Euler’s First-Order Explicit Method–Peridynamic Differential Operator for Solving Population Balance Equations of the Crystallization Process

Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.

Energy Stable Nodal DG Methods for Maxwell’s Equations of Mixed-Order Form in Nonlinear Optical Media

In this work,we develop energy stable numerical methods to simulate electromagnetic waves propagating in optical media where the media responses include the linear Lorentz dispersion,the instantaneous nonlinear cubic Kerr response,and the nonlinear delayed Raman molecular vibrational response.Unlike the first-order PDE-ODE governing equations considered previously in Bokil et al.(J Comput Phys 350:420–452,2017)and Lyu et al.(J Sci Comput 89:1–42,2021),a model of mixed-order form is adopted here that consists of the first-order PDE part for Maxwell’s equations coupled with the second-order ODE part(i.e.,the auxiliary differential equations)modeling the linear and nonlinear dispersion in the material.The main contribution is a new numerical strategy to treat the Kerr and Raman nonlinearities to achieve provable energy stability property within a second-order temporal discretization.A nodal discontinuous Galerkin(DG)method is further applied in space for efficiently handling nonlinear terms at the algebraic level,while preserving the energy stability and achieving high-order accuracy.Indeed with d_(E)as the number of the components of the electric field,only a d_(E)×d_(E)nonlinear algebraic system needs to be solved at each interpolation node,and more importantly,all these small nonlinear systems are completely decoupled over one time step,rendering very high parallel efficiency.We evaluate the proposed schemes by comparing them with the methods in Bokil et al.(2017)and Lyu et al.(2021)(implemented in nodal form)regarding the accuracy,computational efficiency,and energy stability,by a parallel scalability study,and also through the simulations of the soliton-like wave propagation in one dimension,as well as the spatial-soliton propagation and two-beam interactions modeled by the two-dimensional transverse electric(TE)mode of the equations.

High-Order Spatial FDTD Solver of Maxwell’s Equations for Terahertz Radiation Production

We applied a spatial high-order finite-difference-time-domain (HO-FDTD) scheme to solve 2D Maxwell’s equations in order to develop a fluid model employed to study the production of terahertz radiation by the filamentation of two femtosecond lasers in air plasma. We examined the performance of the applied scheme, in this context, we implemented the developed model to study selected phenomena in terahertz radiation production, such as the excitation energy and conversion efficiency of the produced THz radiation, in addition to the influence of the pulse chirping on properties of the produced radiation. The obtained numerical results have clarified that the applied HO-FDTD scheme is precisely accurate to solve Maxwell’s equations and sufficiently valid to study the production of terahertz radiation by the filamentation of two femtosecond lasers in air plasma.

Implementation of the Integrated Green’s Function Method for 3D Poisson’s Equation in a Large Aspect Ratio Computational Domain

The solution of Poisson’s Equation plays an important role in many areas, including modeling high-intensity and high-brightness beams in particle accelerators. For the computational domain with a large aspect ratio, the integrated Green’s function method has been adopted to solve the 3D Poisson equation subject to open boundary conditions. In this paper, we report on the efficient implementation of this method, which can save more than a factor of 50 computing time compared with the direct brute force implementation and its improvement under certain extreme conditions.

Derivation of a Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation That Predicts Combustion Oscillations

Our study identifies a subtle deviation from Newton’s third law in the derivation of the ideal rocket equation, also known as the Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (TRE). TRE can be derived using a 1D elastic collision model of the momentum exchange between the differential propellant mass element (dm) and the rocket final mass (m1), in which dm initially travels forward to collide with m1 and rebounds to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a velocity that is known as the effective exhaust velocity ve. We observe that such a model does not explain how dm was able to acquire its initial forward velocity without the support of a reactive mass traveling in the opposite direction. We show instead that the initial kinetic energy of dm is generated from dm itself by a process of self-combustion and expansion. In our ideal rocket with a single particle dm confined inside a hollow tube with one closed end, we show that the process of self-combustion and expansion of dm will result in a pair of differential particles each with a mass dm/2, and each traveling away from one another along the tube axis, from the center of combustion. These two identical particles represent the active and reactive sub-components of dm, co-generated in compliance with Newton’s third law of equal action and reaction. Building on this model, we derive a linear momentum ODE of the system, the solution of which yields what we call the Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (RTRE). We show that RTRE has a mathematical form that is similar to TRE, with the exception of the effective exhaust velocity (ve) term. The ve term in TRE is replaced in RTRE by the average of two distinct exhaust velocities that we refer to as fast-jet, vx1, and slow-jet, vx2. These two velocities correspond, respectively, to the velocities of the detonation pressure wave that is vectored directly towards the exhaust nozzle, and the retonation wave that is initially vectored in the direction of rocket propagation, but subsequently becomes reflected from the thrust surface of the combustion chamber to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a time lag behind the detonation wave. The detonation-retonation phenomenon is supported by experimental evidence in the published literature. Finally, we use a convolution model to simulate the composite exhaust pressure wave, highlighting the frequency spectrum of the pressure perturbations that are generated by the mutual interference between the fast-jet and slow-jet components. Our analysis offers insights into the origin of combustion oscillations in rocket engines, with possible extensions beyond rocket engineering into other fields of combustion engineering.

