This paper presents an Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)analysis to investigate the mutual interactions and small-signal stability of bipolar-type dc microgrids.Since bipolar dc microgrid is replete with power-electronic...This paper presents an Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)analysis to investigate the mutual interactions and small-signal stability of bipolar-type dc microgrids.Since bipolar dc microgrid is replete with power-electronic converters,its dynamics can not be understood unless the interactions among control systems of converters are properly investigated.To tackle the challenge,each converter in microgrid is modeled via an MIMO transfer matrix.Then,the MIMO models are combined together based on the interactions among the control systems of source and load converters.From this integrative MIMO model,the mutual interactions between various input-output pairs are quantified using Gershgorin Band theorem.Also,Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)analysis is carried out to estimate the frequency of unstable poles.Test results not only successfully validate the effectiveness of the MIMO method but also show that the control system of voltage balancer has a major impact on the overall stability of bipolar dc microgrid,making it a suitable location for applying damping systems.展开更多
The fault current level analysis is important for bipolar direct current(DC)grids,which determines the operation and protection requirements.The DC grid topology significantly impacts the current path and then the fau...The fault current level analysis is important for bipolar direct current(DC)grids,which determines the operation and protection requirements.The DC grid topology significantly impacts the current path and then the fault current level of the grid,which makes it possible to limit the fault current by optimizing the grid topology.However,the corresponding discussion in the literature is indigent.Aiming at this point,the impact of grid topology,i.e.,the connecting scheme of converters,on the pole-to-ground fault current in bipolar DC grids,is investigated in this paper,and the ground-return-based and metallic-return-based grounding schemes are considered,respectively.Firstly,the decoupled equivalent model in frequency domain for fault current analysis is obtained.Then,the impacts of converters with different distances to the fault point on the fault current can be analyzed according to the high-frequency impedance characteristics.Based on the analysis results,a simplified fault current index(SFCI)is proposed to realize the fast evaluation of impact of grid topology on the fault current level.The SFCI is then applied to evaluate the relative fault current level.Finally,the simulation results validate the model,the analysis method,and the SFCI,which can effectively evaluate the relative fault current level in a direct and fast manner.展开更多
Bipolar direct current(DC)distribution networks can effectively improve the connection flexibility for renewable generations and loads.In practice,concerns regarding the potential voltage unbalance issue of the distri...Bipolar direct current(DC)distribution networks can effectively improve the connection flexibility for renewable generations and loads.In practice,concerns regarding the potential voltage unbalance issue of the distribution networks and the frequency of switching still remain.This paper proposes a day-ahead polarity switching strategy to reduce voltage unbalance by optimally switching the polarity of renewable generations and loads while minimizing the switching times simultaneously in the range of a full day.First,a multi-objective optimization model is constructed to minimize the weighted sum of voltage unbalance factors and the sum of number of switching actions in the day based on the power flow model.Second,a two-step solution strategy is proposed to solve the optimization model.Finally,the proposed strategy is validated using 11-node and 34-node distribution networks as case studies,and a switching and stabilizing device is designed to enable unified switching of renewable generations and loads.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the switching times without affecting the improvement of voltage balance.展开更多
