Patterns of species diversity and functional diversity of breeding birds in Hangzhou across an urbanization gradient

Given the rapid rise in human population and increasing urbanization,it is important to understand their potential impacts on biodiversity.From March 2007 to August 2007,we conducted bird surveys in 90 strip transects,each 3 km long and 100 m wide,along a gradient of urbanization in Hangzhou,China.This gradient spanned a range of urbanization levels including urban areas,rural-urban continuum areas,farming areas,mixed forest/farming areas and forested areas.We recorded 96 breeding bird species and classified them into nine functional groups based on nesting requirements.The nine functional groups consisted of canopy nesters,shrub nesters,canopy/shrub nesters,natural cavity nesters,building nesters,natural cavity/building nesters,ground nesters,water surface nesters and parasitic nesters.Species and functional diversities were estimated based on the Shannon-Wiener index.Environmental data of each transect as human disturbance,vegetation cover and building index were also measured,and a synthetic urbanization index of each transect was introduced based on these data.We used regression analyses to model the relationship of species abundance,species diversity,functional abundance and functional diversity with this synthetic index.The results show that urbanization significantly reduces species richness,species diversity,functional richness and functional diversity,but the specific patterns differed.The relationship between species abundance/species diversity and urbanization is linear.In contrast,the relationship between functional diversity and urbanization was quadratic.In other words,with increased urbanization,functional diversity declined only slightly at first but then dropped at an accelerating rate.This implies that,although moderate urbanization reduces species diversity of breeding birds,it affects functional diversity of breeding birds only slightly in Hangzhou.The regression analysis of species diversity and functional diversity suggests a quadratic relationship between species diversity and functional diversity,i.e.,a linear relationship between species diversity and functional diversity can only exist at low diversity levels across urbanization gradients and increasing species abundance does not lead to an increase in functional diversity at the highest diversity levels.

FOREST LANDSCAPE AND BIRD DIVERSITY IN MOUNTAIN REGION, XISHUANGBANNA, YUNNAN

The degeneration of forest landscapes is mainly caused by human impact on the natural environment, which is posing a great threat to biodiversity. We studied the relationship between forest landscapes and birds in mountain regions of Xishuangbanna,Yunnan Province. In Jinuo ethnic region, forest landscape is degenerating, and bird diversity is reducing as a result of human influence. However, in Hani ethnic region of Mengsong area, a comparative study area, there are also traditional practices of agriculture and forestry. The traditional practices are dynamically adaptive to local geographic environment and social economic conditions. A great deal of biodiversity exists in the place where people have lived for many generations and use the resources of environment in a sustainable manner. Considering bird diversity and forest landscape of mountainous area, both economic and ecological benefits should be taken into account, which relate to land use and landscape protection. Biodiversity conservation, resource management and policy making should pay much attention to the best interconnection of land use and landscapes protection.

Birds’Diversity in Kalfou Forest Reserve and Its Peripheral Zone, Far North, Cameroon

The Far North Region of Cameroon is home to a great diversity of bird species, which unfortunately remains very little explored. This work was initiated to establish an inventory of birds and the factors affecting their diversity and distribution for sustainable management in the Kalfou Forest Reserve (KFR) and its periphery. Two methods were used for sampling, linear strip transects from which direct counts and indirect observations were made and the mist netting to complement the first. In total, 2525 birds were observed, including 149 species, belonging to 20 orders and 55 families. Accipitridae had the greatest number of species (11). The species richness was greater in the KFR (117 species) compared to the periphery (95 species). The specific richness was higher in wooded savannah compared to other habitats. Shannon index was significantly higher in the KFR (3.99) compared to that obtained in the periphery (3.80). The value of the Simpson index was higher on the outskirts of the KFR than on the periphery. The indices of species diversity were greater in the wooded savannah compared to other vegetation types. The seasons had no influence on bird diversity. Among the human activities encountered, the pressure indices were more important for grazing (7.3 contacts/km). Human activities have resulted in a significant decrease in specific richness. Six endangered species were encountered, four belonging to the Accipitridae family. The greater bird diversity in the reserve compared to the periphery shows that protected areas are a long-term solution for biodiversity conservation.

