Over the last decade, the uptake rate of first-generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) has decelerated as low blend limits have increased only slowly and extreme volatility in oil prices has limited investment in ...Over the last decade, the uptake rate of first-generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) has decelerated as low blend limits have increased only slowly and extreme volatility in oil prices has limited investment in biofuels production infrastructure. Concerns over the environmental impacts of large-scale biofuels production combined with tariff barriers have greatly restricted the global trade in biofuels. First-generation biofuels produced either by fermentation of sugars from maize or sugarcane (ethanol) or transesterification of triglycerides (biodiesel) presently contribute less than 4% of terrestrial transportation fuel demand and techno-economic modelling foresees this only slowly increasing by 2035. With internal combustion and diesel engines widely anticipated as being phased out in favour of electric power for motor vehicles, a much-reduced market demand for biofuels is likely if global demand for all liquid fuels declines by 2050. However, second-generation, thermochemically produced and biomass-derived fuels (renewable diesel, marine oils and sustainable aviation fuel) have much higher blend limits;combined with policies to decarbonise the aviation and marine industries, major new markets for these products in terrestrial, marine and aviation sectors may emerge in the second half of the 21st century.展开更多
生物质因其储量丰富、来源广泛、碳中和等优势被认为是最具有应用前景的生产替代燃料的原料。在容积50 m L的小型高温高压反应釜中,利用醇-水共溶剂直接液化互花米草制备生物油,考察反应温度、醇-水共溶剂中乙醇体积分数、液料比对液化...生物质因其储量丰富、来源广泛、碳中和等优势被认为是最具有应用前景的生产替代燃料的原料。在容积50 m L的小型高温高压反应釜中,利用醇-水共溶剂直接液化互花米草制备生物油,考察反应温度、醇-水共溶剂中乙醇体积分数、液料比对液化产物分布的影响,分析了原料的热重特性及生物油的主要成分。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,互花米草的热失重曲线(thermogravimetric,TG)和微分热重曲线(differential thermogravimetric,DTG)基本保持不变,但却发生了不同程度的横向移动,出现明显的滞后现象,这是由温度和时间共同作用的结果;正交优化操作条件为温度340℃、乙醇体积分数50%、液料比10 m L/g,此时生物油产率高达44.2%,而残渣率仅为12%;与单一溶剂相比,醇-水共溶剂对互花米草的液化具有明显的协同作用,在提高产油率的同时能够显著改善生物油的品质;生物油的气相色谱-质谱分析表明生物油是一种组分复杂的含氧有机混合物,包括酸类、酚类、酯类、呋喃等,主要成分为酚类和酯类,相对含量分别为29.62%和11.27%;乙醇能够与酸发生酯化反应生成酯类,而酚类主要来自原料中木质素的降解;以乙醇体积分数为50%的醇-水共溶剂作为液化介质时,生物油的能量回收率为76.5%,明显高于以水或乙醇作为单一溶剂时液化所得生物油的能量回收率,因而醇-水共溶剂是生物质直接液化中非常有前景的液化介质。展开更多
文摘Over the last decade, the uptake rate of first-generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) has decelerated as low blend limits have increased only slowly and extreme volatility in oil prices has limited investment in biofuels production infrastructure. Concerns over the environmental impacts of large-scale biofuels production combined with tariff barriers have greatly restricted the global trade in biofuels. First-generation biofuels produced either by fermentation of sugars from maize or sugarcane (ethanol) or transesterification of triglycerides (biodiesel) presently contribute less than 4% of terrestrial transportation fuel demand and techno-economic modelling foresees this only slowly increasing by 2035. With internal combustion and diesel engines widely anticipated as being phased out in favour of electric power for motor vehicles, a much-reduced market demand for biofuels is likely if global demand for all liquid fuels declines by 2050. However, second-generation, thermochemically produced and biomass-derived fuels (renewable diesel, marine oils and sustainable aviation fuel) have much higher blend limits;combined with policies to decarbonise the aviation and marine industries, major new markets for these products in terrestrial, marine and aviation sectors may emerge in the second half of the 21st century.
文摘生物质因其储量丰富、来源广泛、碳中和等优势被认为是最具有应用前景的生产替代燃料的原料。在容积50 m L的小型高温高压反应釜中,利用醇-水共溶剂直接液化互花米草制备生物油,考察反应温度、醇-水共溶剂中乙醇体积分数、液料比对液化产物分布的影响,分析了原料的热重特性及生物油的主要成分。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,互花米草的热失重曲线(thermogravimetric,TG)和微分热重曲线(differential thermogravimetric,DTG)基本保持不变,但却发生了不同程度的横向移动,出现明显的滞后现象,这是由温度和时间共同作用的结果;正交优化操作条件为温度340℃、乙醇体积分数50%、液料比10 m L/g,此时生物油产率高达44.2%,而残渣率仅为12%;与单一溶剂相比,醇-水共溶剂对互花米草的液化具有明显的协同作用,在提高产油率的同时能够显著改善生物油的品质;生物油的气相色谱-质谱分析表明生物油是一种组分复杂的含氧有机混合物,包括酸类、酚类、酯类、呋喃等,主要成分为酚类和酯类,相对含量分别为29.62%和11.27%;乙醇能够与酸发生酯化反应生成酯类,而酚类主要来自原料中木质素的降解;以乙醇体积分数为50%的醇-水共溶剂作为液化介质时,生物油的能量回收率为76.5%,明显高于以水或乙醇作为单一溶剂时液化所得生物油的能量回收率,因而醇-水共溶剂是生物质直接液化中非常有前景的液化介质。