The thin films were deposited on the glass substrates by an asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering system using the Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 Targets (n-type) targets of 60 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness. The t...The thin films were deposited on the glass substrates by an asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering system using the Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 Targets (n-type) targets of 60 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness. The targets were prepared from powder precursors, which obtained by a solid state reaction. Optical emissions from plasmas during sputter depositions of films were detected using a high resolution spectrometer. Thickness of thin film was estimated by Tolansky’s Fizeau fringe method and ellipsometic measurement. Crystal structures were studied from X-ray diffraction. The thermoelectric properties were assessed from Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity measurements at room temperature. The power factors were calculated. It was found that the optical emission spectrums showed that the Ca, Mn, Co and O atoms were sputtered from the targets onto glass substrates. As-deposited Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O films thickness values were 0.435 ?m and 0.449 ?m, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns clearly showed amorphous nature of the as-deposited films. Determining thermoelectric properties of Ca-Co-O film gave Seebeck coefficient of 0.146 mV/K, electrical resistivity of 0.473Ω.cm, and power factor of 4.531 μW/m?K at room temperature. Ca-Mn-O film baring a high resistance was not the experimental determination of thermoelectric properties.展开更多
基于模块多电平换流器的高压直流输电技术(High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technology Based on Modular Multilevel Converte,MMC-HVDC)因开关频率低、运行损耗小及易于扩展多端网络等优点被广泛应用。直流侧短路故障因短...基于模块多电平换流器的高压直流输电技术(High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technology Based on Modular Multilevel Converte,MMC-HVDC)因开关频率低、运行损耗小及易于扩展多端网络等优点被广泛应用。直流侧短路故障因短路电流大,故障电流上升速率快且难以抑制,对MMC-HVDC的发展造成了严重困扰。提出一种MMC-HVDC直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法,该方法基于对称双极接线的全桥型MMC-HVDC,且在直流侧采用高阻接地及金属回线,在发生直流侧短路故障时利用全桥型模块多电平换流器及时反转输出直流电压极性,实现故障电流抑制。同时利用金属回线构建成新的功率回路,快速恢复故障期间的有功功率传输。所提出的故障穿越策略,可以有效消除MMC-HVDC系统在发生直流侧短路故障时换流设备受到的故障电压及电流应力,同时避免换流器闭锁,防止功率缺失。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提出的直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法的有效性。展开更多
对于柔性直流输电系统的双极短路故障问题,以三端基于模块化多电平换流器的高压柔性直流输电(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current transmission,MMC-HVDC)为研究对象,阐述了MMC的工作原理及其直流母线主...对于柔性直流输电系统的双极短路故障问题,以三端基于模块化多电平换流器的高压柔性直流输电(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current transmission,MMC-HVDC)为研究对象,阐述了MMC的工作原理及其直流母线主要故障类型,分析了换流器内部直流母线双极短路故障特性及短路电流计算方法,并搭建基于PSCAD的三端MMC-HVDC系统,对其直流母线故障进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,当发生直流母线双极短路故障时,直流电压骤降,直流侧电流、交流侧电流和桥臂电流激增,严重影响三端MMCHVDC系统的安全稳定运行。展开更多
基金This work was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation under Grant Nos.1647209 and 1611095the European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant No.765585.
文摘This paper presents an Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)analysis to investigate the mutual interactions and small-signal stability of bipolar-type dc microgrids.Since bipolar dc microgrid is replete with power-electronic converters,its dynamics can not be understood unless the interactions among control systems of converters are properly investigated.To tackle the challenge,each converter in microgrid is modeled via an MIMO transfer matrix.Then,the MIMO models are combined together based on the interactions among the control systems of source and load converters.From this integrative MIMO model,the mutual interactions between various input-output pairs are quantified using Gershgorin Band theorem.Also,Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)analysis is carried out to estimate the frequency of unstable poles.Test results not only successfully validate the effectiveness of the MIMO method but also show that the control system of voltage balancer has a major impact on the overall stability of bipolar dc microgrid,making it a suitable location for applying damping systems.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China“Cloud energy storage framework-based AI dispatching strategy of renewable energy integration and contingency response” (No.5100-202199274A-0-0-00)。