On the Approximation of Fractal-Fractional Differential Equations Using Numerical Inverse Laplace Transform Methods

Laplace transform is one of the powerful tools for solving differential equations in engineering and other science subjects.Using the Laplace transform for solving differential equations,however,sometimes leads to solutions in the Laplace domain that are not readily invertible to the real domain by analyticalmeans.Thus,we need numerical inversionmethods to convert the obtained solution fromLaplace domain to a real domain.In this paper,we propose a numerical scheme based on Laplace transform and numerical inverse Laplace transform for the approximate solution of fractal-fractional differential equations with orderα,β.Our proposed numerical scheme is based on three main steps.First,we convert the given fractal-fractional differential equation to fractional-differential equation in Riemann-Liouville sense,and then into Caputo sense.Secondly,we transformthe fractional differential equation in Caputo sense to an equivalent equation in Laplace space.Then the solution of the transformed equation is obtained in Laplace domain.Finally,the solution is converted into the real domain using numerical inversion of Laplace transform.Three inversion methods are evaluated in this paper,and their convergence is also discussed.Three test problems are used to validate the inversion methods.We demonstrate our results with the help of tables and figures.The obtained results show that Euler’s and Talbot’s methods performed better than Stehfest’s method.

Solution of Laguerre’s Differential Equations via Modified Adomian Decomposition Method

This paper presents a technique for obtaining an exact solution for the well-known Laguerre’s differential equations that arise in the modeling of several phenomena in quantum mechanics and engineering. We utilize an efficient procedure based on the modified Adomian decomposition method to obtain closed-form solutions of the Laguerre’s and the associated Laguerre’s differential equations. The proposed technique makes sense as the attitudes of the acquired solutions towards the neighboring singular points are correctly taken care of.

Adomian Modification Methods for the Solution of Chebyshev’s Differential Equations

The current study examines the important class of Chebyshev’s differential equations via the application of the efficient Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and its modifications. We have proved the effectiveness of the employed methods by acquiring exact analytical solutions for the governing equations in most cases;while minimal noisy error terms have been observed in a particular method modification. Above all, the presented approaches have rightly affirmed the exactitude of the available literature. More to the point, the application of this methodology could be extended to examine various forms of high-order differential equations, as approximate exact solutions are rapidly attained with less computation stress.

Pythagorician Divisors and Applications to Some Diophantine Equations

We consider the Pythagoras equation X2 +Y2 = Z2, and for any solution of the type (a,b = 2sb1 ≠0,c) ∈ N*3, s ≥ 2, b1odd, (a,b,c) ≡ (±1,0,1)(mod 4), c > a , c > b, and gcd(a,b,c) = 1, we then prove the Pythagorician divisors Theorem, which results in the following: , where (d,d′′) (resp. (e,en)) are unique particular divisors of a and b, such that a = dd′′ (resp. b = ee′′ ), these divisors are called: Pythagorician divisors from a, (resp. from b). Let’s put λ ∈{0,1}, defined by: and S = s -λ (s -1). Then such that . Moreover the map is a bijection. We apply this new tool to obtain a new classification of the primitive, positive and non-trivial solutions of the Pythagoras equations: a2 + b2 = c2 via the Pythagorician parameters (d,e,S ). We obtain for (d, e) fixed, the equivalence class of any Pythagorician solution (a,b,c), checking , namely: . We also update the solutions of some Diophantine equations of degree 2, already known, but very important for the resolution of other equations. With this tool of Pythagorean divisors, we have obtained (in another paper) new recurrent methods to solve Fermat’s equation: a4 + b4 = c4, other than usual infinite descent method;and to solve congruent numbers problem. We believe that this tool can bring new arguments, for Diophantine resolution, of the general equations of Fermat: a2p + b2p = c2p and ap + bp = cp. MSC2020-Mathematical Sciences Classification System: 11A05-11A51-11D25-11D41-11D72.

A Family of Global Attractors for the Generalized Kirchhoff-Beam Equations

In this paper, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of global solutions, the existence of the family of global attractors and its dimension estimation for generalized Beam-Kirchhoff equation under initial conditions and boundary conditions, using the previous research results for reference. Firstly, the existence of bounded absorption set is proved by using a prior estimation, then the existence and uniqueness of the global solution of the problem is proved by using the classical Galerkin’s method. Finally, Housdorff dimension and fractal dimension of the family of global attractors are estimated by linear variational method and generalized Sobolev-Lieb-Thirring inequality.

A conformal invariance for generalized Birkhoff equations

In this article, generalized Birkhoff equations are put forward by adding supplementary terms to the Birkhoff equations. A conformal invariance of the Birkhoff equations can be used to study the generalized Birkhoff Equations, and two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the results.

Long Time Behavior of a Class of Generalized Beam-Kirchhoff Equations

In this paper, we study the long time behavior of a class of generalized Beam-Kirchhoff equation , and prove the existence and uniqueness of the global solution of this class of equation by Galerkin method by making some assumptions about the nonlinear function term . The existence of the family of global attractor and its Hausdorff dimension and Fractal dimension estimation are proved.

