Enzymatic recovery of glycopeptides from different industrial grades edible bird’s nest and its by-products:nutrient,probiotic and antioxidant activities,and physicochemical characteristics

This study was conducted to recover edible bird’s nest(EBN)hydrolysates from different grades of EBN,including the industrial by-products,using enzymatic treatment.The nutrient,physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of the recovered hydrolysates at different hydrolysis times were evaluated.Results showed that the recovery yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was above 89%for all grades of EBN and the degree of hydrolysis increased over time.Nitrite content(0.321-0.433 mg/L)was below the permissible tolerance level for all samples.Interestingly,the antioxidant activities(DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant powder(FRAP)activity)were significantly higher(P≤0.05)in hydrolysates recovered from EBN by-products(EBNhC and EBNhD)as compared to the high grade EBN hydrolysates(EBNhA and EBNhB).The in-vitro probiotic activity of EBN and its hydrolysates were examined using the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum.Evidently,EBN by-products hydrolysate(EBNhD)recorded the highest number of L.plantarum(1.1×1011 CFU/mL),indicating that low grade EBN has the potential as prebiotic material that promotes probiotic activity.This study demonstrated the concept of using EBN by-products hydrolysates for various applications,such as functional ingredients with enhanced bioactivities,to improve its economic value.

基于YOLOv5s的轻量化架空输电线路鸟巢检测网络

架空输电线路上的鸟巢侵占会对铁塔上的电力设备造成安全隐患,间接可能影响整个电力系统的稳定运行。针对目前架空输电线路鸟巢检测模型在复杂场景以及小目标场景下检测精度不高,检测效率低,模型复杂等问题。本研究提出一种基于YOLOv5s框架的轻量化架空输电线路鸟巢检测网络。首先在主干部分采用Fasternet重构YOLOv5s特征提取网络,降低模型复杂度,提高运行速度;然后在特征融合网络部分嵌入ConvMixer层,ConvMixer层的结构设计有助于在特征信息中更好的捕捉空间和通道的关系,提升模型对于小目标的检测能力;最后在特征融合网络部分引入ODConv模块,令送入检测头的特征图包含更多有效特征,提高模型对复杂场景和小目标的检测性能。实验结果表明,本文与基线模型YOLOv5s相比,计算量和模型体积分别减少了86%和72%,平均精度均值达到96.4%,检测速度达到104.2帧/s,验证了本文改进模型的有效性和可行性。

Small objects detection in UAV aerial images based on improved Faster R-CNN

In order to solve the problem of small objects detection in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)aerial images with complex background,a general detection method for multi-scale small objects based on Faster region-based convolutional neural network(Faster R-CNN)is proposed.The bird’s nest on the high-voltage tower is taken as the research object.Firstly,we use the improved convolutional neural network ResNet101 to extract object features,and then use multi-scale sliding windows to obtain the object region proposals on the convolution feature maps with different resolutions.Finally,a deconvolution operation is added to further enhance the selected feature map with higher resolution,and then it taken as a feature mapping layer of the region proposals passing to the object detection sub-network.The detection results of the bird’s nest in UAV aerial images show that the proposed method can precisely detect small objects in aerial images.

Cyathus tenuicorticalis(Agaricales,Basidiomycota),a new species from La Selva Biological Station,Costa Rica

Cyathus tenuicorticalis was found growing on decaying wood from La Selva Biological Station,Costa Rica.Specimens were analyzed using the methodology proposed for the group and specific literature for the genus.The fundamental diagnostic features for this new species are the very thin double-layered cortex in peridioles,exoperidium strongly hirsute,and a platinum bright endoperidium.Description,discussion and photographs of this new species are provided.

基于DSP的无线伺服清除鸟巢装置

针对变电站电气设备鸟巢清除需停电登高作业的问题,设计出一种基于DSP的无线伺服装置,可在电气设备带电情况下实施鸟巢清除作业。该装置可带电作业,避免了停电造成的负荷损失和非计划停运。