Mongolian Lark as an indicator of taxonomic,functional and phylogenetic diversity of steppe birds

Biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate.Many grassland species have been lost and are now of conservation concern.Identifying efficient biodiversity indicators is a key pillar of the global conservation strategy.Mongolian Lark(Melanocorypha mongolica) is a charismatic bird species abound in Mongolian steppes,and recent studies demonstrated that this species share similar habitat requirements an d likely co-occur with other grassland birds.We tested the hypothesis that Mongolian Lark would make a suitable indicator for different aspects of avian biodiversity.We made a large-scale bird survey in Inner Mongolia,and classified point counts into three groups based on different taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic biodiversity measures.We identified species indicators of each group using the indicator value(IndVal) analysis,and examined the bird compositional difference among groups.Linear models were used for studying the patterns of occurrence of Mongolian Lark in relation to various biodiversity measures.Mon golian Lark showed the highest indicator value in comparison with other potential species indicators.Bird species richness is significantly higher at sites with Mongolian Lark,an d its occurrence was negatively correlated with species abundance,functional richness,Rao’s quadratic entropy and phylogenetic diversity.Mongolian Lark is therefore a suitable indicator species for avian biodiversity in Mongolian steppes.It is highly distinctive in flight and usually seen singly.The widespread distribution and charismatic appearance make it easy to monitor and adequate for citizen science,and may provide useful information on the paradigm of surrogacy in conservation ecology.

Phylogeography and Cryptic Species Diversity of Paramesotriton caudopunctatus Species Group(Salamandridae: Paramesotriton) in Guizhou, China

The Paramesotriton caudopunctatus species group is mainly distributed in the karst mountain ecosystems of Guizhou, China. Although some species have been included in previous phylogenetic studies, the evolutionary relationships and divergence-time of members of this species group as a whole remain unexplored. In this study, we report the sequencing of one protein coding mitochondrial gene fragment(ND2) and one nuclear gene(POMC), and use a combination of phylogenetic analyses and coalescent simulations to explore the cryptic diversity and evolutionary history of the P. caudopunctatus species group. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that the P. caudopunctatus species group is composed of two major groups, i. e., East Clade and Western-South Clade. The divergence-time and ancestral area estimation suggested that the P. caudopunctatus species group likely originated in the Doupeng Mountains in Guizhou, China at 12.34 Ma(95% HPD: 8.30–14.73), and intraspecific divergence began at about 2.17 Ma(95% HPD: 1.39–2.97). This timing coincides with the orogenesis of the Miaoling Mountains during the Late Miocene to early Pleistocene. The delimitation of species in the P. caudopunctatus species group supports the existence of the currently identified species, and consensus was confirmed across methods for the existence of least to two cryptic species within what has been traditionally considered to be P. caudopunctatus species group. This study is of significance for understanding the species formation, dispersal, and diversity of the tailed amphibians in the karst mountains ecosystem of Guizhou and the role of the Miaoling Mountains as a geographical barrier to species dispersal.

