产,而且显著提高了肥料的利用率,拥有较高的产投比。因此,树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的配施处理(40%CRU+40%PU)是本试验条件下最优的氮肥处理。

臭氧氧化预处理难降解农药废水的研究

采用臭氧氧化技术预处理脲类农药生产废水,调节废水pH至弱碱,在此基础上考察废水臭氧氧化预处理的影响因素,得出最佳预处理条件:COD为200 mg/L,初始pH为11.3,臭氧投加量为14.2 mg/L。连续预处理180 min后,可生化性从0.12提高到0.58,说明该项技术可大大提高脲类农药废水的可生化性。

大豆蛋白改性脲醛树脂胶的合成及降解性研究

以碱水解后的大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为改性剂,替代一定量的尿素,制备大豆分离蛋白改性脲醛树脂,以改善脲醛树脂的胶合强度、游离甲醛释放及储存稳定性。分析了SPI的甲醛反应能力,以及改性脲醛树脂的胶合强度、热稳定性和生物降解性。结果表明,当SPI水解时间40 min,甲醛的反应能力达到59.23 mg/g,水解SPI尿素替代率对脲醛树脂的黏结性影响最大;当水解温度85℃,SPI取代尿素质量的15%时,优化后的树脂胶合强度达1.16 MPa。DSC分析表明改性树脂(SPI/UF)与脲醛树脂(UF)相比,比热容差减少了18.7%,SPI/UF树脂具有较好的热稳定性。SPI/UF树脂经微生物接种培养后,20 d时树脂表层有霉菌生成。

一种淀粉基互穿网络型缓释肥包膜材料的制备及性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法,以甲醛为交联剂,通过淀粉与甘油、100-37H型聚乙烯醇(PVA)多元共聚、交联,制备了一种生物降解性好的互穿网络型缓释肥包膜材料。结果显示,淀粉、甘油、甲醛和PVA的最佳质量分数比率为:20∶4.5∶6.0∶12;包膜材料所制缓释尿素缓释周期达60～80 d,符合GB/T23348—2009规定的缓释效果,其释放机制可能为溶胀-扩散释放机理。

尿素缓释膜材料——机械活化醋酸酯淀粉的制备及其膜性能

为了有效提高淀粉基质尿素缓释膜的性能,对机械活化1.0 h的木薯淀粉(MAS)进行酯化改性,制备了机械活化醋酸酯淀粉(MASA)、机械活化醋酸酯淀粉/聚乙烯醇的生物降解塑料膜(MASA/PVA)及MASA/PVA包膜尿素。用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分别对MASA的结构、形貌、热稳定性等进行测试,并与用不同取代度制备的原木薯醋酸酯淀粉/聚乙烯醇生物降解塑料膜(SA/PVA)进行比较。结果表明,机械活化淀粉经酯化改性后,结构和形貌都有很大的改变,热性能提高;MASA/PVA的性能均比SA/PVA好,以机械活化醋酸酯淀粉(取代度为0.2)原料制备的MASA/PVA浸水前的拉伸强度为3.23 MPa,断裂伸长率206.68%,24 h吸水率为115.96%,在20 d内生物降解率为36.46%。MASA/PVA包膜尿素淋溶9次后尿素总溶出率为45.69%,比SA/PVA包膜尿素降低18.12%,比普通尿素降低51.49%。用MASA/PVA包膜尿素对尿素态氮有明显的缓释作用。

新型可降解丁二酸-1,4-丁二醇-1,3-丙二醇-尿素共聚物的合成与表征

以丁二酸、1，4-丁二醇、1，3-丙二醇和尿素为原料，采用熔融缩聚法制备低分子量的聚酯酰胺预聚体，以甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）作为扩链剂对聚酯酰胺预聚体进行扩链，得到了一系列M。为1.O×1O^5～1．7×1O^5的新型可降解丁二酸-1，4-丁二醇-1，3丙二醇-尿素共聚物（聚酯酰胺），并采用流延法制备了聚酯酰胺薄膜。考察了尿素含量对聚酯酰胺热性能、结晶性能、力学性能和降解性能的影响。采用FT-IR、1^HNMR、GPC、TG、DSC和XRD等对聚酯酰胺进行了表征。结果表明，随着尿素含量的增加，聚酯酰胺的熔点和热稳定性下降。尿素的加入未改变聚酯酰胺中聚酯相的晶型，但破坏了聚酯链段的规整性，使其结晶度降低。随着尿素的加入，聚酯酰胺薄膜的力学性能和降解性能不断提高。