不同杀菌温度炖煮燕窝对小鼠体成分的调节作用

为研究不同杀菌温度对燕窝功能特性的影响,以不同杀菌温度炖煮燕窝为研究对象,将40只7周龄C57BL/6N雄性小鼠随机分为空白对照组、干燕窝组、95℃杀菌炖煮燕窝组、115℃杀菌炖煮燕窝组,口服给予小鼠炖煮燕窝匀浆90 d,通过测定小鼠的体成分、能量代谢及肠道菌群,探究炖煮燕窝对小鼠生长特性的影响。结果表明,95℃杀菌炖煮燕窝可以显著提升小鼠的瘦肉率,降低小鼠的脂肪含量;对小鼠基础代谢无显著影响,在属水平上,可以显著提高小鼠肠道菌群中毛螺菌和乳酸菌的相对丰度,降低脱硫弧菌的相对丰度;且小鼠体成分与肠道菌群具有显著相关性,小鼠瘦肉率含量与灌服95℃杀菌炖煮燕窝的小鼠肠道菌群相对丰度呈正相关,小鼠脂肪含量与灌服95℃杀菌炖煮燕窝的小鼠肠道菌群相对丰度呈负相关,95℃杀菌炖煮燕窝可以通过调节小鼠肠道菌群改变小鼠体成分含量。综上,95℃杀菌炖煮燕窝可改变小鼠体成分含量,提高肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性,有效改善小鼠肠道菌群结构,通过相关性分析发现肠道菌群的改善是调控体成分的潜在机制。

鸟巢式护理在新生儿护理中的应用效果

目的 探讨鸟巢式护理在新生儿护理中的应用效果。方法 选取2022年1月至2023年1月在淄博市桓台县妇幼保健院出生的74例新生儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为参照组和试验组,每组各37例。参照组采用常规护理,试验组在参照组基础上采用鸟巢式护理。比较两组生长发育情况、临床指标、神经心理发育情况及护理满意度。结果 护理后,试验组体重、身高、头围均高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组体温变化幅度低于参照组,进奶增加量、排便次数及睡眠时间均高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组儿心量表评分高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组护理总满意率高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在新生儿护理中应用鸟巢式护理可促进其生长发育和神经心理发育,提高家属护理满意度。

城市空巢老人社区居家医养结合服务需求问卷的构建及信效度检验

目的编制城市空巢老人社区居家医养结合服务需求问卷,并检验信效度。方法以马斯洛层次需求理论、积极老龄化理论为指导,通过文献分析、半结构式访谈、专家函询形成初始版问卷。采用方便抽样法选取495名城市空巢老人进行调查,检验问卷的信效度。结果最终形成的问卷包括8个维度、37个条目,累计方差贡献率为65.559%;条目水平的内容效度指数为0.824~1.000,问卷水平的内容效度指数为0.930;问卷总Cronbach′sα系数为0.966。验证性因子分析χ^(2)/df=1.236,RMSEA=0.033,SRMR=0.030,CFI=0.982,TLI=0.980,IFI=0.982。结论编制的问卷具有良好的信效度,可作为评估城市空巢老人社区居家医养结合服务需求的工具。

A comprehensive review of edible bird nests and swiftlet farming

Edible bird＇s nest （EBN） is currently widely consumed by the Chinese community as tonic food and functional food, which is believed to have many medicinal benefits. Some studies have reported the biochemical compositions of EBN, graded on the basis of colour, nitrate and nitrite contents. Other studies have shown significant biological effects, while ongoing research is in progress to explore potential pharmacological applications. The high demand for EBNs in the global market has forced the local regulatory bodies to monitor swiftlet farming activities, including the EBN cleaning process. Furthermore, numerous techniques have been developed to authenticate EBN; proteomics is likely to be the most promising of these methods. However, there are limited numbers of relevant protein sequences deposited at the database. More research is needed at the molecular level to explore the mechanisms behind the biological functions, such as bone strength improvement, skin rejuvenation, epidermal growth factor activity and cell proliferation.The current and future prospects of EBN and swiftlet farming are critically reviewed in this article.

Preliminary nitrite, nitrate and colour analysis of Malaysian edible bird’s nest

The high nitrite content in edible bird’s nests is a major concern to the local swiftlet industry.It lowers the price of the edible bird’s nests and it brings severe health hazards to consumers and farmers.This research investigated the nitrite and nitrate contents of eight types of local edible bird’s nests by using ion chromatography system and evaluating its colour using the CIE system in L^*a^*b^*parameters.The nitrite content obtained ranged from 5.7 lg/g for the house nests to 843.8 lg/g for the cave nests.The nitrate content for the house and cave nests was 98.2 lg/g and 36,999.4 lg/g,respectively.The cave nests with darker and redder colour had higher nitrite and nitrate contents than the brighter and more yellow house nests.This likely suggests that the nitrite and nitrate contents have correlations with edible bird’s nests colour.Correlations studies suggested that the nitrite content had high correlations with colour parameters,L^*a^*b^*of edible bird’s nests at significant level of P<0.10.These findings suggest that edible bird’s nests’colour may be a useful indicator for measuring nitrite and nitrate contaminations.

