Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)extraction is commonly used to study the chemical structures of orig-inal xylan in the plant cell wall,since the DMSO can preserve the original structure of the xylan as much as possible during ...Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)extraction is commonly used to study the chemical structures of orig-inal xylan in the plant cell wall,since the DMSO can preserve the original structure of the xylan as much as possible during the extracting process.In addition,the DMSO-extracted xylans have unique properties allowing their potential applications in emulsifying or filming materials.How-ever,the yield of DMSO-extracted xylan is always low and the effects of different DMSO extraction conditions on the chemical compositions of xylan have not been fully studied,which greatly hin-ders its researches and applications.In this study,we have found that extensive delignification before DMSO extraction results in destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex(LCC),leading to xylan yield and xylose unit content increased by up to 220%and 20%,respectively.Tert-butanol washing of the holocellulose can further increase the DMSO extracted xylan yield by∼10%.The yield of xylan extracted by the DMSO at 80°C for 7 h was obviously higher than that at room temperature for 3 d by 30%-40%.Thermal analysis showed that the xylans extracted at differ-ent conditions had thermal stability without obvious differences.The results indicate that the DMSO-extracted xylan with a high yield,a high purity and a high degree of acetylation can be ex-tracted at a high delignification level,a high reaction temperature and a short reaction time.This study is of great significance for studying xylan structure-property relationships and promoting the applications of DMSO-extracted xylan.展开更多
AIM To define regional grey-matter abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with poor insight(Insight-),relative to patients with preserved clinical insight(Insight+),and healthy controls.METHODS Forty stable schizophr...AIM To define regional grey-matter abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with poor insight(Insight-),relative to patients with preserved clinical insight(Insight+),and healthy controls.METHODS Forty stable schizophrenia outpatients(20 Insight-and 20 Insight+) and 20 healthy controls underwent whole brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Insight in all patients was assessed using the Birchwood Insight Scale(BIS;a self-report measure).The two patient groups were preselected to match on most clinical and demographic parameters but,by design,they had markedly distinct BIS scores.Voxel-based morphometry employed in SPM8 was used to examine group differences in grey matter volumes across the whole brain.RESULTS The three participant groups were comparable in age [F(2,57) = 0.34,P = 0.71] and the patient groups did not differ in age at illness onset [t(38) = 0.87,P = 0.39].Insight-and Insight+ patient groups also did not differ in symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndromes scale(PANSS):Positive symptoms [t(38) = 0.58,P = 0.57],negative symptoms [t(38) = 0.61,P = 0.55],general psychopathology [t(38) = 1.30,P = 0.20] and total PANSS scores [t(38) = 0.21,P = 0.84].The two patient groups,as expected,varied significantly in the level of BIS-assessed insight [t(38) = 12.11,P < 0.001].MRI results revealed lower fronto-temporal,parahippocampal,occipital and cerebellar grey matter volumes in Insightpatients,relative to Insight+ patients and healthy controls(for all clusters,family-wise error corrected P < 0.05).Insight+ patient and healthy controls did not differ significantly(P > 0.20) from each other.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a clear association between poor clinical insight and smaller fronto-temporal,occipital and cerebellar grey matter volumes in stable long-term schizophrenia patients.展开更多
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2020A1515011021).
文摘Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)extraction is commonly used to study the chemical structures of orig-inal xylan in the plant cell wall,since the DMSO can preserve the original structure of the xylan as much as possible during the extracting process.In addition,the DMSO-extracted xylans have unique properties allowing their potential applications in emulsifying or filming materials.How-ever,the yield of DMSO-extracted xylan is always low and the effects of different DMSO extraction conditions on the chemical compositions of xylan have not been fully studied,which greatly hin-ders its researches and applications.In this study,we have found that extensive delignification before DMSO extraction results in destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex(LCC),leading to xylan yield and xylose unit content increased by up to 220%and 20%,respectively.Tert-butanol washing of the holocellulose can further increase the DMSO extracted xylan yield by∼10%.The yield of xylan extracted by the DMSO at 80°C for 7 h was obviously higher than that at room temperature for 3 d by 30%-40%.Thermal analysis showed that the xylans extracted at differ-ent conditions had thermal stability without obvious differences.The results indicate that the DMSO-extracted xylan with a high yield,a high purity and a high degree of acetylation can be ex-tracted at a high delignification level,a high reaction temperature and a short reaction time.This study is of great significance for studying xylan structure-property relationships and promoting the applications of DMSO-extracted xylan.
基金Supported by The Wellcome Trust,United Kingdom and was carried out as part of the first author’s PhD research under Professor Veena Kumari and Dr Dominic ffytche’s supervision,Nos.067427 and 072298Professor Kumari is part funded by the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London,and the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust,United Kingdom(to Kumari V)
文摘AIM To define regional grey-matter abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with poor insight(Insight-),relative to patients with preserved clinical insight(Insight+),and healthy controls.METHODS Forty stable schizophrenia outpatients(20 Insight-and 20 Insight+) and 20 healthy controls underwent whole brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Insight in all patients was assessed using the Birchwood Insight Scale(BIS;a self-report measure).The two patient groups were preselected to match on most clinical and demographic parameters but,by design,they had markedly distinct BIS scores.Voxel-based morphometry employed in SPM8 was used to examine group differences in grey matter volumes across the whole brain.RESULTS The three participant groups were comparable in age [F(2,57) = 0.34,P = 0.71] and the patient groups did not differ in age at illness onset [t(38) = 0.87,P = 0.39].Insight-and Insight+ patient groups also did not differ in symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndromes scale(PANSS):Positive symptoms [t(38) = 0.58,P = 0.57],negative symptoms [t(38) = 0.61,P = 0.55],general psychopathology [t(38) = 1.30,P = 0.20] and total PANSS scores [t(38) = 0.21,P = 0.84].The two patient groups,as expected,varied significantly in the level of BIS-assessed insight [t(38) = 12.11,P < 0.001].MRI results revealed lower fronto-temporal,parahippocampal,occipital and cerebellar grey matter volumes in Insightpatients,relative to Insight+ patients and healthy controls(for all clusters,family-wise error corrected P < 0.05).Insight+ patient and healthy controls did not differ significantly(P > 0.20) from each other.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a clear association between poor clinical insight and smaller fronto-temporal,occipital and cerebellar grey matter volumes in stable long-term schizophrenia patients.
