Adults have more male-biased sex ratios than first-winter juveniles in wintering duck populations

Background:The long-term monitoring of demographic changes in waterbird populations remains limited,but such information can be valuable for conservationists and waterbird managers.Biased sex ratios can indicate differences in survival rates between sexes.In particular,differences in the sex ratios of fledged juveniles and adults can provide insight into the development of male bias among populations.Methods:In this study,we used data from individual birds captured over a 57-year period to assess the extent,and temporal variability in male bias in nine populations of ducks wintering in the United Kingdom:Gadwall(Mareca strepera),Northern Mallard(Anas platyrhynchos),Northern Pintail(Anas acuta),Common Pochard(Aythya ferina),Common Shelduck(Tadorna tadorna),Northern Shoveler(Spatula clypeata),Eurasian Teal(Anas crecca),Tufted Duck(Aythya fuligula),and Eurasian Wigeon(Mareca penelope).Results:Overall,eight of these populations were significantly male-biased and adults were more male-biased than first-winter juveniles for all nine populations.The increased male bias among adults is consistent with the hypothesis that factors such as higher mortality of reproductive-age females during the breeding season is a major cause of male bias in duck populations.However,such predation cannot explain the male bias detected in first-winter juveniles in four of the populations.The temporal trends in male bias differed between adults and first-winter juveniles in Northern Mallard,Northern Pintail,Common Pochard,Common Shelduck,Eurasian Teal,Tufted Duck,and Eurasian Wigeon.Over the study period we found increased male bias among adult Northern Mallard,Northern Pintail,Common Pochard,Common Shelduck,and Tufted Duck as well as both adult and first-winter juvenile Northern Shoveler.Conclusions:We provide evidence that among wintering duck populations,sex ratios are typically male-biased,with adults exhibiting stronger male-biased sex ratios than first-winter juveniles.Improved monitoring of sex ratios of wintering waterbirds would help to increase our understanding of changes in waterbird demography,population structure,and observed population trends;our study shows that birds caught during ringing projects can be a valuable source of such data.