The influence of urban park characteristics on bird diversity in Nanjing, China

Background:Habitat loss,fragmentation and decrease of habitat quality caused by urbanization have led to a dramatic decline in biodiversity worldwide.For highly urbanized areas,parks have become“islands”or habitat fragments for wildlife.As an important indicator group of urban ecosystem health,the response of birds to urbanization has attracted the global attention of ecologists.Understanding the key factors affecting bird diversity in urbanized environment is crucial to the protection of biodiversity in urban ecosystems.Methods:We used the line-transect method to survey birds in 37 urban parks in Nanjing,China.We also measured a number of park characteristics(area,isolation,shape index,environmental noise,distance to city center,and habitat diversity)that are commonly assumed to influence bird diversity.We then used the information-theoretic multi-model inference approach to determine which park characteristics had significant impacts on bird species richness.Results:We found that park area,habitat diversity and the distance to city center were the best positive predictors of bird species richness in Nanjing urban parks.By contrast,park isolation,park shape and environmental noise had little or no influence on bird diversity.Conclusions:Our study highlights the importance of park area,habitat diversity and the distance to city center in determining bird diversity in Nanjing city parks.Therefore,from a conservation viewpoint,we recommend that large parks with complex and diverse habitats far away from the city center should be retained or constructed to increase bird diversity in urban design and planning.

Bird Habitats in Urban Environments: A Case from an Urban Landfill in and around Tayba Al Hasanab Landfill, Khartoum, Sudan

Managed open landfill sites can serve as crucial feeding grounds for birds. Studies have demonstrated that garbage dumps offer favorable feeding habitats for various trophic generalist species, including storks and scavenger raptors. This study aimed to assess bird diversity and abundance in and around Tayba Al Hasanab Landfill, Khartoum. A bird census was conducted using block counts in January 2021. A questionnaire complemented field observations, and interviews were conducted with landfill authorities and waste collectors to gather information on bird availability, numbers, and diversity. During the block counts, 23 bird species were recorded inside and around the landfill. These species directly relied on food resources available at and around the landfill, belonging to 8 orders and 11 families. The four most abundant species foraging at the landfill were Sparrow House (Passer domesticus) with 97 individuals, Black kite (Milvus migrans) with 67 individuals, cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) with 42 individuals, and Laughing Dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) with 36 individuals. This suggests that these species are the primary exploiters of food resources at the landfill. The results indicate that all species are considered least concerned except the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus), which is classified as endangered. Most of the interviewed individuals reported seeing birds in the study area. The study recorded instances of dead birds, such as a white stork colliding and being electrocuted with a transition line observed at different sites along transmission lines near the landfill. Surveys around Tayba landfill need to be conducted to identify deadly power lines for replacement or implement possible mitigation measures on power lines running parallel and close to the Tayba landfills. The avian community foraging at the landfill displayed fluctuations in abundance and interspecific interactions across seasons. Given that the substantial influx of birds to landfills can pose various environmental challenges in urban settings, this study underscores the significance of examining the seasonal dynamics of bird communities concerning the location and management of landfills.

Relationship between Plant Species Diversity and Plant Biomass of Orchard Grass and Lucerne Sown in Different Ratios in the Province of Salamanca, Spain

A field experiment was carried out at the CSIC Mu&#241ovela farm belonging to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in order to evaluate the effect of sowing orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata var. Trerano) and lucerne (Medicago sativa var. Aragon) in monoculture and in combination. The experiment was based on a randomized block designed with a factorial arrangement (5 × 2). Experimental units were 40 plots distributed in four blocks. The phosphorus fertilization (P) factor included two types of conditions: basal fertilization without phosphorus (-P) and basal fertilization with phosphorus (+P), and the vegetation cover factor (T) included five conditions depending on the grass (G) and the legume (L). Above-ground biomass showed statistically significant differences among seasons and years (P Lolium perenne L. and Poa pratensis L. throughout the three years indicated that both species significantly increased their presence over time regardless of the treatments applied. The analysis performed for the other plant species (those other than grasses and legumes) allowed us to determine that the T1 and T5 treatments, which correspond to single species not treated with the application of phosphorus, influenced the presence of 70% of other species planted. Our specific aim was to explore how changing plant biotic diversity affects productivity under a given set of conditions. We manipulated plant species richness as an experimental factor to determine if productivity would be affected by changes in the ratios of plants sown.

