RESEARCH ON THE BISTATIC FORWARD-LOOKING SAR IMAGING

The bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems with separate transmitter and receiver antennas provide a new potential to imaging in the forward-looking geometry. Analysis of the Doppler property in this paper indicates the feasibility of Bistatic Forward-Looking (BFL) SAR imaging. Considering the different Doppler property determined by the two platforms in BFL SAR, a new 2-D point target spectrum is derived in our study. Based on the spectrum, an imaging method is chosen for the configuration, and the point target simulation validates the analysis.

Property analysis of bistatic forward-looking SAR with arbitrary geometry

Bistatic forward-looking synthetic aperture radar（SAR） has many advantages and applications owing to its twodimensional imaging capability.There could be various imaging configurations because of the geometric flexibility of bistatic platforms,resulting in kinds of models built independently among which there could be some similar even the same motion features.Comprehensive research on such systems in a more comprehensive and general point of view is required to address their difference and consistency.Property analysis of bistatic forwardlooking SAR with arbitrary geometry is achieved including stripmap and spotlight modes on airborne platform,missile-borne platform,and hybrid platform of both.Emphasis is placed on azimuth space variance of some key parameters significantly affecting the subsequent imaging processing,based on which the frequency spectra are further described and compared considering respective features of different platforms for frequency imaging algorithm developing.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and correctness of our analysis.

Nonlinear RCMC method for spaceborne/airborne forward-looking bistatic SAR

In the spaceborne/airborne forward-looking bistatic syn- thetic aperture radar （SA-FBSAR）, due to the system platforms＇ remarkable velocity difference and the forward-looking mode, the range cell migration （RCM） not only depends on the target＇s two- dimensional location, but also varies with the range location non- linearly. And the nonlinearity is not just the slight deviation from the linear part, but exhibits evident nonlinear departure in the RCM trajectory. If the RCM is not properly corrected, nonlinear image distortions would occur. Based on the RCM model, a modified two-step RCM compensation （RCMC） method for SA-FBSAR is proposed. In this method, firstly the azimuth-dependent RCM is compensated by the scaling Fourier transform and the phase multi- plication. And then the range-dependent RCM is removed through interpolation. The effectiveness of the proposed RCMC method is verified by the simulation results of both point scatterers and area targets.

基于“北斗”差分的双基SAR高精度时频同步方法

为了满足分布式平台协同探测和双基地合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)目标成像对时频同步的高精度应用需求,提出了一种基于“北斗”导航卫星观测单差的时频同步方法。该方法基于伪距单差计算得到平台间的相对钟差,并通过载波相位观测单差的前后历元差消除单差整周模糊度,计算得到相对频率误差。静态实测和动态模拟测试结果表明,该方法可以实现固定时间同步误差优于5 ns,线性时间同步误差优于2×10^(-3)ns/s,二次时间同步误差优于10^(-6)ns/s^(2),固定频率同步误差优于0.01 Hz,线性频率同步误差优于10^(-5)Hz/s的精度,满足实际工程应用的要求。在该时频同步方法的基础上,开展了双基SAR目标成像质量仿真分析,验证了算法的可用性,可以保证分布式协同系统的动态、实时和高精度时频同步应用。

基于电磁散射模型的海上舰船双基SAR图像仿真

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)在地海环境遥感和目标探测识别中发挥着重要作用。相对于单基SAR,双基SAR能够通过调整发射机和接收机的角度对场景进行多方位观测,因此开展海上舰船目标双基SAR图像仿真可为非合作目标的特征研究和探测识别提供方法和手段,在目标探测识别方面有着重要意义。为此,本文利用基于面元化的简化小斜率近似(facet-based simplified small slope approximation,FBS-SSA)方法与几何光学/物理光学(geometrical optics/physical optics,GO/PO)混合方法,提出了一种基于电磁散射模型的海上舰船目标复合场景双基SAR图像仿真方法,实现了不同双基角下的海上舰船SAR图像仿真,并分析了雷达飞行方向与舰船角度、发射机和接收机相对位置、极化、海况对雷达图像的影响。结果表明,双基角、极化、舰船朝向都会对双基SAR图像产生较大的影响,因此可以通过获取不同双基角度下的复合场景SAR图像特征从而可以更好地开展舰船识别。此外,SAR图像中的阴影特征也可作为舰船识别的辅助手段。