生物可降解型自控缓释尿素养分释放规律的研究

以4种生物可降解型自控缓释尿素（CU1、CU2、CU3、CU4）为研究材料,通过静水释放试验模拟研究了4种肥料在常温条件下的养分释放规律,采用静水释放试验研究了不同温度对CU4养分释放的影响以及采用土壤培养的方法研究了不同土壤含水量对CU4养分释放的影响。结果表明,CU1和CU2养分累积释放曲线呈倒＂L＂形,CU3和CU4养分累积释放曲线呈＂S＂形,这与非生物可降解型聚合物包膜尿素养分累积释放曲线相同。4种肥料的初溶出率为0.07%-8.77%,微分溶出率除CU1外,均低于4%,其中CU4初溶出率最低,控释效果最好,约控释85天。升高温度将增大养分释放速率,缩短控释时间,降低土壤含水量能够降低养分释放速率和养分释放总量,但不管是升温还是降低土壤含水量均不改变肥料养分累积释放曲线类型。

环保型农林保水剂研制、性能与应用

为促进保水剂在农业中应用的环境安全性与合理化,利用^(60)Coγ射线引发合成纤维素类保水剂,探索其最佳反应条件,研究尿素、不同价态阳离子对保水剂保水性能的影响,并分析保水剂在土壤中的保水性能和生物降解性,并利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)表征材料结构。结果表明,交联剂用量和CMCNa添加量分别为单体总质量的0.2%和20%,吸收剂量为8.47 kGy,是最佳反应条件,此时保水剂在去离子水中吸水倍率为367 g/g,15天生物降解率为6.41%。尿素浓度对保水剂的保水性能影响较小,而阳离子可显著降低保水剂的吸水倍率,抑制作用从大到小依次为Fe^(3+)>Mg^(2+)>Na^(+)。合成的保水剂能减少土壤中水分流失,提高土壤含水量。因此,合成的保水剂与尿素共混施用或用于包裹尿素比较适宜,并且其具有较好的生物降解性与保水性,在农业领域有一定应用前景。

甲醛交联淀粉尿素缓释化肥的制备

以交联玉米淀粉为包膜材料,制备出可生物降解的尿素缓释化肥,并对制备工艺进行了优化。采用粒度为1 mm的玉米颗粒3 g与9 g尿素混合均匀,135℃糊化,加入8 m L甲醛溶液,调节p H至8.5-9.0,将反应体系加热至75-80℃,保温90 min;降温至65℃,调节p H至3.0-3.5,继续反应45-60 min。缓释化肥样品通过在水中1 d及7 d尿素释放试验,7 d土壤中尿素释放试验测定了其缓释性能,结果表明,在优化的试验条件下其尿素溶出率分别可以达到13.3%、20.4%和14.2%,缓释性能较好。

培养降解含尿素废水菌株的试验研究

为了能够有效的降解废水中的尿素,从土壤中筛选出具有较高降解尿素能力的菌株4株,分别隶属于葡萄球菌属、克雷伯氏菌属、微杆菌属,其中克雷伯氏菌属占优。试验考察了pH、尿素浓度、葡萄糖浓度、氨氮浓度等因素对所筛选出菌种单菌株及混合菌株降解尿素活性的影响。结果表明,在pH8.5,进水葡萄糖浓度0～1000mg·L-1,尿素浓度低于300mg·L-1的条件下,各菌株表现出较高活性,其中最大活性为0.649U;氨氮浓度对菌活性影响很大,进水氨氮浓度宜控制在70mg·L-1以下。

可生物降解树脂包膜尿素的研制及性能

以聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)与聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)两种可生物降解树脂作为包膜材料,研制不同PPC/PBS组方包膜溶液,铺膜后初步确定两种材料混合的最佳比例;采用流化喷涂分别制备包膜尿素。通过分光光度法研究不同肥料的初期溶出率,采用扫描电镜观察包膜结构。结果表明,PPC与PBS的质量比在7∶5时,材料之间融合较好,质地较柔软,适合作为肥料包膜材料。实验证明此包膜材料在尿素表面能够形成细腻光滑致密的膜,可以适应尿素颗粒表面的外形轮廓而将其紧密覆盖。尿素包膜后,对尿素氮的释放有明显的控释作用,且在一定范围内,减少包膜所用时间或增加树脂用量都能增强控释效果。