During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribut...During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.展开更多
通过对渗水性生态型铺装的研究,找出景观铺装材料和铺装方式有利于环境可持续发展的方法,使城市发展与自然环境有机结合,最大限度降低人类城市建设对生态环境的负作用。从人主观的角度和大自然客观世界的角度,分析铺装所需要的功能和意...通过对渗水性生态型铺装的研究,找出景观铺装材料和铺装方式有利于环境可持续发展的方法,使城市发展与自然环境有机结合,最大限度降低人类城市建设对生态环境的负作用。从人主观的角度和大自然客观世界的角度,分析铺装所需要的功能和意义。通过对各种铺装形式进行生境面积因子(Biotope Area Factor-BAF)或称为生物栖息地指数的比较评价,尊崇"低影响开发"的原则,同时兼顾人性化,实用主义、人文价值和美学价值,在人类社会与自然环境的发展中寻求一个平衡点。展开更多
We explored whether,and to what extent,variable retention(VR)forestry has been applied in European boreal forests in northwestern Russia.Our survey revealed VR since 1910.Between 1910 and the 1960s,the statistics show...We explored whether,and to what extent,variable retention(VR)forestry has been applied in European boreal forests in northwestern Russia.Our survey revealed VR since 1910.Between 1910 and the 1960s,the statistics showing how much was retained are largely missing.However,for example,in the 1950s,on a large scale in the Republic of Karelia,up to 200-ha-sized harvesting areas,18–33%,were retention patches with a mean growing stock of 30–40m3 ha−1.In the fellings defined as“incomplete clear fellings,”which were the most common final felling type at that time,11–40%of the growing stock was left.Between the 1960s and the early 1990s,with more efficient harvesting and skidding techniques,conventional clear fellings with a much lower amount of retention were practiced.Concern about the regeneration of harvested areas gradually led to smaller(maximum 50 ha)harvesting areas and the increase of silvicultural activities.Until now,to ensure natural regeneration,patches of understory and 20–25 seed trees(i.e.,ca.15–25m3)per ha have been left permanently in harvesting areas.Landscape-scale retention for protecting ecosystem functions and biodiversity was legislated in 1978 by preserving key biotopes up to 1000 ha in size.Since 2001,promoted by forest certification,the key biotopes,such as paludified forest patches,buffers around water bodies,and habitats of red-listed species,have also been retained in harvesting areas,together with a dispersed retention of different elements.Quantitative estimates of the amount of key biotopes are largely missing.However,estimates of 1–13%in harvesting areas and 23%in whole managed landscapes have been given.VR applied during the last century has emulated natural disturbances and created diverse uneven-aged forest structures with high amounts of diverse coarse woody debris.We conclude that an analysis of past and current retention practices is essential for estimating the global role of Russian forestry.Further decisions on the general direction of Russian forestry and,specifically,retention practices are important to address the global challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change.展开更多
文摘During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.
文摘通过对渗水性生态型铺装的研究,找出景观铺装材料和铺装方式有利于环境可持续发展的方法,使城市发展与自然环境有机结合,最大限度降低人类城市建设对生态环境的负作用。从人主观的角度和大自然客观世界的角度,分析铺装所需要的功能和意义。通过对各种铺装形式进行生境面积因子(Biotope Area Factor-BAF)或称为生物栖息地指数的比较评价,尊崇"低影响开发"的原则,同时兼顾人性化,实用主义、人文价值和美学价值,在人类社会与自然环境的发展中寻求一个平衡点。
文摘We explored whether,and to what extent,variable retention(VR)forestry has been applied in European boreal forests in northwestern Russia.Our survey revealed VR since 1910.Between 1910 and the 1960s,the statistics showing how much was retained are largely missing.However,for example,in the 1950s,on a large scale in the Republic of Karelia,up to 200-ha-sized harvesting areas,18–33%,were retention patches with a mean growing stock of 30–40m3 ha−1.In the fellings defined as“incomplete clear fellings,”which were the most common final felling type at that time,11–40%of the growing stock was left.Between the 1960s and the early 1990s,with more efficient harvesting and skidding techniques,conventional clear fellings with a much lower amount of retention were practiced.Concern about the regeneration of harvested areas gradually led to smaller(maximum 50 ha)harvesting areas and the increase of silvicultural activities.Until now,to ensure natural regeneration,patches of understory and 20–25 seed trees(i.e.,ca.15–25m3)per ha have been left permanently in harvesting areas.Landscape-scale retention for protecting ecosystem functions and biodiversity was legislated in 1978 by preserving key biotopes up to 1000 ha in size.Since 2001,promoted by forest certification,the key biotopes,such as paludified forest patches,buffers around water bodies,and habitats of red-listed species,have also been retained in harvesting areas,together with a dispersed retention of different elements.Quantitative estimates of the amount of key biotopes are largely missing.However,estimates of 1–13%in harvesting areas and 23%in whole managed landscapes have been given.VR applied during the last century has emulated natural disturbances and created diverse uneven-aged forest structures with high amounts of diverse coarse woody debris.We conclude that an analysis of past and current retention practices is essential for estimating the global role of Russian forestry.Further decisions on the general direction of Russian forestry and,specifically,retention practices are important to address the global challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change.