Resolution analysis of GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR based on sliding spotlight mode

For a synthetic aperture radar（SAR） system mounted on a geostationary Earth orbit（GEO） satellite, the track can be curvilinear. Thus, a bistatic SAR system based up on geostationary transmitter and ＂receive-only＂ SAR system onboard airplanes, namely GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic（GEO SA-Bi SAR）, is significantly different from the traditional bistatic SAR. This paper mainly studies the resolution characteristic of the sliding spotlight GEO SA-Bi SAR system. Firstly, the common azimuth coverage and coherent accumulated time are theoretically analyzed in detail. Then,based on the gradient method, the accurate two dimensional resolution of a GEO SA-Bi SAR system is analytically calculated. Finally, the simulation data show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed resolution analysis method.

Analysis of Resolution of Bistatic SAR

In this paper, the spatial resolutions at different directions of bistatic synthetic aperture radar （BiSAR） have been derived from the ambiguity function. Compared with monostatic signal to noise ratio, BiSAR＇s resolutions of a fixed point target are varying with slow time since BiSAR system is space-variant. Constraints for the assumption of space-invariant bistatic topology are proposed in the paper. Moreover, under the assumption of invariance, the change of resolutions at different point in the image scene is taken into account, and we have specified two key parameters that affect resolutions directly and analyzed the way how they influence on the resolutions.

Effect of beam-pointing errors on bistatic SAR imaging

The purpose is to conduct a research in the energy variation of echo wave and the imaging effect caused by the aero bistatic SAR pointing errors. Based on the moving geometry configuration of aero bistatic SAR, a model of beam pointing errors is built. Based on this, the azimuth Doppler frequency center estimation caused by these errors and the limitation to the beam pointing synchronization error are studied, and then the imaging result of different errors are analyzed. The computer＇s simulations are provided to prove the validity of the above analysis.

Phase synchronization processing method for alternating bistatic mode in distributed SAR

In the distributed synthetic aperture radar （SAR）, the alternating bistatic mode can perform phase reference without a synchronization link between two satellites compared with the pulsed alternate synchronization method. The key of the phase synchronization processing is to extract the oscillator phase differences from the bistatic echoes. A signal model of phase synchronization in the alternating bistatic mode is presented. The phase synchronization processing method is then studied. To reduce the phase errors introduced by SAR imaging, a sub-aperture processing method is proposed. To generalize the sub-aperture processing method, an echo-domain processing method using correlation of bistatic echoes is proposed. Finally, the residual phase errors of the both proposed processing methods are analyzed. Simulation experiments validate the proposed phase synchronization processing method and its phase error analysis results.

New analytical imaging algorithm for general case airborne bistatic SAR

This paper focuses on the general case （GC） airborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar （SAR） data processing, and a new analytical imaging algorithm based on the extended Loffeld＇s bistatic formula （ELBF） is proposed. According to the bistatic SAR geometry, the track decoupling formulas that convert the bistatic geometry to the receiver-referenced geometry in a concise way are derived firstly. Then phase terms of ELBF are decomposed into two independent phase terms as the range phase term and the azimuth phase term in a new way. To get the focusing result, the bistatic deformation （BD） term is compensated in the two-dimensional （2- D） frequency domain, and the space-variances of the range phase term and the azimuth phase term are eliminated by chirp scaling （CS） and chirp z-transform （CZT）, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.

改进的NLCS星弹双基SAR俯冲前视成像算法

在俯冲阶段由于导弹具有加速度,速度大小和方向会发生急剧变化,其收发瞬时斜距会变复杂,将导致距离-方位向耦合严重和方位空变性问题,若直接进行方位向聚焦压缩,会造成图像畸变。针对这两个难题,采用一种改进的非线性变标(Nonlinear Chirp Scaling,NLCS)算法运用到新型星弹双基系统模型中。首先建立了星弹双基系统模型;接着利用级数反演法推导了二维频谱表达式,在二维频域中通过完成距离压缩和徙动校正来消除距离-方位耦合的影响,再利用改进的NLCS算法对方位向多普勒调频率进行补偿解决方位向空变性问题,完成方位向压缩聚焦,从而得到良好的成像结果。与改进的距离多普勒(Range Doppler,RD)算法相比,该算法减少了1.013×10^(8)浮点运算量(Floating Point Operations per Second,FLOPS),边缘点方位向聚焦效果有了很大的改善,方位向峰值旁瓣比(Peak Sidelobe Ratio,PSLR)、积分旁瓣比(Integrated Sidelobe Ratio,ISLR)、分辨率分别提升了2.41 dB,1.29 dB,1.16 m,证明了该方法的有效性与可行性。