Characterization of edible bird’s nest by peptide fingerprinting with principal component analysis

OBJECTIVES:Proteins are the major component and play a key role in nutritious and therapeutic functions of edible bird’s nest(EBN);however,limited studies have been conducted on the protein due to difficulties in extraction,isolation as well as identification.This study aimed to provide comprehensive information for the quality evaluation of EBN peptides,which would be a valuable reference for further study on EBN proteins.METHODS:Here,we developed a quality control method using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)peptide fingerprints deriving from EBN being digested with simulated gastric fluid.The characteristic peptide peaks were collected and identified by LC-MS/MS.RESULTS:The characteristic peptide peaks,corresponding to the protein fragments of acidic mammalian chitinase-like,lysyl oxidase,and Mucin-5AC-like,were identified and quantified.Interestingly,the principal component analysis indicated that the fingerprints were able to discriminate colour of EBN(white/red)and production sites(cave/house)of White EBN on the same weight basis.As proposed by the model developed in this study,Muc-5AC-like and AMCaselike proteins were the markers with the highest discriminative power.CONCLUSIONS:The overall findings suggest that HPLC peptide fingerprints were able to clearly demonstrate peptide profile differences between genuine and adulterated EBN samples;and classify EBN samples by its color and production site.In addition,the protein identification results suggested that Muc-5AC-like protein was the major protein in EBN.

鸟巢式护理在新生儿护理中的应用效果

目的 探讨鸟巢式护理在新生儿护理中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年2月至2022年5月于兰陵县人民医院分娩的60例新生儿为研究对象,以随机数字表法分为参照组(n=30)、研究组(n=30)。参照组给予常规基础护理,研究组给予鸟巢式护理,比较两组的生长发育情况、临床指标、不良反应总发生率。结果 研究组首次胎便时间、胎便转黄时间短于参照组,体温波动低于参照组,体重增长、每日进奶量、血氧饱和度高于参照组,睡眠时间长于参照组(P<0.05);研究组不良反应总发生率低于参照组(P<0.05)。结论 鸟巢式护理在新生儿护理中的应用效果显著,可促进新生儿生长发育,值得推广。

鸟巢护理体位结合听觉干预缓解新生儿机械通气时疼痛效果分析

目的:探讨鸟巢护理体位结合听觉干预对缓解新生儿机械通气时气道内吸引疼痛的效果。方法:选取2020年3月至2022年10月郑州大学附属儿童医院收治的行机械通气时气道内吸引新生儿98例,根据随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,各49例。对照组给予常规镇痛措施,观察组在对照组基础上给予鸟巢护理体位结合听觉干预。比较两组新生儿心率、血氧饱和度、疼痛情况、家长满意度。结果:机械通气干预3 d后,两组新生儿心率、血氧饱和度均高于机械通气时;但观察组心率低于对照组,血氧饱和度高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。机械通气干预3 d后,两组新生儿早产儿疼痛量表(PIPP)评分均低于机械通气时,且观察组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组新生儿家长总满意度高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:鸟巢护理体位结合听觉干预对缓解新生儿机械通气时气道内吸引疼痛效果明显,可明显改善新生儿心率和血氧饱和度水平,新生儿家属满意度较高。

Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and herbal extracts fortification to boost in vitro antioxidant activity of edible bird's nest solution

Objective:Edible bird’s nest(EBN)is a popular traditional tonic food in Chinese population for centuries.Malaysia is one of the main EBN suppliers in the world.This study aims to explore the best strategy to boost the antioxidant potential of EBN solution.Methods:In this study,the raw EBN(4%,mass to volume ratio)was initially enzymatic hydrolyzed using papain enzyme to produce EBN hydrolysate(EBNH),then spray-dried into powdered form.Next,4%(mass to volume ratio)of EBNH powder was dissolved in ginger extract(GE),mulberry leaf extract(MLE)and cinnamon twig extract(CTE)to detect the changes of antioxidant activities,respectively.Results:Results obtained suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly reduced the viscosity of 4%EBN solution from(68.12±0.69)m Pa·s to(7.84±0.31)m Pa·s.Besides,the total phenolic content(TPC),total flavonoid content(TFC),total soluble protein,DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)were substantially increased following EBN hydrolysis using papain enzyme.In addition,fortification with GE,MLE and CTE had further improved the TPC,TFC,DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of the EBNH solution.Among the samples,MLE-EBNH solution showed the most superior antioxidant potential at(86.39±1.66)%of DPPH scavenging activity and(19.79±2.96)mmol/L FeSO;of FRAP.Conclusion:This study proved that combined enzymatic hydrolysis and MLE fortification is the best strategy to produce EBN product with prominent in vitro antioxidant potential.This preliminary study provides new insight into the compatibility of EBN with different herbal extracts for future health food production.