Distribution Pattern and Seasonal Variation of Bird Species from Semi-Urban Area of Taungoo Environs

The environs of Taungoo Township, Bago Region are one of the high biodiversity areas in Myanmar, locating eastern side of the high mountain ranges of Middle Yoma. The dense of every green and deciduous forest in the middle Middle Yoma were logging since 10 - 20 years ago. The birds inhabiting in that area have to refuge in suitable habitats nearby. The resent status of bird species is needed to assess the diversity of birds with the respect to distribution and seasonal variation after the construction of Yangon-Nepyitaw, Myanmar after twenty years ago. A total of 50 species of 27 genera, 22 families under nine orders were recorded. That represented 44 resident species (32 terrestrial species and 12 water bird species), and 6 species of migratory birds (1 terrestrial species and 5 water bird species). As habitat utilization, 24 bird species in paddy fields, 21 species in scattered trees, 33 species in wetland and 25 species in forest habitat types were investigated. Some species used more than one habitat types. According to the assessment of abundance categories based on the calculation of individual numbers of the birds, abundant category (3 species), common bird (1 species), frequent category (5 species), uncommon category (3 species) and rare species (28 species) were categorized. Hence, bird community was still sustainable in this area. In the aspect of conservation status, all recorded bird species were under least concern categories, according to the IUCN Redlist in the study area.

Patterns and drivers of avian taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity in China vary across geographical backgrounds and dispersal abilities

Geographical background and dispersal ability may strongly influence assemblage dissimilarity;however,these aspects have generally been overlooked in previous large-scale beta diversity studies.Here,we examined whether the patterns and drivers of taxonomic beta diversity(TBD)and phylogenetic beta diversity(PBD)of breeding birds in China vary across(1)regions on both sides of the Hu Line,which demarcates China’s topographical,climatic,economic,and social patterns,and(2)species with different dispersal ability.TBD and PBD were calculated and partitioned into turnover and nestedness components using a moving window approach.Variables representing climate,habitat heterogeneity,and habitat quality were employed to evaluate the effects of environmental filtering.Spatial distance was considered to assess the impact of dispersal limitation.Variance partitioning analysis was applied to assess the relative roles of these variables.In general,the values of TBD and PBD were high in mountainous areas and were largely determined by environmental filtering.However,different dominant environmental filters on either side of the Hu Line led to divergent beta diversity patterns.Specifically,climate-driven species turnover and habitat heterogeneity-related species nestedness dominated the regions east and west of the line,respectively.Additionally,bird species with stronger dispersal ability were more susceptible to environmental filtering,resulting in more homogeneous assemblages.Our results indicated that regions with distinctive geographical backgrounds may present different ecological factors that lead to divergent assemblage dissimilarity patterns,and dispersal ability determines the response of assemblages to these ecological factors.Identifying a single universal explanation for the observed pattern without considering these aspects may lead to simplistic or incomplete conclusions.Consequently,a comprehensive understanding of large-scale beta diversity patterns and effective planning of conservation strategies necessitate the consideration of both geographical background and species dispersal ability.

Invasive Species <i>Echinochloa colona</i>Reduces Abundance and Diversity of Resident Plant Communities in Tropical Wetland

Although the relationship between invasive alien species (IAS) and plant community structure has attracted considerable interest, the impacts of IAS on abundance and diversity of resident plant communities in species rich-ecosystems, such as tropical wetlands are poorly understood. Consequently, this has impeded development of improved management strategies and successful restoration of invaded tropical wetlands. Therefore, data on vegetation were collected from 60 plots of 20 × 50 m to study the impacts of alien invasive grass Echinochloa colona (L.) Link abundance on plant community abundance, richness, evenness and diversity of resident plant species within grasslands of the Kilombero Valley wetland, Tanzania. Moreover, the impacts of abundance of E. colona on plant functional groups (i.e. graminoids, forbs and shrubs) richness were also explored. Generalized linear models showed that community richness, evenness, diversity and abundance of resident species were negatively related to the E. colona abundance. There was a negative relationship between richness of graminoids and shrubs and the abundance of E. colona. Similarly, the abundance of graminoids, forbs and shrubs is related negatively to the abundance of E. colona. Given that most of the community and functional group attributes of resident plants is related negatively to E. colona abundance, improved management strategies should be developed to minimize the abundance and further spread of E. colona to restore and conserve wetland biodiversity.