星机双基SAR波束空间同步误差及性能分析

星机双基合成孔径雷达(SA-BiSAR)系统利用卫星作为发射站,飞机作为接收站,利用收发分置的特点可以有效提高系统抗干扰能力。为满足成像需求,收发基站的雷达波束指向需满足严格的空间同步要求,必须在成像之前进行波束空间同步检测。针对波束同步检测这一问题,文中建立了星机双基SAR波束同步的数学模型,引入收发波束重叠比反映收发波束的相对关系,通过系统接收信噪比定量分析了无误差情况、飞机存在定位误差和指向误差情况下的系统性能。在飞机斜距为85.6 km的仿真条件下,仿真结果表明,文中建立的数学模型以及信噪比分析方法可有效反映收发波束相对关系及同步性能;当同时存在-5 km定位误差以及0.2°指向误差时,系统性能与无误差时相比整体下降了1 dB以上,中心区域范围较原来大幅缩小,波束中心区域边界点与无误差时位置差达8 km以上。

星源照射双/多基地SAR成像

星源照射双/多基地合成孔径雷达(SAR),采用卫星发射,卫星、临近空间、飞机、地面等平台接收,实现对地海面场景和目标的高分辨成像。该技术具有可成像范围广、隐蔽性好、抗干扰能力强等优点,且可以通过波束调控实现扫描、聚束、滑动聚束等多种组合成像模式,从而获取更加丰富的成像信息,具有十分广阔的民用和军事应用前景。目前,国内外针对星源照射双/多基地SAR成像技术开展了多年的研究,积累了诸多研究成果。该文分别从系统组成、构型方法、回波模型、成像方法、收发同步与试验验证等方面对该技术进行阐述与分析,同时对相关的研究工作进行较系统的回顾,并展望了星源照射双/多基地SAR成像技术未来的发展方向。

导航卫星星地双基SAR时频同步误差估计方法

为验证长合成孔径时间下地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达对地成像的机理,采用北斗3号IGSO导航卫星作为照射源,地面静止接收的星地双基构型进行等效性验证。针对导航卫星信号特点和星-地双基合成孔径雷达面临的时间频率同步难题,提出了一种基于回波数据估计导航卫星测距码延迟误差,并进行误差修正的星地双基地合成孔径雷达回波数据时频同步误差估计方法。该方法首先根据导航卫星脉冲重复频率对一维直达波信号和反射波信号进行了二维划分,保留了整个采集信号的完整性,通过直达波信号距离向匹配滤波获得非理想采样环境下正确的峰值位置序列,并利用此峰值位置序列完成直达波信号和反射波信号的时间同步误差补偿以及本地测距码的修正,解决了北斗3号IGSO导航卫星星地双基合成孔径雷达成像过程中存在时间同步后距离脉压信号包络分布与理论推导模型失配的问题;然后利用修正后的本地测距码对直达波信号匹配滤波获得直达波峰值相位矢量;最后利用此峰值相位矢量对反射波信号进行频率误差补偿和成像处理。实测数据的处理结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于奇异值分解的低轨星载双基调频连续波SAR成像方法

该文基于调频连续波(FMCW)信号对低轨星载双基合成孔径雷达(SAR)的成像方法进行研究。星载双基模型具有收发异置、结构灵活的特点,其非线性运动轨迹和双斜距不利于信号频谱的推导和分析。通过引入一个4阶多项式斜距模型对回波信号进行建模,接着用级数反演法得到信号两维频谱的表达式。详细分析高阶多项式系数的空变影响。对距离徙动项进行频域处理,对方位相位采用奇异值分解(SVD)的方法,将方位空变项与多普勒分离开,并引入非线性方位变标函数,通过两次连续的插值和重采样完成方位聚焦。仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性。