Edible Bird's Nest:Food or Medicine?

Edible bird＇s nest （EBN） is derived from the saliva of certain types of swiflets. It is consumed in many parts of the world for its nutritional and medicinal values. Although many claims have been made on the therapeutic and health- promoting effects of EBN, scientific documentations regarding these effects are very limited in published literature. It is not until recently that the biological effects of EBN are being investigated and evidence-based studies are being conducted. Several studies have found that EBN may enhance cell proliferation and differentiation and various beneficial effects have been reported in vitro as well as in vivo. While these studies point towards the potential use of EBN in the treatment or even prevention of several diseases, the mechanisms of action of EBN remain largely unknown and more explorations are needed. This review is one of the very few scientific reviews onEBN which focuses on recent evidence-based discoveries.

仿宫鸟巢结合亲子袋鼠护理模式在早产儿发展性照护中的应用

目的:探讨仿宫鸟巢结合亲子袋鼠护理模式在早产儿发展性照护中的应用效果。方法:选取2021年8月至2023年2月本院收治的早产儿80例,采用随机数字表法将其进行对照组和观察组,其中对照组40例采取常规护理,观察组40例实施仿宫鸟巢结合亲子袋鼠护理模式,2组均持续护理2周。比较2组早产儿生理指标变化、生长发育情况、喂养不耐受发生情况以及家长满意度。结果:观察组护理后生理指标、生长发育情况均优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组喂养不耐受发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组家长满意度各项评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:在早产儿发展性照护中采取仿宫鸟巢结合亲子袋鼠护理模式,可改善早产儿生理指标,促进早产儿生长发育,降低喂养不耐受发生风险,从而提升家长满意度。

鸟巢式护理应用于新生儿中的效果观察

目的探讨鸟巢式护理在新生儿中的应用效果。方法选取2022年12月—2023年12月浙江省人民医院毕节医院收治的80例新生儿为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组,各40例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施鸟巢式护理。比较两组新生儿的临床指标、家属满意度。结果观察组体温浮动水平低于对照组,体重增长值高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组家属满意度为97.50%,高于对照组的85.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在新生儿护理中实施鸟巢式护理干预的效果极佳,可促进早产儿的发育,增强母婴联系,并减少感染风险。

鸟巢式护理联合蓝光治疗新生儿高胆红素血症中的应用效果

目的 探讨鸟巢式护理+蓝光治疗在新生儿高胆红素血症(NHB)中的应用价值并分析对患儿依从性与黄疸指数的影响。方法 将2020年1月至2022年12月期间在漯河市骨科医院治疗的NHB患儿(78例)作为研究对象,依据区间随机法将其分为对照组、研究组,各39例,两组均接受蓝光治疗,对照组治疗期间实施常规护理,研究组治疗期间实施鸟巢式护理。比较两组干预前后血清胆红素水平、黄疸指数水平、症状消失时间及患儿治疗依从度。结果 护理前,两组血清胆红素、黄疸指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);护理后,两组血清胆红素、黄疸指数均有所下降,且研究组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。研究组皮肤颜色恢复正常时间、大便颜色恢复正常时间、黄疸完全消失时间、出暖箱时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。研究组蓝光治疗期间不良反应发生率(10.26%)低于对照组(30.77%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。研究组患儿治疗依从率(89.74%)高于对照组(61.54%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 利用鸟巢护理配合蓝光治疗可提升对NHB的治疗效果,在降低黄疸指数、血清胆红素、加速基本症状改善时间等方面均有体现,同时可明显提升NHB患儿治疗依从度,预防蓝光治疗期间潜在的不良反应。

A sustainable way of agricultural livelihood:edible bird’s nests in Indonesia

Edible birds’nests(EBNs)have traditionally been produced in Southeast Asia.Indonesian farmers construct buildings for swiftlets and harvest their nests.EBN farming does not directly degrade forest resources and is therefore considered a sustainable means of production,whereas the expansion of other agricultural activities often relies on the degradation of natural resources.This study examines the relationship between natural resources and agricultural livelihoods,focusing on Indonesian EBN farmers.Using survey data that we collected in 2017,combined with satellite information on the extent of the forest in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia,we measured production efficiency and identified the natural and social factors that enhance production performance.The results show that a forest extent ranging between 2,000 and 6,000 meters from nesting building is positively associated with the production efficiency of EBN farming,perhaps because extensive forest could help swiftlets to collect food and build nests.Conversely,while EBN farming is a sustainable and profitable option,the initial costs of constructing buildings to house swiftlets may deter farmers from participating in the process.