Effects of natural forest conversion and plantation tree species composition on soil macrofauna communities in Northeast China mountains

As primary and secondary forests are being replaced by plantations across the globe,the soil macrofauna community structure is also affected,but little is known about the impact of mixed culture plantations compared with monocultures on the soil macrofauna.To determine the impact of forest conversion on soil macrofauna,we surveyed the soil macrofauna in two broad-leaved and three coniferous monoculture stands and four coniferous-broadleaved mixed stands,and in adjacent reserved secondary stands as a reference.Soil macro fauna community composition was significant affected by forest type,season and their interaction(P<0.05).The abundance,taxa richness and diversity of soil macro fauna changed to different degrees depending on the plantation type.Broadleaved monoculture stands and secondary stands had similar macrofauna abundance and taxa richness,but values were lower in coniferous stands than in secondary stands.The Shannon index for macrofauna in coniferous stands was also the lowest,but the Pielou index did not differ between forest types.The negative effects of the conifer monoculture on soil macro fauna were not present in the mixed stands with broad-leaved trees.Forest conversion impacted soil properties;soil moisture,NO_(3)^(-),and pH were significant drivers of soil macrofauna community structure.The impact of forest conversion on soil macrofauna was closely dependent on tree species composition and diversity.The macro fauna community structure in the broadleaved and the mixed stands were relatively similar to that in the natural forest,and thus recommended for forest conversion in the study area.

南昌城市生态站站点冬季鸟类资源多样性

为了明确南昌城市生态站城区和近郊监测站点冬季鸟类资源多样性状况,通过样线法对南昌城区和近郊公园冬季鸟类资源开展调查。结果表明:在近郊公园省林科院内调查鸟类有40种,优势种为麻雀(Passer montanus)、珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis)2种,艾溪湖湿地公园记录鸟类37种,优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、麻雀(Passer montanus)2种。香农-威纳指数(Shannon-Wiener)指数测度江西省林业科学院鸟类物种多样性(H')为3.168,均匀度(J)为0.853。艾溪湖湿地公园鸟类物种多样性(H')为3.249,均匀度(J)为0.914。省级保护鸟类在城郊公园中占本区域调查鸟类种类的26.83%,在城区公园中29.73%。丰富生境类型是提高鸟类多样性的有效措施。因此,在城市鸟类多样性保护的过程中,除了从鸟类栖息地生境考虑,还要结合单个绿地在城市环境中的位置进行考量。

甘肃省成县东河鸭科鸟类组成及特征分析

为了解甘肃省成县东河鸭科鸟类资源状况,2021年11月至2023年3月,采用样线法、固定样点法调查了该区域的鸭科鸟类组成,共记录鸭科鸟类9属20种,其中国家二级保护鸟类3种,列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》1种,列入“三有动物” 18种,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)》附录Ⅱ保护级别1种,斑嘴鸭、绿头鸭、绿翅鸭为优势种,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H’为2.412 1.研究结果可为更好地保护该区域鸭科鸟类多样性提供有益参考.