无人机载双站干涉SAR系统关键技术分析与实验验证研究

双站干涉合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术可突破单站双天线干涉SAR的基线限制,获得更加灵活的基线构型,有利于提升干涉测量精度。无人机载双站干涉SAR机动性好、飞行成本低,具有很高的应用价值,也能为无人机载分布式干涉、三维成像等提供关键支撑,具有重要的研究意义。中国科学院空天信息创新研究院牵头设计研制了国内首套无人机载双站干涉SAR系统,并在内蒙古百灵机场开展了飞行实验。该文简要介绍了该系统方案设计、基本构成和主要性能,并重点介绍了该系统的空间、时间及相位同步和数据处理关键技术,然后介绍了首次飞行实验的方案和实施研究情况,最后给出了实验数据处理结果,验证了关键技术和该无人机载双站干涉SAR系统0.5 m高程测量精度等主要指标,为后续多无人机平台协同开展分布式干涉数据获取及处理研究提供了基础。

MEO星弹双基SAR多普勒特性及分辨率分析

中地球轨道SAR具有波束范围覆盖广、重访时间短等特点,将其作为发射平台,弹载SAR作为接收平台,可以大范围面、高机动性地对重点区域高精度成像。根据空间系统模型建立MEO星弹双基SAR等效模型,对收发平台斜距模型进行描述,将其等效为多项式模型,并分析了孔径时间内的斜距误差,验证模型有效性;根据平台特性重新分析多普勒特性,得到多普勒中心频率和多普勒调频率的二维空变特性;运用梯度法计算距离分辨率、方位分辨率,并分析其随成像区域的变化情况。仿真实验表明,成像区域内的分辨率受俯冲速度的影响是不均匀的,应改变斜视角或改变双基构型,使关注的目标处在受速度影响较小的区域。

GEO SAR照射的机载前视接收双基SAR系统二维分辨能力分析

地球同步轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit,GEO)星/机双基前视合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)实现了接收机飞行方向的成像能力,可以对重点区域进行持续前视观测,具有广泛的应用场景。对固定轨道GEO SAR照射下的机载前视接收机的双基SAR系统二维分辨能力进行了解析和验证仿真分析。首先,基于梯度法给出了GEO星/机双基前视SAR的二维分辨能力及其夹角的解析结果;其次,分析了不同双基前视构型对距离向分辨率、方位向分辨率和分辨率夹角的影响,并给出了基于分析结果的构型设计基本准则;最后,对GEO SAR处于不同轨道位置时分别进行了点目标仿真,有效验证了该分析方法的有效性和准确性。

Spatial Channel Sounding Based on Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Principles

In this paper, we propose a simplified spatial channel sounding method by utilizing bistatic synthetic aperture radar(BiSAR) principles. Despite the different deployment geometries compared with a conventional BiSAR system, the feasibility of the approach is established by 1) the proposed method achieves a better spatial resolution than conventional directional channel sounders and 2) reconstruction algorithms based on time-domain backprojection in conjunction with a digital elevation model provide a good imaging performance and are suitable for reconstructing the spatial distribution of scatterers. Simulations of a high-speed rail(HSR) scenario demonstrate that the estimated power delay profiles(PDPs) and power angle profiles(PAPs) are close to the actual values.

双站与重轨InSAR数据融合获取DEM的方法

多样性InSAR数据融合是弥补单基线InSAR生成DEM所存在不足的重要手段。鉴于以往的融合研究大多基于相同InSAR系统构型与工作模式的同源数据,文章提出一种双站与重轨InSAR异源数据融合获取DEM的方法和处理流程,重点研究了融合区域识别、重轨干涉大气校正等关键问题。为验证方法的有效性,使用一对天绘二号双站干涉数据结合多个异源重轨干涉数据进行融合,开展获取DEM实验,并采用GNSS实测数据和WorldDEM对DEM精度进行了验证。结果表明,融合后的DEM解缠错误及叠掩、阴影导致的无效点数明显减少,融合后的DEM相比单基线天绘二号干涉生成的DEM高程精度提高了11.6%。