文摘The fault current level analysis is important for bipolar direct current(DC)grids,which determines the operation and protection requirements.The DC grid topology significantly impacts the current path and then the fault current level of the grid,which makes it possible to limit the fault current by optimizing the grid topology.However,the corresponding discussion in the literature is indigent.Aiming at this point,the impact of grid topology,i.e.,the connecting scheme of converters,on the pole-to-ground fault current in bipolar DC grids,is investigated in this paper,and the ground-return-based and metallic-return-based grounding schemes are considered,respectively.Firstly,the decoupled equivalent model in frequency domain for fault current analysis is obtained.Then,the impacts of converters with different distances to the fault point on the fault current can be analyzed according to the high-frequency impedance characteristics.Based on the analysis results,a simplified fault current index(SFCI)is proposed to realize the fast evaluation of impact of grid topology on the fault current level.The SFCI is then applied to evaluate the relative fault current level.Finally,the simulation results validate the model,the analysis method,and the SFCI,which can effectively evaluate the relative fault current level in a direct and fast manner.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022CDJXY-007)。
文摘Bipolar direct current(DC)distribution networks can effectively improve the connection flexibility for renewable generations and loads.In practice,concerns regarding the potential voltage unbalance issue of the distribution networks and the frequency of switching still remain.This paper proposes a day-ahead polarity switching strategy to reduce voltage unbalance by optimally switching the polarity of renewable generations and loads while minimizing the switching times simultaneously in the range of a full day.First,a multi-objective optimization model is constructed to minimize the weighted sum of voltage unbalance factors and the sum of number of switching actions in the day based on the power flow model.Second,a two-step solution strategy is proposed to solve the optimization model.Finally,the proposed strategy is validated using 11-node and 34-node distribution networks as case studies,and a switching and stabilizing device is designed to enable unified switching of renewable generations and loads.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the switching times without affecting the improvement of voltage balance.
文摘The thin films were deposited on the glass substrates by an asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering system using the Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 Targets (n-type) targets of 60 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness. The targets were prepared from powder precursors, which obtained by a solid state reaction. Optical emissions from plasmas during sputter depositions of films were detected using a high resolution spectrometer. Thickness of thin film was estimated by Tolansky’s Fizeau fringe method and ellipsometic measurement. Crystal structures were studied from X-ray diffraction. The thermoelectric properties were assessed from Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity measurements at room temperature. The power factors were calculated. It was found that the optical emission spectrums showed that the Ca, Mn, Co and O atoms were sputtered from the targets onto glass substrates. As-deposited Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O films thickness values were 0.435 ?m and 0.449 ?m, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns clearly showed amorphous nature of the as-deposited films. Determining thermoelectric properties of Ca-Co-O film gave Seebeck coefficient of 0.146 mV/K, electrical resistivity of 0.473Ω.cm, and power factor of 4.531 μW/m?K at room temperature. Ca-Mn-O film baring a high resistance was not the experimental determination of thermoelectric properties.
文摘基于模块多电平换流器的高压直流输电技术(High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technology Based on Modular Multilevel Converte,MMC-HVDC)因开关频率低、运行损耗小及易于扩展多端网络等优点被广泛应用。直流侧短路故障因短路电流大,故障电流上升速率快且难以抑制,对MMC-HVDC的发展造成了严重困扰。提出一种MMC-HVDC直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法,该方法基于对称双极接线的全桥型MMC-HVDC,且在直流侧采用高阻接地及金属回线,在发生直流侧短路故障时利用全桥型模块多电平换流器及时反转输出直流电压极性,实现故障电流抑制。同时利用金属回线构建成新的功率回路,快速恢复故障期间的有功功率传输。所提出的故障穿越策略,可以有效消除MMC-HVDC系统在发生直流侧短路故障时换流设备受到的故障电压及电流应力,同时避免换流器闭锁,防止功率缺失。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提出的直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法的有效性。
文摘对于柔性直流输电系统的双极短路故障问题,以三端基于模块化多电平换流器的高压柔性直流输电(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current transmission,MMC-HVDC)为研究对象,阐述了MMC的工作原理及其直流母线主要故障类型,分析了换流器内部直流母线双极短路故障特性及短路电流计算方法,并搭建基于PSCAD的三端MMC-HVDC系统,对其直流母线故障进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,当发生直流母线双极短路故障时,直流电压骤降,直流侧电流、交流侧电流和桥臂电流激增,严重影响三端MMCHVDC系统的安全稳定运行。