Complex Maxwell’s Equations

Maxwell’s equations in electromagnetism can be categorized into three dis-tinct groups based on the electromagnetic source when employing quaterni-ons. Each group represents a self-contained system in which Maxwell’s equations are applied and validated concurrently, in contrast to the previous approach that did not account for this. It has been noted that the formulation of these Maxwell equations ultimately results in the formulation of Max-well’s equations utilizing the scalar function.

Fractional Pfaff-Birkhoff Principle and Birkhoff′s Equations in Terms of Riesz Fractional Derivatives

The dynamical and physical behavior of a complex system can be more accurately described by using the fractional model.With the successful use of fractional calculus in many areas of science and engineering,it is necessary to extend the classical theories and methods of analytical mechanics to the fractional dynamic system.Birkhoffian mechanics is a natural generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics,and its core is the Pfaff-Birkhoff principle and Birkhoff′s equations.The study on the Birkhoffian mechanics is an important developmental direction of modern analytical mechanics.Here,the fractional Pfaff-Birkhoff variational problem is presented and studied.The definitions of fractional derivatives,the formulae for integration by parts and some other preliminaries are firstly given.Secondly,the fractional Pfaff-Birkhoff principle and the fractional Birkhoff′s equations in terms of RieszRiemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and Riesz-Caputo fractional derivatives are presented respectively.Finally,an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Discrete Fractional Birkhoff Equations in Terms of Time Scales

In order to study discrete fractional Birkhoff equations for Birkhoffian systems,the method of isochronous variational principle is used in this paper. Discrete fractional Pfaff-Birkhoff principle in terms of time scales is presented. Discrete fractional Birkhoff equations with left and right discrete operators of Riemann-Liouville type are established and some special cases including classical discrete Birkhoff equations,discrete fractional Hamilton equations and discrete fractional Lagrange equations are discussed. Finally,an example is devoted to illustrate the results.

广义概率密度演化方程的Chebyshev拟谱法

概率密度演化方法(probability density evolution equation,PDEM)为非线性随机结构的动力响应分析提供了新的途径.通过PDEM获得结构响应概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)的关键步骤是求解广义概率密度演化方程(generalized probability density evolution equation,GDEE).对于GDEE的求解通常采用有限差分法,然而,由于GDEE是初始条件间断的变系数一阶双曲偏微分方程,通过有限差分法求解GDEE可能会面临网格敏感性问题、数值色散和数值耗散现象.文章从全局逼近的角度出发,基于Chebyshev拟谱法为GDEE构造了全局插值格式,解决了数值色散、数值耗散以及网格敏感性问题.考虑GDEE的系数在每个时间步长均为常数,推导了GDEE在每一个时间步长内时域上的序列矩阵指数解.由于序列矩阵指数解形式上是解析的,从而很好地克服了数值稳定性问题.两个数值算例表明,通过Chebyshev拟谱法结合时域的序列矩阵指数解求解GDEE得到的结果与精确解以及Monte Carlo模拟的结果非常吻合,且数值耗散和数值色散现象几乎可以忽略.此外,拟谱法具有高效的收敛性且序列矩阵指数解不受CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy)条件的限制,因此该方法具有良好的数值稳定性和计算效率.

Poisson theory of generalized Bikhoff equations

This paper presents a Poisson theory of the generalized Birkhoff equations, including the algebraic structure of the equations, the sufficient and necessary condition on the integral and the conditions under which a new integral can be deduced by a known integral as well as the form of the new integral.

Efficient Cell-Centered Multigrid Scheme for the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations

A cell centered scheme for three dimensional Navier Stokes equations, which is based on central difference approximations and Runge Kutta time stepping, is described. By using local time stepping, implicit residual smoothing, a multigrid method, and carefully controlled artificial dissipative terms, good convergence rates are obtained for two and three dimensional flows. The emphases are on the implicit smoothing and artificial dissipative terms with locally variable coefficients which depend on cel...

PROPER SPLITTINGS FOR RESTRICTED LINEAR EQUATIONS AND THE GENERALIZED INVERSE A_(T,S)~2

This paper presents a proper splitting iterative method for comparing the general restricted linear euqations Ax=b, x ∈T （where, b ∈AT, and T is an arbitrary but fixed subspace of Cm） and the generalized in AT,S For the special case when b ∈AT and dim（T）=dim（AT）, this splitting iterative methverse AT,S hod converges to AT,Sb （the unique solution of the general restricted system Ax=bx ∈T）.

Exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of Raitzin＇s canonical equations of motion for a nonlinear nonholonomic mechanical system

The exact invariants and the adiabatic invariants of Raitzin＇s canonical equations of motion for a nonlinear nonholonomic mechanical system are studied. The relations between the invariants and the symmetries of the system are established. Based on the concept of higher-order adiabatic invariant of a mechanical system under the action of a small perturbation, the forms of the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants and the conditions for their existence are proved. Finally, the inverse problem of the perturbation to symmetries of the system is studied and an example is also given to illustrate the application of the results.