郑州市野生鸟类资源研究

对2014—2019年河南省郑州市鸟类物种多样性、区系分布及生境状况进行调查研究,共记录到鸟类16目52科304种,包括外来鸟类12目16科40种,其中山地鸟类最多,有197种,河道与水田相似性最大(0.71),共有鸟类78种。东洋界鸟类46种(15.13%),古北界鸟类155种(50.99%),广布种103种(33.88%);留鸟90种(29.61%),夏候鸟59种(19.41%),冬候鸟71种(23.36%),旅鸟84种(27.63%);国家一级重点保护鸟类17种,外来种3种,国家二级重点保护鸟种47种,外来种7种,省级重点保护鸟类21种,CITES鸟类列入附录I的物种有7种,外来种8种,极危(CR)级别鸟类3种,濒危(EN)等级鸟类4种,易危(VU)等级鸟类8种,近危等级鸟类4种,中日协定保护鸟类147种,中澳协定保护鸟类40种。结果表明,郑州市鸟类整体表现南北混杂,显示出由古北界向东洋界过渡而以古北界成分占优势的特征。在生境分析中表现出除雀形目鸟类外,水鸟占比很大,在鸟类保护过程中应加大对水体资源的保护。

公众科学对中国鸟类物种多样性研究的贡献:基于“鸟网”图库数据计量

公民科学能从广阔的时空尺度中获得丰富的物种信息,在生物多样性监测与持续变化研究中显得越来越重要,对全球生物多样性指标量化起到至关重要的作用。为了解中国各省份鸟种记录现状、公众贡献力、受限因素以及未来变化趋势变化,系统检索和提取了“鸟网”的鸟类照片信息,整理了各省份鸟种数与公众贡献力情况,采用累积曲线和多元线性回归方法了解公众参与数量与贡献力现状及未来变化趋势,分析了公众贡献力的相关影响因素。结果表明:具有地理信息记录的鸟类共计1310种。在省级行政区划上,云南省鸟种记录最为丰富(813),宁夏回族自治区鸟种记录最为匮乏(65)。在地理区域上,西南地区鸟种记录丰富度最高,各省份平均记录493种;西北地区鸟种记录丰富度最低,各省份平均记录300种。通过80/20定律分割,在照片数、记录地点和物种贡献度上,前20%观鸟者远远高于后80%观鸟者,前20%观鸟者贡献的照片数量是后者的2.2倍,占照片总数的68.98%。累积曲线显示,2018年后鸟种记录变为一条渐近线,表明鸟种数接近饱和,已记录到绝大部分中国鸟类。随时间累积观鸟者数量持续增长,未来会不断有新观鸟者加入,并且新涉足乡镇会持续增加。各省份鸟类照片数与纬度、国内生产总值(GDP)、森林覆盖率和鸟种数呈显著正相关,其中地区鸟种数是吸引观鸟者拍摄记录的主要因素。总体上,公民科学在提供关于中国鸟类物种多样性和地理分布数据方面起到重要作用,随着公众参与数量和贡献力的持续上升,未来将有更多公众为我国鸟类学相关研究提供分布数据。

内蒙古大青山国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性研究

内蒙古大青山国家级自然保护区地处阴山山脉中段,具有重要的生态和生物多样性保护价值。2021年9月至2022年9月,本文采用固定距离样线法和样点法对该保护区的鸟类多样性进行调查,统计不同季节鸟类种群数量,通过计算Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数分析鸟类在季节分布上的差异。共记录到鸟类115种,隶属于17目39科,其中国家一级重点保护鸟类6种,二级重点保护鸟类21种;留鸟45种,夏候鸟42种,冬候鸟7种,旅鸟21种。不同季节鸟类种数差异较大,鸟类多样性及结构存在差异,春季鸟类物种数量最多,冬季鸟类个体数量最多,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数由高到低依次为春季、夏季、秋季和冬季。研究结果将为保护区国家重点保护鸟类长期监测提供数据支撑。

拉萨河中下游典型湿地植物物种多样性及种间联结性分析

为揭示拉萨河流域植物群落间的组成及种间关系。本研究利用100个草本层样方分析群落物种的组成、多样性、种间联结性及生态组。结果表明:(1)研究区植物共有25科58属90种。(2)不同类型的湿地优势种具有明显差异,具槽秆荸荠(Eleocharis valleculosa)、蕨麻(Argentina anserina)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)为主要优势种。(3)甲玛湿地多样性指数最大,江夏湿地次之。(4)X^(2)检验、AC(联结系数)、PC(共同出现百分率)和Ф(点相关系数)表明,优势种间联结性不强,各物种相对独立。(5)雅让湿地总体联结性呈显著负关联,塘嘎郭湿地与甲玛湿地总体联结性呈不显著关联,其他2种类型均为显著正关联,说明雅让湿地植物群落多样性较少且物种之间分布不均,湿地总体均处于不稳定演替阶段。(6)根据群落的聚类分析和种间联结测定的结果,把16个主要种划分为3个生态组。为研究区湿地生态系统植被恢复提供重要基础数据。

云南药山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性红外相机监测初报

为了系统掌握云南药山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类本底资源现状,于2020年7月—2021年10月,在该保护区1 km×1 km网格内按海拔带布设71台红外相机,对兽类和鸟类的物种多样性开展调查。调查期间,累积17690个独立有效工作日,获得独立有效照片8274张,其中兽类3810张,鸟类2958张,家畜829张,人类677张。共记录兽类20种,分属6目12科,鸟类72种,分属7目20科;其中国家一级重点保护野生动物1种,国家二级重点保护野生动物15种,合计占拍摄物种总数的17.39%。保护区内兽类相对多度指数前五的物种为:珀氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi)、赤麂(Muntiacus vaginalis)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、野猪(Sus scrofa)。鸟类相对多度指数前五的物种为:白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae),红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)、橙翅噪鹛(Trochalopteron elliotii)、斑胸钩嘴鹛(Erythrogenys gravivox)、紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus)。本次调查发现保护区内兽类新记录3种:黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、亚洲狗獾(Meles leucurus)、灰头小鼯鼠(Petaurista caniceps);鸟类新记录42种,包括丘鹬(Scolopax rusticola)、灰头灰雀(Psittiparus gularis)、蓝歌鸲(Larvivora cyane)等。兽类和鸟类物种数在不同海拔、生境之间均存在极显著性差异(P<0.01),兽类物种数在不同季节间存在极显著性差异(P<0.01),鸟类物种数在不同季节间差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究为云南药山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类本底提供真实的影像资料,不仅更新了该区域物种资源的数据库,还为保护区的科学保护和精准管理提供客观依据。

江苏南部重要湿地区域的土地利用状况与鸟类多样性的相关性

研究鸟类物种多样性特征与不同空间范围的土地利用状况的关联度,可以更好地揭示土地利用方式与鸟类丰富度的关系。将鸟类实地调查数据与遥感影像所获土地利用数据结合,探讨与鸟类群落特征关联度较高的景观尺度。于2022—2023年在江苏南部12处湿地保护地确定样线并采集数据。分样线统计各生活型鸟类的物种丰富度,并沿调查样线创建0.8~8 km(间隔0.8 km)的缓冲区提取土地利用数据,运用多元线性模型对鸟类物种丰富度与缓冲区地类特征进行相关性分析。研究结果表明:(1)研究地鸟类总个体数季节差异显著,物种丰富度反之;共现于12个自然保护地的物种达31种,分布于丘陵山地或紧邻丘陵山地的保护地单独出现的鸟类较多,长江湿地、平原河网湿地、环太湖湿地单独出现的物种数总体较少。(2)多元线性拟合模型在3.2~8 km内,模型解释率相对较高。未添加交互项时,土地利用特征与鸟类总体、猛禽、攀禽、鸣禽、陆禽、涉禽和游禽物种丰富度的较大关联尺度分别为5.6,5.6,8.0,1.6,7.2,3.2和6.4 km,添加交互项后,依次为6.4,8.0,8.0,0.8,6.4,7.2,5.6 km,地类间交互作用对鸟类物种丰富度影响显著,湿地对鸟类物种丰富度具有相对突出的正效应。不同生活型鸟类物种丰富度对土地利用结构关联度最大的空间尺度存在一定差异。